#Predicate nominalisation 


#This document discusses two processes of predicate nominalisation:

#suffix -NYA
#Circumfix KE-...-AN and PEN-...-AN

#Adjectival and verbal predicates can be nominalised by adding suffix -nya
#to the predicate.


#Adjectives:

#1

#Basic clause:

#Laut itu dalam
#sea that deep
#That sea is deep

#Nominalised clause:

Kami tidak dapat mengukur dalamnya laut itu

#1PL.INCL NEG can MEN-measure deep-NYA sea that
#We cannot measure the depth of that sea

#2

#Basic clause:

#Lalulintas macet
#traffic jam
#The traffic is jammed

#Nominalised clause:

Mobil Ali tidak bisa bergerak cepat karena macetnya lalulintas

#car Ali NEG can BER-move fast because jammed-NYA traffic
#Ali's car could not move fast because of the stoppage of the traffic  


#Intransitive verbs:


#3

#Basic clause:

#Kebakaran hutan meluas
#KE-burn-AN forest ME-wide

#Nominalised clause:

Meluasnya kebakaran hutan sangat mengkhawatirkan

#ME-wide-NYA KE-burn-AN forest very MEN-worry-kan
#The spread of forest burning is very worrying

#4

#Basic clause:

#Kejahatan di kota ini meningkat
#KE-cruel-AN in town this MEN-increase
#The crime in this town is increasing


#Nominalised clause:

Meningkatnya kejahatan di kota ini perlu diantisipasi

#MEN-increase-NYA KE-cruel-AN in town this need DI-anticipate
#The increase of crime in this town needs to be anticipated



#Transitive verbs:

#Unlike intransitive verbs, transitive verbs must be in the passive form.


#5

#Basic clause:

#Polisi membebaskan para tahanan
#Police MEN-free-kan PL.MRK arrest-AN
#The police freed the prisoner

#Passive:

#Para tahanan dibebaskan
#PL.MRK arrest-AN DI-free-kan
#The prisoners were freed


#Nominalised clause:

Dibebaskannya para tahanan sangat menggembirakan keluarga

#DI-free-kan-NYA PL.MRK arrest-AN very MEN-happy-kan family
#The freeing of the prisoners made the families happy


#Ungrammatical:

#6

#Nominalised clause:

Membebaskannya para tahanan sangat menggembirakan keluarga (0! 0 0 0)

#MEN-free-kan-NYA PL.MRK arrest-AN very MEN-happy-kan family
#The freeing of the prisoners made the families happy


#The order of the subject and the predicate is reversed. Suffix -nya attached
#to the predicate changes the sentence into a nominalised clause. The subject
#now becomes the possessor of the nominalised predicate.
#The whole nominalised clause is a noun phrase, which can occur in a larger
#construction.

#The predicate can contain negative, temporal markers and modals.


#7

Tidak adanya koordinasi yang baik membuat program itu kacau

#NEG exist-NYA coordination REL good MEN-make program that mess
#The absence of good coordination caused that program to be in such a mess


#8

Tidak dibebaskannya para tahanan menimbulkan pro dan kontra

#NEG DI-free-kan-NYA PL.MRK arrest-AN MEN-appear-kan pros and cons
#The not-freeing of the prisoners caused pros and cons 


#9

Akan hadirnya Bapak presiden masih menunggu konfirmasi

#will present-NYA sir president still MEN-wait confirmation
#The presence of Mr President still awaits confirmation


#10

Kami belum tahu bakal adanya pembangunan jembatan baru


#1PL.INCL NEG know will be-NYA PEN-construct-AN bridge new
#We don't know that there will be a new bridge construction 


#Adjectival predicate may have modifying adverbs.


#11

Sangat dalamnya laut itu membuat sulit para penyelam

#very deep-NYA sea that MEN-make difficult PL.MRK PEN-dive
#The very depth of the sea caused difficulty for the divers


#The nominalised adjectives and verbs can often be replaced by nouns with 
#affixation ke- ... -an or pe- ... -an.


