#Adjective Clauses

#This document is organised into the following sections:

#Modifying adverbs
#Comparative phrases
#Superlative phrases
#Equative phrases

#Modifying adverbs

#Modifying adverbs precede adjective.
#The following adverbs precede the adjective.

#sangat, amat 'very'
#terlalu, terlampau 'too'
#sungguh 'really, trully'
#cukup ' enough'
#relatif 'relatively'
#serba 'completely'
#agak 'rather'
#makin, semakin, kian, tambah, bertambah 'increasingly'
#begitu, demikian, sedemikian 'so', 'like that'
#begini 'so, like this'

#1

gadis itu sangat cantik

#girl that very beautiful
#That girl is very beautiful

#2

Angin bertiup makin kencang 

#wind BER-blow increasingly strong
#The wind is blowing incresingly strong

#3

Rumah ini cukup besar untuk kita

#house this enough big for 1PL.INCL
#this house is big enough for us


#Modifying adverbs follow the adjectives:

#sekali 'very'
#belaka 'entirely'


#4

Dia lapar sekali

#3SG hungry very
#He is very hungry

#Ungrammatical

#5

Dia sekali lapar (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG very hungry
#He is very hungry

#Modifying adverbs  precede or follow the adjectives:

#sama sekali 'entirely'
#sedikit 'a little'

#6

Rumah itu kosong sama sekali

#house that empty same very
#That house is entirely empty

#7

Rumah itu tidak kosong sama sekali

#house that NEG empty same very
#That house is not entirely empty

#8

Rumah itu sama sekali tidak kosong

#house that same very  NEG  empty 
#That house is entirely not empty


#Combinations of adverbs.

#amat sangat 'exceedingly',
#sangat....sekali 'exceedingly',
#agak....sedikit 'somewhat'

#The combination of adverbs is to show emphasis.


#9

Dia amat sangat pintar

#3SG very very clever
#He is extremely clever

#10

Rina sangat rajin sekali

#Rina very dilligent very
#Rina is extremely dilligent


#11

Harga barang-barang ini agak murah sedikit

#price good-REDUP this a.bit cheap a.little
#The price of these goods is somewhat cheap


#Comparative phrases

#The structure of comparative adjective phrase is  comparative word + adjective.
#The comparative words are lebih 'more', and kurang 'less'.


#12

AP: lebih tinggi

#more tall
#taller


#13

AP: kurang mahal

#less expensive
#less expensive


#Ungrammatical:

#14

AP: mahal kurang (0! 0 0 0)

#expensive less
#less expensive


#Preposition dari or daripada 'from' is used when two items are being compared.


#15

Susan lebih cantik dari Ani

#Susan more beautiful from Ani
#Susan is more beautiful than Ani


#16

Komputer ini kurang mahal dari komputer itu

#computer this less expensive from computer that
#this computer is less expensive than that computer

#Sneddon (1996:179) suggests that a number of modifiers can precede lebih 'more'. 
#Modifiers such as jauh 'far' or sedikit 'a little' 


#17

Rumah ini jauh lebih mahal dari rumah itu

#house this far more expensive from house that
#This house is far more expensive than that one


#The position of the modifier sedikit 'a little', however, does not always precede
#lebih 'more'.


#18

Telkom Speedy ADSL memang lebih murah sedikit

#Telkom Speedy ADSL is more cheap a little
#Telkom Speedy ADSL is a little cheaper

#Source:
#http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:ZplNGG3zVusJ:www.cellulardiary.com/index.php%3
#Fid%3DisiArtikel%26aid%3D271%26page_num%3D4+lebih+murah+sedikit&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&
#gl=uk&lr=lang_id

#19

ikan jenis herbivore sedikit lebih murah dibanding ikan karnivora.

#fish type herbivore a little cheap DI-compare fish carnivore
#The herbivore fish is a little cheaper compared to the carnivore fish

#Source:
#http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:Dz9THKVe4ewJ:www.beritaiptek.com/zberita-
#beritaiptek-2008-07-04-Dicari-Pakan-Ikan-Berkualitas,-Murah-dan-Ramah-Lingkungan.
#shtml+sedikit+lebih+murah&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&gl=uk&lr=lang_id


#Superlative phrases

#The structure of superlative phrase is superlative word paling 'most' or 
#superlative prefix ter-  + adjective.
#According to Sneddon, many people use prefix ter- with two syllables adjectives.
#The following adjectives may use paling 'most' or superlative prefix ter-.

#kaya 'rich'
#tinggi 'tall'
#cantik 'beautiful'
#mahal 'expensive'
#indah  'pretty'
#besar 'big'
#rendah 'low'

#20

AP: paling kaya

#most rich
#richest

#21

AP: tertinggi

#TER-high
#highest


#22

Pak Budi orang terkaya di desa ini

#Sir Budi person TER-rich in village this
#Mr Budi is the richest man in this village


#Combination with numbers

#Ordinal number can precede or follow adjective.

#23

Dia orang nomor tiga terpenting dalam perusahaan ini

#3SG person number three TER-important in company this
#He is the third most important man in this company

#24

Dia orang terpenting nomor tiga dalam perusahaan ini

#3SG person TER-important number three  in company this
#He is the third most important man in this company



#Ordinal number can be formed by adding prefix ke- into a number. 
#In the superlative construction the ordinal number is placed
#after the adjective.

#25

Dia orang terpenting ketiga dalam perusahaan ini

#3SG person TER-important ORDINAL-third in company this
#He is the third most important man in this company


#26

Dia orang ketiga (yang) terpenting  dalam perusahaan ini

#3SG person ORDINAL-third (REL) TER-important  in company this
#He is the third most important man in this company

#In (26) optional relativizer YANG may be used.
 

#Equative Phrases

#Sneddon (1996:181) proposed two constructions for equative phrases:

#The first equative construction uses this pattern:
#se- + adjective + qualifier

#27

Pulau Biak seluas pulau Singapura

#island Biak se-wide island Singapore
#Biak island is as wide as Singapore island


#The second equative construction uses this pattern:
#sama + adjective-nya dengan + qualifier

#28

Rumah ini sama besarnya dengan rumah itu

#house this same big-NYA with house that
#this house is as big as that house

#Adjective+NYA can occur at the beginning of the sentence.  Observe example (29):


#29

Besarnya Rumah ini sama  dengan rumah itu

#big-3POSS house this same  with house that
#the big (size) of this house is the same as that house


#30

Ali sama tingginya dengan Bapaknya 

#Ali same tall-3POSS with father-3POSS
#Ali is as tall as his father


#31

Tingginya Ali sama dengan Bapaknya

#tall-3POSS same with father-3POSS
#The tall (height) of Ali is the same as his father

#Examples 28--31 are examples of a nominalised predicate construction.
#See File 19 for more information on predicate nominalisation.

#32

Ali sama tinggi dengan Bapaknya

#Ali same tall with Bapak-3POSS
#Ali is as tall as his father
 
#Sentence (32) is more natural-sounding than (30).

#Sneddon (1996:182) argues that the sama...nya construction cannot
#be used if the preceeding noun is first or second person. The reason for this 
#is that -NYA is a third person possessive clitic
#and it cannot co-occur with the first or the second person subject.
#Observe the following examples:


#Ungrammatical

#33

Saya sama pintarnya dengan Budi (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG same clever-3POSS with Budi
#I am as clever as Budi


#Ungrammatical


#34


Kamu sama tingginya dengan ALi (0! 0 0 0)

#2SG same tall-3POSS with Ali
#You are as tall as ALi