#Double object constructions with -i and -kan (file 2)


#Positions of the objects in relation to suffix -kan and suffix -i.

#The choice of suffix -kan or suffix -i determines
#which object can occur immediately after them.  


#Suffix -kan

#1

Mereka menyerahkan kunci-kunci jawaban itu kepada kami

#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-kan key-REDUP answer-AN that to 1PL.EXCL
#They handed over the answer key to us 

#Sentence (1) shows that direct object immediately follows the -kan verb. 


#Suffix -i

#2

Mereka menyerahi kami kunci-kunci jawaban itu 

#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-i 1PL.EXCL key-REDUP answer-AN that  
#They gave us the answer key 

#Sentence (2) shows two objects following the -i verb. The first object
#is the indirect object and the second one is the direct object.
 

#Below we show what happens if the indirect object immediately follows
#the -kan verb and the direct object after the -i verb. 


#3

Mereka menyerahkan kami kunci-kunci jawaban itu  

#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-kan 1PL.EXCL key-REDUP answer-AN that  
#They gave us the answer key 
 

#This sentence seems fine. The question is whether it still has benefactive effect
#when the indirect object (kami '1PL.EXCL) is removed.


#4

Mereka menyerahkan kunci-kunci jawaban itu  
 
#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-kan key-REDUP answer-AN that 
#They handed over the answer key  

#The answer to the question is YES! There is a benefactive effect 
#in sentence (4). 
#The semantics of the verb imply a beneficary.  Someone should receive 
#the answer key. Thus, it is natural to have a prepositional phrase after
#the direct object as sentence (1) illustrates.
#Sentence (4) is well-formed because the -kan verb needs a direct object to 
#follow it.


#In example (5) we replace kunci-kunci jawaban itu 'the answer key' with
#kami '1PL.EXCL'. Kami thus becomes the direct object of the verb menyerahkan.


#5

Mereka menyerahkan kami

#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-kan 1PL.EXCL  
#They handed us over



#Now we show why the occurence of direct object after the -i verb 
#is ungrammatical. 

#Recall sentence (2). The sentence shows that the indirect object must occur
#immediately after the -i verb.

#In the following sentence we change the order of the two objects.
#Sentence (6) shows the direct object occuring immediately after the -i verb.


#6

Mereka menyerahi kunci-kunci jawaban itu kami  
 
#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-i key-REDUP answer-AN that to 1PL.EXCL
#They handed us over to the answer key

#Syntactically the sentence is fine because the verb requires two objects
#without an intervening preposition after the verb.
#However, semantically the sentence is weird.



#Below we try to place only one object after the -i verb.


#Ungrammatical:

#7

Mereka menyerahi kunci-kunci jawaban itu (0! 0 0 0)
 
#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-i key-REDUP answer-AN that  
#They handed over the answer key  

#Unlike suffix -kan, this sentence is ungrammatical because the -i verb
#needs two objects to occur immediately after the -i verb.  
#In addition, the sentence is weird. Kunci-kunci jawaban 'the answer key'
#cannot be the recepient of a given thing.


#Ungrammatical:

#8

Mereka menyerahi kami (0! 0 0 0)
 
#3PL MEN-hand.sth.over-i  1PL.EXCL
#They handed over us

#The sentence is good because kami '1PL.EXCL' can be the recipient 
#of a given thing. However, it is incomplete. 
#The sentence is not grammatical without the presence of another object following
#the first object. The first object to occur after the verb is the direct object.
#The indirect object follows the direct object. 
#See sentence (2) above.  



#9

#Base word: 

sodor

#offer something to someone
#to offer something to someone 

#This verb needs affixes in order to be used in a sentence.
#It also needs an object after the verb.

#Ungrammatical:

#10

Saya sodor  (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG offer.sth.to.so  
#I offered (something to someone) 


#Suffix -kan

#11

Saya sodorkan sebuah rokok kepada Amir 

#1SG offer.sth.to.so-i one-CLASS cigarette to Amir
#I offered a cigarette to Amir


#Suffix -i

#12


Saya sodori Amir sebuah rokok  

#1SG offer.sth.to.so-i Amir one-CLASS cigarette
#I offered Amir a cigarette   


#Sentences (11) and (12) are mostly used in non-standard Indonesian.
#Standard Indonesian uses affixes MEN- -Kan or MEN- -i as examples
#(13) and (15) illustrate:


#13

Saya menyodorkan sebuah rokok kepada Amir 

#1SG MEN-offer.sth.to.so-kan one-CLASS cigarette to Amir
#I offered a cigarette to Amir


#14


Saya menyodorkan Amir sebuah rokok  

#1SG MEN-offer.sth.to.so-kan Amir one-CLASS cigarette
#I offered Amir a cigarette   


#15


Saya menyodori Amir sebuah rokok  

#1SG MEN-offer.sth.to.so-i Amir one-CLASS cigarette
#I offered Amir a cigarette   



#Ungrammatical:

#16

Saya menyodori sebuah rokok (0! 0 0 0) 

#1SG MEN-offer.sth.to.so-i one-CLASS cigarette
#I offered (Amir) a cigarette   


#17

#Ungrammatical:

Saya menyodori Amir  (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG MEN-offer.sth.to.so-i Amir 
#I offered Amir (a cigarette)   


#B. The following verbs can have MEN- prefixes without having any suffixes.
#The MEN- verbs, however, only have one object.
#In order to have two objects the verbs must have suffix -kan or suffix -i.

