#Double object constructions and passive voice (file 1) 


#This document presents double object in passive clause construction.

#The document specifically discusses the distinction between
#suffix -kan and suffix -i in passive clauses. 

#The document only presents passive type 1, based on Dardjowidjojo's classification; see 
#file 12 for more on passives.


#For comparison passive clauses are presented with their active clause
#counterparts.


#We can construct passive clauses with double object using
#the following verbs: 

#kirim 'to send'
#hadiah 'present, gift'
#serah 'give'
#pinjam 'borrow'
#beri 'give'
#antar 'to accompany someone/something'
#sodor 'to offer something to someone'
#limpah 'abundant'
#tawar 'to bargain'
#beban 'burden'
#suguh 'to serve someone with food or drink'
#curah 'to pour'
#anugerah 'blessing'




#Active Clauses:

#Suffix -kan

#1

Mereka menghadiahkan sebuah kamus kepada saya

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-kan one-CLASS dictionary to 1SG 
#They presented a dictionary (as a gift) to me 

#Suffix -i

#2

Mereka menghadiahi saya sebuah kamus

#3PL MEN-present.a.gift-i 1SG one-CLASS dictionary
#They presented me a dictionary (as a gift)



#Passive Clauses

#Suffix -kan:

#3

Sebuah kamus dihadiahkan kepada saya

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-kan to 1SG
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift) to me


#Preposition oleh 'by' in (4) is rarely used in this construction.

#4

Sebuah kamus dihadiahkan kepada saya oleh mereka 

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-kan to 1SG by 3PL 
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift) to me by them


#Sentences with suffix -kan:


#5

Sebuah kamus dihadiahkan mereka kepada saya

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-kan 3PL to 1SG
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift) (by) them to me


#6

Sebuah kamus dihadiahkan saya kepada mereka

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-kan 1SG to 3PL
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift) (by) me to them


#7

Saya dihadiahkan sebuah kamus kepada mereka

#1SG  DI-present.a.gift-kan one-CLASS dictionary to 3PL
#I was presented (as a gift) (by) a dictionary to them


#There is a clear distinction between suffix -kan and suffix -i. 
#Observe the following examples:

#8

Saya dihadiahkan mereka

#1SG  DI-present.a.gift-kan 3PL  
#I was presented (as a gift) by them 

#One meaning: 'I was the gift that was being presented' by them

#9

Mereka dihadiahkan saya

#3PL DI-present.a.gift-kan 1SG  
#They were presented (as a gift) by me 

#One meaning: 'They were the gift that was being presented by me'


#See the difference in meaning with suffix -i on examples (19) and (20).

#The meaning of sentences (8) and (9) changes when we add two objects
#in a sequence after the suffix - verbs (examples 10 and 11) or two objects
#with a preposition in between as examples (5, 6, and 7) illustrate.


#10

Saya dihadiahkan mereka sebuah kamus  

#1SG  DI-present.a.gift-kan 3PL one-CLASS dictionary
#I was presented (as a gift) a dictionary by them


#11

Mereka dihadiahkan saya sebuah kamus

#3PL DI-present.a.gift-kan 1SG one-CLASS dictionary
#They were given a dictionary (as a gift) by me




#Ungrammatical:

#12

Sebuah kamus dihadiahkan (0! 0 0 0)

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-kan
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift)

#Ungrammatical:

#13

Saya dihadiahkan (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG DI-present.a.gift-kan
#I was presented (as a gift)


#Ungrammatical:

#14

Sebuah kamus mereka dihadiahkan (0! 0 0 0)

#one-CLASS dictionary 3PL DI-present.a.gift-kan
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift) to them



#Suffix -i

#15

Saya dihadiahi sebuah kamus oleh mereka

#1SG DI-present.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary by 3PL
#I was presented a dictionary (as a gift) by them

#16

Mereka dihadiahi sebuah kamus oleh saya

#3PL DI-present.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary by 1SG
#They were prsented a dictionary (as a gift) by me


#Sentences with suffix -i:


#17

Sebuah kamus dihadiahi saya oleh mereka

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-i 1SG by 3PL
#A dictionary was presented me (as a gift) by them
 

#18

Sebuah kamus dihadiahi mereka oleh saya

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.a.gift-i 3PL by 1SG
#A dictionary was presented them (as a gift) by me


#See the contrast in meaning between suffix -i in examples (19-20) below
#and suffix -kan in examples (8) and (9).


#19

Saya dihadiahi mereka  

#1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i 3PL  
#I was presented (a gift) them  

#Two meanings:
#'I was given a gift by them'
#'I was given them (as a gift)'


#20

Mereka dihadiahi saya

#3PL DI-present.as.a.gift-i 1SG  
#They were presented (a gift) me  

#Two meanings:
#'They were given a gift by me'
#'They were given me (as a gift)'


#21

Saya dihadiahi sebuah kamus

#1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary
#I was presented a dictionary (as a gift)

#Two meanings:
#'I was given a present by a dictionary'
#'I was given a dictionary (as a gift)


#22

Sebuah kamus dihadiahi saya

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.as.a.gift-i 1SG
#A dictionary was presented (a gift) me  

#TWo meanings: 
#'A dictionary was given a gift by me'
#'A dictionary was given me (as a gift)


#The meaning is unambiguous when we have two objects in a sequence
#or two objects with preposition oleh 'by' between the objects.


#23

Saya dihadiahi mereka sebuah kamus

#1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i 3PL one-CLASS dictionary
#I was presented a dictionary (as a gift) by them


#24

Saya dihadiahi sebuah kamus mereka

#1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary 3PL
#I was presented them (as a gift) by a dictionary


#25

Saya dihadiahi sebuah kamus oleh  mereka

#1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i one-CLASS dictionary by 3PL
#I was presented a dictionary (as a gift) by them


#26

Saya dihadiahi mereka oleh sebuah kamus

#1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i 3PL by one-CLASS dictionary
#I was presented them (as a gift) by a dictionary


#Ungrammatical:

#27

Saya sebuah kamus dihadiahi (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.as.agift-i 
##I was presented a dictionary (as a gift)


#Ungrammatical:

#28

Sebuah kamus saya dihadiahi

#one-CLASS dictionary 1SG DI-present.as.a.gift-i
#A dictionary was presented me (as a gift)


#Ungrammatical:

#29

Saya dihadiahi (0! 0 0 0)

#1SG DI-present.as.agift-i 
#I was presented (as a gift)

#Ungrammatical

#30

Sebuah kamus dihadiahi (0! 0 0 0)

#one-CLASS dictionary DI-present.as.a.gift-i 
#A dictionary was presented (as a gift)