#Double object constructions and passive voice (file 2) 


#1

#Baseword:

pinjam

#borrow
#to borrow


#Active Clauses

#Suffix -kan

#2

Ayah meminjamkan sepeda baru kepada Zakeus

#father men-borrow-kan bicycle new to Zakeus
#Father lent a new bicycle to Zakeus


#Suffix -i:

#3

Ayah meminjami Zakeus sepeda baru

#father men-borrow-i Zakeus bicycle new  
#Father lent Zakeus a new bicycle  

#The meaning of sentences (2) and (3) will change if the order
#of the sentences is changed.

#Suffix -kan:

#4

Ayah meminjamkan Zakeus kepada sepeda baru

#father men-borrow-kan Zakeus to  bicycle new 
#Father lent Zakeus to a new bicycle  


#Suffix -i:

#5

Ayah meminjami sepeda baru  Zakeus 

#father men-borrow-i bicycle new  Zakeus 
#Father lent Zakeus to a new bicycle


#Passive clauses:

#Suffix kan:

#6

Zakeus dipinjamkan ayah sepeda baru

#Zakeus DI-borrow-kan father bicycle new
#Zakeus was lent a new bicycle by father

#This sentence has the same meaning as setence (13).
#However, when one object is omitted the meaning of the 
#verb changes. See (7) below:


#7

Zakeus dipinjamkan ayah  

#Zakeus DI-borrow-kan father  
#Zakeus was loaned by father (to someone else) 



#8

Sepeda baru dipinjamkan ayah kepada Zakeus

#bicycle new DI-borrow-kan father to Zakeus
#A new bicycle was lent to Zakeus by father


#9

Sepeda baru dipinjamkan kepada Zakeus

#bicycle new DI-borrow-kan to Zakeus
#A new bicycle was lent to Zakeus 


#10

Sepeda baru dipinjamkan Zakeus

#bicycle new DI-borrow-kan Zakeus
#A new bicycle was lent by Zakeus (to someone else) 


#Ungrammatical:

#11

Sepeda baru Zakeus dipinjamkan (0! 0 0 0)

#bicycle new Zakeus DI-borrow-kan 
#A new bicycle was lent by Zakeus (to someone else) 



#Ungrammatical:

#12

Sepeda baru dipinjamkan (0! 0 0 0)

#bicycle new DI-borrow-kan  
#A new bicycle was lent  


#Suffix -i:


#13

Zakeus dipinjami Ayah sepeda baru  

#Zakeus DI-borrow-i father bicycle new
#Zakeus was lent a new bicycle by father

 
#14

Zakeus dipinjami ayah  

#Zakeus DI-borrow-i father  
#Zakeus was lent by father  


#15

Sepeda baru dipinjami Zakeus  

#bicycle new DI-borrow-i Zakeus  
#A new bicycle was lent by Zakeus



#Sentences with suffix -i:


#16

Sepeda baru dipinjami Ayah Zakeus

#bicycle new DI-borrow-i father Zakeus
#A new bicycle was lent Zakeus by father


#17

Sepeda baru dipinjami Zakeus Ayah

#bicycle new DI-borrow-i Zakeus father
#A new bicycle was lent father by Zakeus


#Ungrammatical:

#18

Zakeus Ayah dipinjami sepeda baru (0! 0 0 0)

#Zakeus father DI-borrow-i bicycle new
#Zakeus was lent a new bicycle by father


#Ungrammatical:

#19

dipinjami Zakeus Ayah  sepeda baru (0! 0 0 0)

#DI-borrow-i Zakeus father bicycle new
#Zakeus was lent a new bicycle by father


#Ungrammatical:

#20

Zakeus dipinjami (0! 0 0 0)  

#Zakeus DI-borrow-i  
#Zakeus was lent  


#21

Sepeda baru dipinjami (0! 0 0 0)