#tawar 'to bargain'
#pinjam 'borrow'
#antar 'to accompany someone/something'
#limpah 'abundant'
#curah 'to pour'


#18

#Base word: 

tawar

#bargain
#to bargain, to offer


#19

Dia menawar harga mobil itu

#3SG MEN-bargain price car that
#He bargained for the price of the car (ask for a cheaper price)

#Suffix -kan

#20

Kami menawarkan harga yang murah kepada mereka

#1PL.EXCL MEN-bargain-kan price REL cheap to 3PL
#We offered a cheap price to them  


#21

Kami menawarkan harga yang murah  

#1PL.EXCL MEN-bargain-kan price REL cheap  
#We offered a cheap price

#Two possible meanings:
#1. We offer (them) a cheap price
#2. We lower our price and offer a cheaper one. 
 

#22

Kami menawarkan mereka

#1PL.EXCL MEN-bargain-kan 3PL  
#We offered them 

#This sentence certainly does not mean we offered them a cheap price.


#23 

Kami menawari mereka harga yang murah  

#1PL.EXCL MEN-bargain-i 3PL price REL cheap  
#We offered them a cheap price


#Ungrammatical:

#24 

Kami menawari harga yang murah (0! 0 0 0)

#1PL.EXCL MEN-bargain-i price REL cheap  
#We offered (them) a cheap price


#Ungrammatical:

#25
 
Kami menawari harga yang murah kepada mereka (0! 0 0 0)

#1PL.EXCL MEN-bargain-i price REL cheap to 3PL 
#We offered a cheap price to them

#Suffix -i does not allow a prepositional phrase.



#C. The following verbs can have two objects without suffix -kan or
#suffix -i.

#ajar 'to teach'
#kirim 'to send'
#beri 'to give'



#26

#Base word: 

ajar

#teach
#to teach


#27

Pak Rumbino mengajar Bahasa Indonesia  

#sir Rumbino MEN-teach language Indonesia
#Mr Rumbino taught Indonesian  


#28

Pak Rumbino mengajar kami   

#sir Rumbino MEN-teach language 1PL.EXCL
#Mr Rumbino taught us  


#29

Pak Rumbino mengajar Bahasa Indonesia kepada kami

#sir Rumbino MEN-teach language Indonesia to 1PL.EXCL
#Mr Rumbino taught Indonesian to us


#30

Pak Rumbino mengajar kami Bahasa Indonesia  
 
#sir Rumbino MEN-teach  1PL.EXCL language Indonesia 
#Mr Rumbino taught us Indonesian  


#Suffix -kan 

#31

Pak Rumbino mengajarkan Bahasa Indonesia kepada kami
 
#sir Rumbino MEN-teach-kan language Indonesia to 1PL.EXCL
#Mr Rumbino taught Indonesian to us


#32

Pak Rumbino mengajarkan kami Bahasa Indonesia   

#sir Rumbino MEN-teach-kan  1PL.EXCL language Indonesia 
#Mr Rumbino taught us Indonesian  



#Suffix -i
 
#33

Pak Rumbino mengajari kami Bahasa Indonesia  
 
#sir Rumbino MEN-teach-i  1PL.EXCL language Indonesia 
#Mr Rumbino taught us Indonesian  


#Ungrammatical:


#34

Pak Rumbino mengajari Bahasa Indonesia (0! 0 0 0) 
 
#sir Rumbino MEN-teach-i language Indonesia  
#Mr Rumbino taught Indonesian  


#Ungrammatical:


#35

Pak Rumbino mengajari Bahasa Indonesia kepada kami (0! 0 0 0)

#sir Rumbino MEN-teach-i language Indonesia to 1PL.EXCL
#Mr Rumbino taught Indonesian to us



#References: 

#Dardjowidjojo,Soenjono, Sentence patterns of Indonesian,
#University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978 (pp. 38, 39, 
#117-118, 368-369).   

#Sarumpaet, Jan,P. The Structure of Bahasa Indonesia,
#Sahata Publications, Melbourne, 1977 (pp.68-75).

#Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,1996.