#Double object constructions with -i and -kan (file 1)

#This document presents a group of verbs that are usually called
#ditransitive verbs. The verbs have two objects: direct object and
#indirect object.  

#The document specifically discusses two distinctive
#suffixes that are usually attached to the verbs:
#Suffix -kan marks the object as a patient; and
#Suffix -i marks the object as a recepient (beneficiary).


#Sarumpaet (1977) divided verbs that take two objects into two groups:

#The first group is a group of verbs that takes suffix -i and suffix -kan.
#Suffix -i denotes the benefactive aspect of an action (doing something
#for someone). The suffix -i verbs take two objects, the indirect object
#(the beneficiary) and the direct object.

#Structure: Subject  + me + verb base + i  + Indirect Obj  + Direct Obj
#For  example:

#1

Mereka menghadiahi saya sebuah kamus

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-i 1SG one-CLASS dictionary
#They presented me a dictionary (as a gift)

#Correction: Note that Sarumpaet used prefix me-. This is not correct, the
#prefix used must be meN-. We use meN- in this testfile.

 
#Suffix -kan also denotes the benefactive aspect of an action (doing something
#for someone). The suffix -kan verbs take two objects,  
#the direct object and the indirect object which is preceded by a preposition.

#Structure: SUbject  + me + verb base + kan  + Direct Obj  + prep + Direct Obj

#For example:

#2

Mereka menghadiahkan sebuah kamus kepada saya

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary to 1SG 
#They presented a dictionary (as a gift) to me 


#The second group is a group of verbs that takes suffix -kan and no suffix.
#Suffix -kan denotes the benefactive aspect of an action similar to suffix -i
#in the above construction. The suffix -kan verbs take two objects, the indirect object
#(the beneficiary) and the direct object. The structure is similar to the suffix -i verbs.

#Structure: Subject   me+verb.base + KAN  indirect Obj    direct Obj

#For example:

#3

Saya membelikan Ali buku

#1SG MEN-buy-kan Ali book
#I bought Ali a book

#The lack of a suffix denotes the benefactive aspect of an action (doing something
#for someone). The verbs with no suffix take two objects,  
#the direct object and the indirect object which is preceded by a preposition.

#4

Saya membeli buku untuk Ali

#1SG MEN-buy book for Ali
#I bought a book for Ali  

#The following verbs belong to the second group: 

#beli 'to buy'
#buat 'to make'
#baca 'to read'
#cari 'to look for'
#bawa 'to take'
#buka 'to open'
#ambil 'to take'
#tulis 'to write'
#minta 'to request'

#In the testfile 'Double object constructions with -kan and with no suffix'
#we argued that the prepositional phrase is 
#an adjunct and therefore it is not part of the main structure of
#the no-suffix verbs.

#This document will present a group of verbs that falls into Sarumpaet's
#first group classification. That is the group of verbs that takes both
#suffix -kan and suffix -i.

#The following verbs take both -suffix -kan and suffix -i.

#kirim 'to send'
#hadiah 'present, gift'
#serah 'give'
#pinjam 'borrow'
#beri 'give'
#antar 'to accompany someone/something'
#sodor 'to offer something to someone'
#limpah 'abundant'
#tawar 'to bargain'
#beban 'burden'
#suguh 'to serve someone with food or drink'
#curah 'to pour'
#anugerah 'blessing'

#Considering suffix -kan and suffix -i clauses we found that there
#were many cases in which the word order of direct object and indirect
#object does not follow the pattern that Sarumpaet proposed above.

#Sarumpaet proposed that suffix -kan verbs have two objects, direct object, 
#and indirect object with a preposition preceding it. Recall example (2)
#which is copied below:


#5

Mereka menghadiahkan sebuah kamus kepada saya

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary to 1SG 
#They presented a dictionary (as a gift) to me 

#We found that the structure of the direct object and the indirect object
#can be reversed. Thus, it is fine to have sentence (6).


#6

Mereka menghadiahkan saya sebuah kamus

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-kan 1SG one-CLASS dictionary
#They presented me a dictionary (as a gift)

#Note that the structure of sentences with suffix -kan 
#in sentence (6) is the same as the structure of sentences
#with suffix -i in sentence (1). 


#Below we show two examples we got from the websearch:


#7

mereka menghadiahi saya buku tersebut

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-i 1SG book ter-mention
#They presented me the (mentioned) book (as a gift)

#Source: http://ekakurniawan.com/blog/buku-cindil-855.php


#8

Mama menghadiahkan saya jam tangan perak

#mother MEN-present.a.gift-kan 1SG watch hand silver
#Mother presented me a silver watch (as a gift) 

#Source: http://febi-rahmi.blog.friendster.com/2007/12/dua-orang-terkasih-yang-menghadiahkan-surga

#We will deal with the distinction between the two suffixes later in this testfile.


