# Verb-initial grammars: A multilingual/parallel perspective # ESRC Project RES-000-23-0505 # Oxford University # Charles Randriamasimanana # Malagasy phonetics/phonology & morphology: # Passive imperative ending in Malagasy: ESRC-OX-05-CR107. # In Malagasy the passive imperative usually ends up either with a suffix /u/ written o # or with a suffix /i/ written y word-finally; in addition, the sequence d+z is written j. # Assume [ i ]: [ -bk, +hi ], [ e ]: [ - bk, - hi ]; # [ u ]: [ + bk, + hi], [ a ] : [ + bk, - hi ] # See Keenan & Polinsky (1998:583), in particular, reference to Erwin 1996. # Summary: # To form the imperative of a root R to which -(C)Vna suffixation applies, # Step 1: form stem (R), then # Step 2a.: suffix /i/ if the last syllable of stem (R) contains a /u/, # Step 2b.: suffix /i/ optionally if a syllable prior to the last one in stem (R) # contains a /u/ and the last one does not contain a high vowel (/i/ or /e/) # Step 3: suffix /u/ in all other cases. # Illustrating step 2a. # Suffix /i/ when the last syllable of stem (R) contains a /u/: # Contrast vowel sequence [ + bk ] + [ - bk ], where + is a suffix boundary. # root vono 'kill', passive 1 imperative = vonoy /vunu+i/, root sotro 'drink' # passive 1 imperative = sotroy /sutru+i/, root fono 'cover' passive 1 imperative # = fonosy /funu+s+i/ # root tolotra 'handing-over', passive 1 imperative = tolory /tulu+r+i/ # root tsinjo 'watch', passive 1 imperative = tsinjovy /tsinju+v+i/ # where v is epenthetic --see section on Malagasy epenthesis; # root velona 'alive', passive 1 imperative velomy velom+y /velum+i/, # note that the root is velona, but that the stem is velom; # root tao 'preparations', passive 1 imperative ataovy a+tao+v+y /atau+v+i/ # 'a-pass-tao-v-by.you'; # root feno 'full', passive 1 imperative fenoy feno+y /fenu+i/ # '(let-sth)-be-filled-up-by.you'; # root haino passive 1 imperative hainoy haino+y or henoy heno+y /henu+i/ # '(let-sth)-be-listened-to-by.you'; # root babo '(be)-captured', passive 1 imperative baboy babo+y /babu+i/ # '(Let-s.one-be-made)-captive-by.you'; # root hadino '(be)-forgotten', passive 1 imperative hadinoy hadino+y 'hadinu+i/ # '(let-sth)-be-forgotten-by.you'; # root rakotra 'cover', passive 1 imperative rakofy rakof+y /rakuf+i/ # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-covered-by.you'; # Illustrating step 2b. # When a syllable prior to the last one in stem (R) contains a /u/ and the last one # does not contain a high vowel, i.e. /i/ or /e/. # Contrast vowel sequence [ + bk, - hi ] + [ - bk, + hi ], where + = a boundary. # root soratra 'letter', passive 1 imperative = soraty /surat+i/; # root folaka 'bent', passive 1 imperative = folahy /fulah+i/; # root tondra 'bringing', passive 2 imperative itondray /itundra+i/; # root tao 'preparations' passive 1 imperative = ataovy /atau+v+i/; # root saotra 'thanks' passive 2 imperative = isaory /isaur+i/. # Illustrating step 3. Elsewhere. # Contrast vowel sequence [ - bk ] + [ + bk ], where + = a boundary. # root vangy 'visit, passive 1 imperative = vangio /vangi+u/; # root didy 'cut', passive 1 imperative = didio /didi+u/; # root sangy 'game', passive 1 imperative = sangio /sangi+u/; # root raiso /rais+u/; note the epenthetic s; # root dihy 'danse', passive 1 imperative = andihizo /andihiz+u/, # note the epenthetic z; # root nofy 'dream', passive 1 imperative = nofiso /nufis+u/; # note the epenthetic s; # root dinika 'conversation', passive 1 imperative = diniho /dinih+u/, # note that the root is dinika, but that the stem is dinih; # root tady 'search', passsive 1 imperative = tadiavo /tadi+a+v+u/, # with an epenthetic vowel a and an epenthetic consonant v; # root vidy 'buy', passive 1 imperative = vidio /vidi+u/; # root rovitra '(be)-torn-up', passive 1 imperative rovito rovit+o /ruvit+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; # root foy '(be)-given-up', passive 1 imperative afoizo a+foi+z+o /afui+z+u/ # 'a.pass-foi-z-by.you' # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-given-up-by.you' passive 1 imperative afoizo a+foi+z+o /afui+z+u/ # 'a.pass-foi-z-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)-be-given-up-by.you'; # root ritra '(be)-dried-up', passive 1 imperative rito rit+o /rit+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-dried-up-by.you'; # root vaky '(be)-broken-up', passive 1 imperative vakio vaki+o /vaki+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-broken-up-by.you'; # root voky 'full', passive 1 imperative vokiso voki+s+o /vuki+s+u/ # '(let-s.one)-be-misinformed'; # root vory '(be)-gathered', passive 1 imperative vorio vori+o /vuri+u/ # '(let-be)-assembled-by.you'; # root tadidy '(be)-remembered', passive 1 imperative tadidio tadidi+o /tadidi+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-remembered-by.you'; # root potsitra '(be)-crushed', passive 1 imperative potsiro potsir+o /putsir+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-crushed-by.you'. # Contrast vowel sequence [- bk, - hi ] + [ + bk, + hi ], where + = a boundary. # root leha 'go', passive 2 imperative = alevo /alev+u/; # root tadidy 'memory, passive 1 imperative = tadidio /tadidi+u/; # root baby 'bearing', passive 1 imperative = babeo /babe+u/, # root tosika 'push', passive 1 imperative = atoseho /atuseh+u/; # root vonjy 'help', passive 1 imperative vonjeo /vonje+u/; # root tandrina 'attention', passive 1 imperative = tandremo /tandrem+u/; # root jery, passive 1 imperative = jerevo /jerev+u/ or jereo /jere+u/; # root voly 'plant', passive 1 imperative = voleo /vule+u/; # root fefy 'enclosure', passive 1 imperative = fefezo /fefez+u/; # root eky 'obedience', passive 1 imperative = ekeo /eke+u/; # mitondra 'pres-prf.i-tondra''to bring', irregular passive 1 = ento /ent+u/; # root fetra 'limit', passive 1 imperative = fero /fer+u/; # root ome 'donation', passive 1 imperative = omeo /ume+u/; # root lena '(be)-wet', passive 1 imperative lemo lem+o /lem+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-soaked-by.you'; # root rotika '(be)-torn-up', passive 1 imperative roteho roteh+o /ruteh+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-torn-to-pieces-by.you'; # root potika '(be)-smashed', passive 1 imperative poteho poteh+o /puteh+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-smashed-by.you'; # root very '(be)-lost', passive 1 imperative verezo vere+z+o /verez+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-lost'; # root resy '(be)-defeated', passive 1 imperative reseo rese+o /rese+u/ # '(let-s.one-be)-defeated-by.you'; # Contrast vowel sequence [ - hi ] + [ + hi ], where + = a boundary. # root andry 'pillar', passive 1 imperative = andraso /andras+u/, # with an epenthetic consonant s; # root andrana 'attempt, trial', passive 1 imperative = andramo /andram+u/, # root indrana 'borrowing', passive 1 imperatived = indramo /indram+u/; # root hataka 'request', passive 1 imperative = angataho /angatah+u/; # root araka '(be-able)-to-be-followed', passive 1 imperative = araho /arah+u/; # root anatra 'advice', passive 1 imperative = ianaro /ianar+u/ corresponding to # mianatra m+i+anatra 'to study' or passive 1 imperative = anaru /anar+u/ # corresponding to mananatra m+an+anatra 'to give advice'; # root tapaka '(be)-cut', passive 1 imperative = tapaho /tapah+u/; # root velatra 'coverage', passive 1 imperative = velaro /velar+u/; # root petraka 'deposit', passive 1 imperative = apetraho /apetrah+u/; # root tsangana 'height', passive 1 imperative = atsangano /atsangan+u/; # root lavaka '(be)-with-a-hole', passive 1 imperative = lavao /lava+u/; # root fantatra '(be)-known', passive 1 imperative = fantaro /fantar+u/; # root sandratra 'ascension', passive 1 imperative = asandrato /asandrat+u/; # root lelaka 'licking', passive 1 imperative = lelafo /lelaf+u/; # root sasa 'wash', passive 1 imperative = sasao /sasa+u/; # root la 'denial', passive 1 imperative lavo la+v+o /lav+u/ '(let-sth)-be-denied-by.you', # with an epenthetic consonant v; # root tazana '(be)-seen', passive 1 imperative tazano tazan+o /tazan+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-looked-for-by.you'; # root triatra '(be)-with-a-split-in-it'; passive 1 imperative triaro triar+o # /triar+u/ '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; # root foana 'null', passive 1 imperative foano foan+o /fuan+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-cancelled-by.you'; # root latsaka '(be)-dropped', passive 1 imperative alatsaho a+latsah+o /alatsah+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-dropped'; # root vita '(has-been)-done', passive 1 imperative vitao vita+o /vita+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-done-by.you'; # root efa 'be-done', passive 1 imperative efao efa+o /efa+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-done-by.you"; # root folaka 'bent', passive 1 imperative folaho folah+o /fulah+u/ # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bent-by.you' # root zaka 'be-able-to-be-carried', passive 1 imperative zakao zaka+o /zaka+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-carried-by.you'; # root simba '(be)-destroyed', passive 1 imperative simbao simba+o /simba+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-destroyed-by.you'; # root sitrana '(be)-cured', passive 1 imperative sitrano sitran+o /sitran+u/ # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-cured'; # root ambara '(be)-stated', passive 1 imperative ambarao ambara+o /ambara+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-proclaimed-by.you'; # root petaka '(be)-flat', ;passive 1 imperative petaho petah+o /petah+u/ '(let-sth)-be-stuck-by.you'; # root tratra '(be)-caught', passive 1 imperative tratraro tratra+r+o /tratrar+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-reached-by.you'; # root raraka '(be)-spilled', passive 1 imperative raraho rarah+o /rarah+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-spilled-over'; # root tsapa '(be)-felt', passive 1 imperative tsapao tsapa+o /tsapa+u/ # '(let-sth)-be-felt-by.you'. # Other examples: # root akatra akaro /akar+u/ passive 1 imperative akaro '(let-sth)-be-lifted-by.you'; # root resaka passive 1 imperative resaho resah+o /resah+u/ (let-sth)-be-deliberately- # talked-about-by.you'; # root korontana passive 1 imperative korontano /kuruntan+u/ '(let-sth)-be-thrown-into- # turmoil-by.you' or korontany korontan+y /kuruntan+i/'(let-sth)-be-deliberately- # thrown-into-turmoil-by.you'.