#bicycle new DI-borrow-i  
#A new bicycle was lent  


#22

#Base word:

suguh

#serve someone with food or drink
#to serve someone with food or drink


#Active Clauses:

#Suffix -kan:


#23

Aminah menyuguhkan secangkir teh manis kepada Doan

#Aminah men-offer.sth.to.so-kan one-CLASS tea sweet to Doan
#Aminah offered a nice cup of tea to Doan

#Suffix -i:


#24

Aminah menyuguhi Doan secangkir teh manis  

#Aminah men-offer.sth.to.so-kan one-CLASS tea sweet to Doan
#Aminah offered a nice cup of tea to Doan


#Passive clauses:

#Suffix -kan:

#25

Secangkir teh manis disuguhkan Aminah  kepada Doan

#one-CLASS tea sweet DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan  Aminah  to Doan
#A nice cup of tea was offered by Aminah to Doan


#26

Secangkir teh manis disuguhkan kepada Doan

#one-CLASS tea sweet DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan to Doan
#A nice cup of tea was offered to Doan


#27

Doan disuguhkan secangkir teh manis oleh Aminah 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan one-CLASS tea sweet by Aminah
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea by Aminah


#28

Doan disuguhkan Aminah secangkir teh manis  

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan Aminah one-CLASS tea sweet 
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea by Aminah 


#29

Doan disuguhkan secangkir teh manis  

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan one-CLASS tea sweet  
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea  


#30

Doan disuguhkan Aminah 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan Aminah
#Doan was offered Aminah

#One meaning: 'Aminah was the food or the thing that Doan enjoyed'.


#31

Secangkir teh manis disuguhkan Doan

#one-CLASS sweet tea DI-offer.sth.so-kan Doan
#A nice cup of tea was offered Doan

#One meaning: 'Doan was the thing being enjoyed by the nice cup of tea'.


#Ungrammatical:

#32

Doan Aminah disuguhkan secangkir teh manis (0! 0 0 0)  

#Doan Aminah  DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan one-CLASS tea sweet 
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea by Aminah 


#33

Secangkir teh manis disuguhkan Aminah Doan

#one-CLASS tea sweet DI-offer.sth.to.so-kan  Aminah  to Doan
#A nice cup of tea was offered Doan by Aminah 

#This is grammatical although its meaning is weird.



#Suffix -i:

#34

Doan disuguhi secangkir teh manis oleh Aminah 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-i one-CLASS tea sweet by Aminah
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea by Aminah


#35

Doan disuguhi Aminah secangkir teh manis 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-i Aminah one-CLASS tea sweet 
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea by Aminah


#36

Doan disuguhi Aminah secangkir teh manis 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-i Aminah one-CLASS tea sweet 
#Doan was offered Aminah by a nice cup of tea 


#37

Doan disuguhi Aminah 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-i Aminah
#Doan was offered Aminah

#Two meanings: 
#'Aminah was the food or the thing that Doan enjoyed'.
#'Doan was offered (some food) by Aminah 


#38

Doan disuguhi secangkir teh manis 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-i one-CLASS tea sweet 
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea 

#Two meanings: 
#'A nice cup of tea was the the thing that DOan enjoyed'.
#'Doan was offered (some food) by a nice cup of tea


#The meaning of (37) and (38) is unambiguous when we have two objects in
#a sequence or two objects with preposition in between after the suffix
#-i verbs. See examples (34 to 36).



#Ungrammatical:

#39

Doan Aminah disuguhi  secangkir teh manis (0! 0 0 0) 

#Doan Aminah DI-offer.sth.to.so-i one-CLASS tea sweet 
#Doan was offered a nice cup of tea by Aminah 


#Ungrammatical:

#40

Doan disuguhi (0! 0 0 0) 

#Doan DI-offer.sth.to.so-i  
#Doan was offered  



#References: 

#Dardjowidjojo,Soenjono, Sentence patterns of Indonesian,
#University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1978.