#Circumfix ke- ... -an 

#Circumfix ke-....-an changes adjectives, verbs and other words into nouns.
#Most nouns formed through this process are abstract nouns. Some examples
#are illustrated below:


#sulit 'difficult' -> kesulitan 'difficulty'

#cantik 'beautiful' -> kecantikan 'beauty'

#sehat 'healthy' -> kesehatan 'health'

#baik 'good' -> kebaikan 'goodness, kindness'

#bebas 'free' -> kebebasan 'freedom'

#bersih 'clean' -> kebersihan 'cleaness'

#Nominalised clauses in (1), (2) and (5) can have corresponding nouns with
#ke-...-an formation. Observe the following examples:


#12

#dalamnya laut -> kedalaman laut

Kami tidak dapat mengukur kedalaman laut

#1PL.INCL NEG can MEN-measure KE-deep-AN sea that
#We cannot measure the depth of that sea


#13
#macetnya lalulintas -> kemacetan lalulintas

Mobil Ali tidak bisa bergerak dengan cepat karena kemacetan lalulintas

#car Ali NEG can BER-move fast because KE-jammed-AN traffic
#Ali's car could not move fast because of the stoppage of the traffic 


#14
#dibebaskannya para tahanan -> kebebasan para tahanan

Kebebasan para tahanan menggembirakan keluarga

#KE-free-AN PL.MRK arrest-AN very MEN-happy-kan family
#The freedom of the prisoners made the families happy


#Circumfix peN-....-an


#Verbal bases can be turned into nouns with circumfix peN- ... -an. The meaning 
#of the nouns formed by this process refer to the action expressed by the verb.


#beli 'buy' -> pembelian 'buying'

#baca 'read' -> pembacaan 'reading'

#jual 'sell -> penjualan 'selling'

#tembak 'shoot' -> penembakan 'shooting'

#bebas 'free' -> pembebasan 'freeing'


#Examples (4) and (5)  can have corresponding nouns with peN- ... -an formation.



#15
#meningkatnya kejahatan -> peningkatan kejahatan

Peningkatan kejahatan di kota ini perlu diantisipasi

#PEN-increase-AN KE-cruel-AN in town this need DI-anticipate
#The increase of crime in this town needs to be anticipated


#16

#dibebaskannya para tahanan -> pembebasan para tahanan


Pembebasan para tahanan menggembirakan keluarga

#PEN-free-AN PL.MRK arrest-AN very MEN-happy-kan family
#The freeing of the prisoners made the families happy




#For detailed explanations and examples of circumfix ke- ... -an and peN- .. -an,
#see Sneddon, 1996: 35-9.

#Nominalised predicates cannot be replaced by ke- ... -an or peN-...-an when the
#predicates have other elements such as negative, temporal markers or modals
#within the predicate. Examples (7) to (10) cannot be replaced by ke-...-an or
#peN-...-an.


#Ungrammatical:

#17

Ketidak adaan koordinasi yang baik membuat program itu kacau (0! 0 0 0)

#KE-NEG exist-AN coordination REL good MEN-make program that mess
#The absence of good coordination caused that program in such as mess


#Ungrammatical:

#18

Ketidakbebasan para tahanan menimbulkan pro dan kontra (0! 0 0 0)

#KE-NEG-free-AN PL.MRK arrest-AN very MEN-appear-kan pros and cons
#The not-freeing of the prisoners caused pros and cons 


#Ungrammatical:

#19

Keakan hadiran Bapak Presiden masih menunggu konfirmasi (0! 0 0 0)

#KE-will present-AN sir president still MEN-wait confirmation
#The presence of Mr President still awaits confirmation



#Ungrammatical:

#20

Kami belum tahu kebakal adaan pembangunan jembatan baru (0! 0 0 0)

#1PL.INCL NEG know KE-will be-AN PEN-construct-AN bridge new
#We don't know that there will be a new bridge construction 



#Sentence (18) can have a different meaning. Ketidak bebasan can mean
#the prisoners are still inside the prison but they are not free. It certainly
#does not mean the prisoners are freed from the prison.


#suffix -nya can attach to two contrasting words to form a nominalised predicate.
#The pair can be adjectives or intransitive verbs.

