#Reflexive phrases


#This document presents reflexive phrases formed on the basis of the reflexive 
#form diri 'self'.
 
#Different grammatical categories can be created with the reflexive form diri.

#In the document we show how nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs derive
#from the reflexive form diri.

#The document is organised into the following sections:

#Nouns
#Adjectives
#Verbs
#Adverbs 


#NOUNS

#In certain compound nouns noun diri usually forms part of the compound noun.

#1

DP: harga diri

#price self
#self respect


#2

DP: jati diri

#identity self
#identity


#3

DP: kesucian diri

#kE-holy-AN self
#self holiness

#The structure of compound noun with diri is N + diri.


#Ungrammatical:


#4

diri harga (0! 0 0 0)

#self price
#self respect


#PRONOUNS

#English uses -self: myself, yourself,
#himself, themselves, etc.


#Diri forms part of pronouns.

#Structure : diri + pronoun.


#5

DP: diri saya

#self 1SG
#myself


#6

DP: dirimu

#self-2SG
#yourself


#7

diri mereka

#self 3PL
#themselves


#Ungrammatical:

#8

DP: mereka diri (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL self
#themselves



#ADJECTIVES


#9

AP: Seorang diri

#one-CLASS self
#alone


#10

Dia seorang diri

#3SG one-CLASS self
#He is alone


#Most adjectives use the word sendiri 'self'


#11

AP: Mereka sendiri

#3PL self
#themselves


#12

AP: Saya sendiri

#1SG self
#Myself


#Examples (11) and (12) can also mean 'They themselves' and 'I myself'.



#Diri can combine with sendiri. It is used to add emphasis on the pronoun.
#Quinn (2001 : 707). 


#13

DP: diri sendiri

#self self
#yourself, himself, themselves, etc.

#The structure of diri and sendiri in combination with pronouns is:
#diri + Pron + sendiri


#14

DP: diri mereka sendiri

#self 3PL self
#themselves (not other people).


#15

DP: diri saya sendiri

#self SG self
#myself


#VERBS

#Diri 'self' occurs as the object of a transitive verb when
#the object is the same as the subject.


#The following is a list of high frequency verbs 
#that are commonly found with diri as the object. 

#Verb base forms:

#jaga 'keep' 	    
#kenal 'recognise'  
#abdi 'servant'     
#lari 'run'	    
#undur 'step backward' 
#lolos 'pass, free from something'
#tarik 'pull'
#calon 'candidate'
#khusus 'special'
#serah 'give'
#bunuh 'kill'
#bawa 'bring'
#buka 'open'
#jual 'sell'
#tawar'offer'
#tahan 'hold'
#lepas 'release'
#libat 'involve'
#pisah 'separate'
#anggap 'regard'
#salah 'mistake'
#biasa 'usual'
#tarik 'pull'
#daftar 'register'
#sesuai 'ajust'
#rendah 'low'

#These verbs usually take prefix MEN- and suffix -kan.


#The following verbs take prefix MEN + base.verb. 

#menjaga diri 'to look after someone's self'
#membawa diri 'to expose someone's self'
#membuka diri 'to be open'
#menjual diri 'to sell someone's dignity'
#menarik diri 'to withdraw'
#membunuh diri 'to commit suicide'
#menahan diri 'to be patient'


#EXAMPLES:

#16

Mereka tidak menjaga diri baik-baik

#3PL NEG MEN-keep self good-REDUP
#They did not look after themselves well


#17

Anita pintar membawa diri dalam pertemuan-pertemuan semacam itu

#Anita clever MEN-bring self in PER-meet-AN-REDUP one-kind that
#Anita cleverly exposed herself in such meetings


#18

Kami membuka diri untuk menerima saran dan kritikan

#1PL.EXCL MEN-open self to MEN-receive suggestion and critic-AN
#We are open to receive suggestions and criticism


#19

Ibu Clinton menarik diri dari pencalonan presiden

#mother Clinton MEN-pull self from PEN-candidate-AN president
#Mrs Clinton withdrew herself from the presidential candidacy


#Below is the verbs that take prefix MEN + base.verb + KAN.

#mengkhususkan diri 'to specialise 
#menyerahkan diri 'to surrender'
#memperkenalkan diri (kepada) 'introduce someone's self (to)'
#menawarkan diri 'to offer someone's self'
#mengabdikan diri 'to serve (make someone's self servant')
#melarikan diri 'to escape'
#mengundurkan diri  'to step back, resign'
#meloloskan diri 'to escape'
#melepaskan diri (dari) 'to free someone's self (from)'
#melibatkan diri (dalam) 'to involve somone's self (in)'
#memisahkan diri (dari) 'to separate someone's self (from)'
#menganggap diri (sebagai) 'to regard somone's self (as)
#menyalahkan diri (karena) 'to blame someone's self (because of)
#membiasakan diri (dengan) 'to learn to get used to'
#mendaftarkan diri (di, ke, untuk) 'to register, enroll'
#menyesuaikan diri (dengan) 'to adapt, to fit in'


#20

Pak Bejo memperkenalkan diri kepada siswa-siswi baru

#sir Bejo MEN-PER-recognise-KAN self to student-REDUP new
#Mr Bejo introduced himself to new students


#21

Penjahat meloloskan diri dari penjara

#PEN-cruel ME-release-KAN self from prison 
#The criminal escaped from the prison


#22

Saya mengundurkan diri dari posisi saya sebagai ketua kelas

#1SG MEN-step.back-KAN self from position as chairman class
#I resigned from the position as chairman of the class


#Reflexive phrase can be the subject or the object of a sentence.


#23

Diri mereka sendiri penuh dengan kebohongan

#self 3PL self full with KE-lie-AN
#Themselves are full of lies


#24

Kamu dapat menolong dirimu sendiri dengan peralatan itu

#2SG can MEN-help self-2SG self with PER-tool-AN that
#You can help yourself with the equipment


#ADVERBS

#Diri occurs as and adverb complement with few intransitive verbs.

#The three most frequent verbs are:


#25

VP: berdiam diri 

#BER-silent self
#to say nothing, to refrain from speaking, to keep quiet


#26

VP: percaya diri

#trust self
#to be self confident, to have confidence in someone's self


#27

VP: tahu diri

#know self
#to know your place, to be modest and acknowledge the status and achievement
#of others.


#28

Dia berdiam diri saja di situ

#3SG BER-silent self only at that.place
#He was just quiet at that place


#29

Ujian ini akan mudah karena dia sangat percaya diri

#test-AN this will easy because 3SG very trust self
#This test will be easy because he is very self confident


#30

Saya tahu diri, dia itu guru saya

#1SG know self, 3SG that teacher 1SG
#I know my place, he is my teacher 
#(Implied meaning: I would not do anything that disrespects the teacher, or 
#the teacher knows more than I do, etc.).



#References: 


#Quinn, George. the Learner's Dictionary of Today's Indonesian, Allen and Unwin,
#2001 (pp.707).

#Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,
#1966 (pp.205-207)