#Simple nominal clauses 


#Nominalisation applies to various words and clauses. There are several processes that
#can turn a word or a clause into a noun.


#Three types of nominalisation in Indonesian will be discussed in this test file and
#and the next two test files (files 18 and 19). The three types of nominalisation are:

#Simple nominal clauses;
#Predicate nominalisation;
#Nominalised relative clauses.


#Simple Nominal Clauses

#A clause can be nominalised by placing it in certain positions within another clause


#Simple nominal clauses in subject position.


#Intransitive verbs:

#1

Berkebun bisa meningkatkan penghasilan keluarga

#BER-garden can MEN-increase-kan PEN-product-AN family
#Gardening can increase family's income


#2

Mengarang membutuhkan kreatifitas tinggi

#MEN-compose MEN-require-kan creativity high
#Composing requires a high creativity


#This type of construction is often called gerund in English (verbal nouns).


#Transitive verbs:


#3

Menangkap buaya memerlukan keahlian khusus

#MEN-catch crocodile MEN-need-kan KE-expert-An special
#Catching crocodiles needs special skills


#4

Membakar hutan bukan tindakan yang baik

#MEN-burn forest NEG act-AN REL good
#Burning forests is not a good action


#5

Menonton film kesukaanya

#MEN-watch film KE-like-AN-3POSS
#Watching film is his hobby
#Lit: His interest is watching film


#Sentences (3) to (5) show that objects can occur within the nominalised clause. 
#However, the object cannot be a definite noun. 

#According to Sneddon, the nominalised verb means 'the general activity denoted by 
#the verb' (Sneddon, 1996:307). 
#Therefore, the verb cannot have a subject. Adding a subject to the sentences (3) to (5)
#will cause the sentences to be ungrammatical. In fact, most Indonesian will consider 
#the sentences unacceptable.


#Ungrammatical:

#6

Mereka menangkap buaya memerlukan kehlian khusus (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL MEN-catch crocodile MEN-need-kan KE-expert-An special
#They catch crocodiles needs special skills


#Ungrammatical:

#7

Dia membakar hutan bukan tindakan yang baik (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG MEN-burn forest NEG act-AN REL good
#He burns forests is not a good action


#Ungrammatical:

#8

Dia menonton film kesukaanya (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG MEN-watch film KE-like-AN-3POSS
#He watches film his hobby
 

#Sentence (8) can be interpreted differently as example (9) illustrates:


#9

Dia menonton film kesukaannya

#3SG MEN-watch film KE-like-AN-3POSS
#He watched his favourite film


#Demonstrative itu 'that' can occur in all nominal clauses above. It has the effect of
#identifying the verb as nominal (Sneddon, 1996:308). See also identifying clauses in
#file 23.


#10

Berkebun itu bisa meningkatkan penghasilan keluarga

#BER-garden that can MEN-increase-kan PEN-product-AN family
#As for the gardening, it can increase the family's income



#11

Mengarang itu membutuhkan kreatifitas tinggi

#MEN-compose that MEN-require-kan creativity high
#As for composing, it requires a high creativity


#12

Menangkap buaya itu memerlukan keahlian khusus

#MEN-catch crocodile that MEN-need-kan KE-expert-An special
#Concerning catching crocodiles, it needs special skills


#13

Membakar hutan itu bukan tindakan yang baik

#MEN-burn forest that NEG act-AN REL good
#Concerning burning forests, it is not a good action


#14

Menonton film itu kesukaannya

#MEN-watch film that KE-like-AN-3POSS
#As for watching film, it is his hobby
 

#Demonstrative itu 'that' in sentences (10) to (14) indicates that all instances of 
#the action refer to it. Thus, we can ellipt the nominalised clauses and only have
#itu in sentences (10) to (14). Observe (15) to (19):


#15

Itu bisa meningkatkan penghasilan keluarga

#that can MEN-increase-kan PEN-product-AN family
#That can increase the family's income



#16

Itu membutuhkan kreatifitas tinggi

#that MEN-require-kan creativity high
#That requires a high creativity



#17

Itu memerlukan keahlian khusus

#that MEN-need-kan KE-expert-An special
#That needs special skills



#18

Itu bukan tindakan yang baik

#that NEG act-AN REL good
#That is not a good action


#19

Itu kesukaannya

#that KE-like-AN-3POSS
#That is his hobby
 

#Simple nominal clauses in predicate position.

#Simple nominal clauses can occur as predicate. They may be preceded by copula
#adalah or ialah. See copula adalah and ialah in the copular verbs file.


#20

Kesukaanya menonton film

#KE-like-AN-3POSS MEN-watch film  
#His hobby is watching film
 

#21

Kesukaannya adalah menonton film

#KE-like-AN-3POSS COP MEN-watch film  
#His hobby is watching film
 

#22

Pekerjaan saya adalah menanam jagung

#PE-work-AN 1SG COP MEN-plant corn
#My job is planting corn


#23

Pekerjaan saya menanam jagung

#PE-work-AN 1SG MEN-plant corn
#My job is planting corn


#Examples (20) to (23) show that the predicate is equated with the subject. We can
#negate the predicate with bukan. See bukan in the negation file. The order of the 
#sentences can be reversed.



#24

Kesukaanya bukan menonton film

#KE-like-AN-3POSS NEG MEN-watch film  
#His hobby is not watching film
 

#25

Menonton film bukan kesukaannya

#MEN-watch film NEG KE-like-AN-3POSS
#Watching film is not his hobby

#26

Pekerjaan saya bukan menanam jagung

#PE-work-AN 1SG NEG MEN-plant corn
#My job is not planting corn


#27

Menanam jagung bukan pekerjaan saya

#MEN-plant corn NEG  PE-work-AN 1SG 
#Planting corn is not my job   


#Note that adalah or ialah does not occur when negative bukan is used.


#Ungrammatical:


#28

Kesukaannya adalah bukan menonton film (0! 0 0 0)


#KE-like-AN-3POSS COP NEG MEN-watch film  
#His hobby is not watching film
 


#Ungrammatical:

#29

Pekerjaan saya adalah bukan menanam jagung (0! 0 0 0)

#PE-work-AN 1SG COP NEG MEN-plant corn
#My job is not planting corns



#References:

#Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar,
#Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 307-8).