#tinggi-rendah 'high-low'

#besar-kecil 'big-small'

#mahal-murah 'expensive-cheap'

#naik-turun 'rise-fall'

#jatuh-bangun 'fall-get.up

#timbul-tenggelam 'rise-fall'

#baik-buruk 'good-bad'



#20

Tinggi-rendahnya bangunan itu dapat diukur dengan alat ini

#high-low-NYA build-AN that can DI-measure with equipment this
#The height of the building can be measured with this equipment


#21

Besar-kecilnya jembatan ditentukan oleh lokasi geografisnya

#big-small bridge DI-determine-kan by location geography-NYA
#The size of a new bridge is determined by its geographical location


#22

Hari raya dapat mempengaruhi mahal-murahnya barang dagangan

#day holy can MEN-influence expensive-cheap-NYA good trade-AN
#Holidays can affect the cost of trading goods


#23

Naik-turunnya suhu udara di daerah ini sangat tidak menentu

#rise-fall-NYA temperature air in region this very NEG MEN-certain
#The rise and fall of the air temperature in this region is very uncertain


#24

Jatuh-bangunnya Jepang membangun ekonominya bisa menjadi model bagi negara-negara Asia

#fall-rise-NYA Japan MEN-build economy-3POSS can MEN-become model for nation-REDUP Asia
#The fall and rise of Japan in building its economy can be a model for Asian nations


#25

Baik-buruknya manajemen perusahaan ini adalah tanggung jawab kita semua

#good-bad-NYA management PER-business-AN this COP responsible 1PL.EXCL all
#The goodness and badness of the company management is all our responsibility


#Suffix -nya can also attach to an adjective or an intransitive verb and negative
#tidak.


#sukar tidaknya 'difficult NEG-nya'

#ada tidaknya 'exist NEG-nya'



#26

Sukar tidaknya masalah itu harus dibicarakan dengan kepala sekolah

#difficult NEG-NYA problem that must DI-talk-kan with head school
#The degree of difficulty of the problem must be discussed with the head of the school


#27

Pembangunan jalan tol tergantung ada tidaknya dana dari pemerintah pusat

#PEN-construct-AN road highway TER-depend be NEG-NYA fund fom government centre
#The construction of the highway depends on the availability of funds from the central government


#More examples with adjectives of measurement.


#28

#Basic clause:

#Orang itu tinggi
#person that high

#Nominalised clause:

Tingginya orang itu 160 cm

#high person that 160 cm
#The height of that person is 160 cm



#29

#Basic clause:

#daging itu berat
#meat that heavy


#Nominalised clause:

Beratnya daging itu 10 kg

#heavy-NYA meat that 10 kg
#The weight of that meat is 10 kg




#The nominalised adjective must have -nya if there is no other possessor 
#expressed.

#30

Tingginya 160 cm

#high-NYA 160 cm
#The height is 160 cm




#31

Beratnya 10 kg

#heavy-NYA 10 kg
#The weight is 10 kg




#Ungrammatical:

#32

Tinggi 160 cm (0! 0 0 0)

#high 160 cm
#The height is 160 cm



#Ungrammatical:

#33

Berat 10 kg (0! 0 0 0)

#heavy 10 kg
#The weight is 10 kg





#We can have the following nominalised clauses without -nya.


#34

Tinggi orang itu 160 cm

#high person that 160 cm
#The height of that person is 160 cm


#35

Berat daging itu 10 kg

#heavy meat that 10 kg
#The weight of that meat is 10 kg




#36

Dalam laut itu 100 m

#deep sea that 100 m
#the depth of that sea is 100 m

#The order of sentences (28) and (29) can be reversed. However, the sentences
#now become topic-coment  clauses. See file 22.


#37

Orang itu tingginya 160 cm

#person that high-NYA 160 cm
#As for the person, his height is 160 cm

#38

Daging itu beratnya 10 kg

#meat that heavy-NYA 10 kg
#As for the meat, its weight is 10 kg


#39

Laut itu dalamnya 160 m

#sea that deep-NYA 160 m
#As for that sea, its depth is 160 m


#All these examples illustrate nominalisation of adjectives referring to measure.



#References:

#Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar,
#Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 300-6).