#VOICE: active and passive


#This document is organised into the following sections:

#Active Clauses
#Passive Clauses
#Passive Type 1
#Passive Type 2
#What passive type to use


#Active Clauses

#In an active clause the subject of the clause will precede the active verb.

#The normal pattern of an active clause is 
#Subject (actor) + meN-verb + Object (patient)

#1

Mereka membuang sampah

#3PL meN-throw rubbish
#They throw rubbish

#2

Anjing mengigit saya

#dog meN-bite 1SG
#The dog bit me

#Example 1 and 2  are active clauses with one (direct) object each. 
#They have mereka '3PL' and anjing 'dog' as the subjects
#of the clauses. Notice that the active verb has prefix MeN-. Sentence 1 and 2
#are examples of active clauses where the subject is the actor.


#Passive Clauses


#If we want to focus attention on the object of an active clause, we can change
#the active verb into a passive verb by replacing prefix meN- with prefix DI-  
#and shift the order of subject and object in the clause.


#3

Sampah dibuang oleh mereka

#rubbbish DI-throw by 3PL
#rubbish were thrown by them


#The subject of the passive clause precedes the passive verb.


#4

Saya digigit oleh anjing 

#1SG DI-bite by dog
#I was bitten by the dog


#Example 4 and 5 are passive clauses where the subject is the patient.
#Notice that the passive verb has prefix DI-. 



#Dardjowijojo (1978:153 and 199) divides Indonesian passives into two types.
#The first type is called passive type one and the second one is
#called passive type 2.


#Passive Type One

#The structure of passive type one is Subject (patient) + di-verb + (oleh) + Agent (actor)


#5

Kami diberi uang oleh mereka

#1PL.EXCL DI-give money by 3PL
#We were given money by them


#Ungrammatical:

#6

Kami oleh mereka diberi uang (0! 0 0 0)

#1PL.EXCL by 3PL DI-give money 
#We were given money by them


#7

Buku ini ditulis oleh Agus

#book this DI-write by Agus
#This book is written by Agus


#Ungrammatical:


#8


oleh Agus buku ini ditulis  (0! 0 0 0)

#by Agus book this DI-write 
#This book is written by Agus


#Ungrammatical:

#9


buku ini oleh Agus ditulis  (0! 0 0 0)

#by Agus book this DI-write 
#This book is written by Agus



#Passive type one is used when no actor is expressed.


#10

Barang ini akan dikirim ke Jepang

#good this FUT DI-send to japan
#These goods will be sent to Japan


#The use of oleh 'by' is optional.


#11

Mereka sudah dijemput olehnya

#3PL PERF DI-pick by-3SG
#They have been picked up by him


#12

Mereka sudah dijemputnya

#3PL PERF DI-pick-3SG
#They have been picked up by him



#A third person singular can be expressed by dia '3SG' or third person singular 
#clitic -nya '-3SG'.


#13

Ruman ini dibangun oleh dia

#house this DI-build by 3SG
#this house was built by him


#14

Ruman ini dibangun olehnya

#house this DI-build by-3SG
#this house was built by him


#Passive Type Two

#In passive type two the verb remains the same as the active verb in active clause.
#The only change that occurs is the order of subject and object of the sentence.
#In the passive type two the agent comes before the verb just like in normal 
#active clauses. The patient, however, occurs before the agent.

#According to Sneddon (1996), the agent of passive type two is a pronoun or
#pronoun substitute (referring to first or second person).


#15

Uangnya  sudah Tini kembalikan

#money-3SG.POSS PERF I (Tini) return-KAN
#I (Tini) have returned his/her money



#The structure of passive type two is Subject (patient) + Agent (actor) + verb  

#The following examples show how a normal active clause is changed into
#a passive type two clause.


#16

Kami menjemput dia

#3PL.EXCL meN-pick up 3SG
#We picked him up


#17

Dia kami jemput

#3SG 1PL.EXCL pick up
#He was picked up by us

#Notice that in (17) prefix meN- is deleted. 


#Ungrammatical:

#18

Dia kami menjemput (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG 1PL.EXCL meN-pick up
#He was picked up by us


#Sneddon (1996) suggested that no other components of the clause can come between
#the agent and the verb in passive type two. In particular, components of 
#the predicate phrase, such as negative and temporal marker, come before 
#the agent in passive type two:


#19

Buku ini tidak akan kami baca

#book this not FUT 1PL.EXCL read
#this book will not be read by us


#It seems that when negative and temporal marker are inserted between the 
#agent and the verb of passive type two, they change the passive clause 
#into an active clause with the focus or emphasis on the object of the 
#active clause:


#20

Buku ini  kami tidak akan baca

#book this 1PL.EXCL NEG FUT read
#This book we will not read


#Example (20) is not a passive type two clause but an active clause with 
#the focus on the object.  


#What passive type to use:

#Either passive type one or passive type two can be used if the actor is DIA '3SG'
#or MEREKA '3PL'.


#21

Sepeda baru ini belum dibayarnya

#bicycle new this not yet DI-pay-3SG
#He has not paid for this new bicycle


#22

Sepeda baru ini belum dia bayar 

#bicycle new this not yet 3SG pay 
#He has not paid for this new bicycle



#23

Majalah ini sudah dibaca oleh mereka

#magazine this PERF DI-read by 3PL
#They have read this magazine


#24

Majalah ini sudah mereka baca  

#magazine this PERF 3PL read  
#They have read this magazine


#Kinship terms can occur as pronoun substitutes. They can refer to the addressee,
# meaning 'you', or to the speaker, meaning 'I'. When they occur as agent 
#passive type two is used:

#25
 
Sepeda itu sudah Agus bayar

#bicycle that already I (Agus) pay
#I (Agus)  has paid that bicycle

#26
 
Surat ini harus adik tandatangani

#letter this must younger.brother/sister sign-i
#You (younger brother/sister) must sign this letter


#If a third person is being spoken about then Agus and Adik would be the third 
#person nouns and passive type one would be used:


#27

Sepeda itu sudah  dibayar Agus

#bicycle that already DI-pay Agus
#that bicycle has been paid by Agus


#28

Surat ini harus  ditandatangani adikmu

#letter this must DI-sign-i younger.brother/sister-2SG 
#This letter must be signed by your younger brother/sister 


#References: 

#Sneddon, James,N., INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar,Rouledge,
#London, 1996. 

#Dardjowidjojo,Soenjono, Sentence patterns of Indonesian,
#University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978.