#Considering suffix -i the structure of the word order is fine. The direct object
#must follow the indirect object as example (1) illustrates. The sentence
#will be ungrammatical if the order is reversed. Observe example (9):


#Ungrammatical:

#9

Mereka menghadiahi sebuah kamus saya (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-kan 1SG one-CLASS dictionary
#They presented a dictionary (as a gift) (to) me 


#The sentence seems to lack a preposition which is usually present
#before an indirect object as example (2) illustrates. However, there
#will be a problem here if we try to add a prepositional phrase into the 
#sentence because verbs taking suffix -i do not require a prepositional
#phrase. We rarely found cases such as example (10):


#10

Mereka menghadiahi sebuah kamus kepada saya 

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-kan one-CLASS dictionary  to 1SG
#They presented a dictionary (as a gift) (to) me 

#Using Sarumpaet's structure for suffix -i, this sentence will be
#considered ungrammatical.


#Considering suffix -kan especially example (6) most grammars seem to 
#avoid presenting the fact that suffix -kan structure allows two different
#word orders: one with preposition (example 5) and another without preposition
#(example 6). The latter is always avoided.

 
#In this testfile we present data that show possible structure of double 
#object constructions of verbs that take suffix -kan and suffix -i with 
#data supporting them.

#We will also show what verbs are likely to fall into this category.

#Notes: We are not concerned here with locative verbs ending in -i or 
#causative verbs ending in -kan. For example:

#11

#Base word:  tidur 

#sleep
#to sleep


#12

VP: meniduri

#MEN-sleep-i
#to sleep with someone (to have sex with), to sleep on something.


#13

VP: menidurkan

#MEN-sleep-kan
#to put (someone) to sleep


#14

Base word: naik

#climb'
#to climb


#15

VP: menaiki

#MEN-climb-i
#to go up on something


#16

VP: menaikkan

#MEN-climb-kan
#to raise (someone, something)

#We will deal with these verbs in a different testfile.
 



#The following verbs are the verbs that can take suffix -kan and suffix -i. 

#hadiah 'present, gift'
#sodor 'to offer something to someone'
#beban 'burden'
#suguh 'to serve someone with food or drink'
#anugerah 'blessing'
#tawar 'to bargain'
#pinjam 'borrow'
#antar 'to accompany someone/something'
#limpah 'abundant'
#curah 'to pour'
#ajar 'to teach'
#kirim 'to send'
#beri 'to give'



#We have divided the verbs into three different groups.
#The ordering of the verbs is based on their similarities in 
#verb affixes formation and other special characteristics.


#A. The following verbs cannot be used in sentences without having
#any affixes attach to the verb.

#serah 'surrender'
#hadiah 'present, gift'
#sodor 'to offer something to someone'
#beban 'burden'
#suguh 'to serve someone with food or drink'
#anugerah 'blessing'


#17

base word: serah

#surrender
#to surrender, to give up

#This verb needs affixes in order to be used in a sentence.

#Ungrammatical:


#18

Saya serah (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG surrender
#I surrender, I give up


#19

Saya menyerah

#1SG MEN-surrender
#I give up, I surrender

#This is a well-formed sentence.
#The verb menyerah is an intransitive verb.


#When we add suffix -kan to the verb base, it changes the verb into
#a transitive verb.


#20

Saya serahkan diri

#1SG surrender self
#I surrender myself


#21

Saya menyerahkan diri

#1SG MEN-surrender self
#I surrender myself

#The sentence is ungrammatical if suffix -kan or direct object
#is removed. Both must be present. One cannot occur without
#the other.

#Ungrammatical:

#22

Saya menyerah diri (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG MEN-surrender self
#I surrender myself


#Ungrammatical:

#23

Saya menyerahkan (0! 0 0 0)  

#1SG MEN-surrender  
#I surrender  

#Sentence (23) can be grammatical if a direct object is present. 


#Sentence (20) and (21) implies another object.
#The object must be a prepositional phrase. Observe (24) and (25).


#24

Saya serahkan diri kepada polisi

#1SG surrender self to police
#I surrender myself to the police


#25

Saya menyerahkan diri kepada polisi

#1SG surrender self to police
#I surrender myself to the police
 

#Note: The difference between (24) and (25) is that sentence 
#(24) is mostly used in non-standard Indonesian, whereas sentence (25)
#is more formal.

#Both sentences are ungrammatical if the preposition is removed.


#Ungrammatical:

#26

Saya serahkan diri polisi (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG surrender self police
#I surrender myself to the police


#Ungrammatical:

#27

Saya menyerahkan diri polisi (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG surrender self police
#I surrender myself the police