#Complementiser "untuk"


#Untuk 'for, (in order) to' is always followed immediately by a verb or negative
#marker tidak 'not' plus a verb.

#1

#Main clause:
#Hannah memutuskan
#Hannah MEN-decide-kan
#Hannah decided

#Sentence to be made untuk clause:
#Hannah tidak menolong saya
#Hannah NEG MEN-help 1SG
#Hannah did not help me


#Untuk clause:

Hannah memutuskan untuk tidak menolong saya.

#Hannah MEN-decide-kan for NEG MEN-help 1SG
#Hannah decided not to help me


#2

#Main clause:
#Mereka bersedia
#3PL BER-prepare
#They prepared

#Sentence to be made untuk clause:
#Mereka mencarikan dia pekerjaan
#3PL MEN-find 3SG PE-work-AN
#They found him a job


#Untuk clause:

Mereka bersedia untuk mencarikan dia pekerjaan

#3PL BER-prepare for MEN-find 3SG PE-work-AN
#They are prepared to find him a job

#In examples (1) and (2) Hannah and mereka '3PL' are the subject of the main
#clause and the complement clause and therefore they are ellipted from
#the complement untuk clause.
#The sentence will be ungrammatical if the subject of the untuk clause is retained.


#3

#Ungrammatical:

Hannah memutuskan untuk Hannah tidak menolong saya (0! 0 0 0)

#Hannah MEN-decide-kan for Hannah NEG MEN-help 1SG
#Hannah decided not to help me


#4 

#Ungrammatical:

Hannah memutuskan untuk dia tidak menolong saya (0! 0 0 0)

#Hannah MEN-decide-kan for 3SG NEG MEN-help 1SG
#Hannah decided not to help me


#See also examples (39) and (40).


#Untuk clauses can occur as subject, predicate and complement.


#Predicate:

#As a predicate an untuk clause is usually preceded by a copula.


#5

Maksudnya adalah untuk memberikan pendidikan rohani

#intent-3POSS COP for MEN-give-kan  PEN-educate-an spirit
#His purpose was to give a spiritual education


#Subject:

#As a subjet an untuk clause usually follows the predicate.


#6

Untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan di kota ini tidak sulit 

#for MEN-get-kan PE-work-AN in town this NEG difficult
#To get a job in this town is not difficult


#7

Untuk membeli tiket perlu paspor

#for MEN-buy ticket need passport
#To buy a ticket needs a passport


#8

sukar sekali bagi saya untuk melupakan peristiwa itu

#difficult very for me for ME-forget-kan incident that
#It is very difficult for me to forget that incident


#9

Mudah bagi Mike Tyson untuk mengalahkan lawannya

#easy for Mike Tyson for MEN-defeat-kan opponent-3POSS
#It is easy for Mike Tyson to defeat his opponent


#10

Untuk menyelesaikan proyek itu bukan pekerjaan mudah. 

#for MEN-finish-kan project that NEG PE-work-AN easy
#To complete the project is not an easy job


#The English translation of sentences (8) and (9) has what Sneddon 
#called 'anticipatory 'it' subject' (See Sneddon 1996:294). 
#In this construction an untuk clause usually follows the predicate.


#Untuk can be omitted when untuk clause occurs as subject.


#11

Untuk membangun gedung itu memerlukan biaya yang sangat besar

#for MEN-build buiding that MEN-need-kan fund REL very big
#To construct that building needed a very big amount of funding


#12

Membangun gedung itu memerlukan biaya yang sangat besar

#MEN-build buiding that MEN-need-kan fund REL very big
#Constructing that building needed a very big amount of funding


#13

Untuk mencari pekerjaan di kampung ini tidak sulit

#for MEN-find PE-work-AN in village this NEG difficult
#To find a job in this village is not difficult


#14

Mencari pekerjaan di kampung ini tidak sulit

#MEN-find PE-work-AN in village this NEG difficult
#Finding a job in this village is not difficult


#15

Untuk mengarang membutuhkan kreatifitas tinggi

#for MEN-compose.a.paper MEN-need-kan creativity high
#To write a paper needs a high creativity


#16

Mengarang membutuhkan kreatifitas tinggi

#MEN-compose.a.paper MEN-need-kan creativity high
#Writing a paper needs a high creativity


#The deletion of untuk in untuk clause alters the sentence into a simple
#nominal clause (see examples (14) and (16). In examples (14) and (16)
#the verbs membangun 'build' and mencari 'find' are used as nouns. This 
#is similar to English gerunds. See file 17.

#Not all simple nominal clauses can become untuk clauses.


#Simple nominal clauses:

#17

Mengumpulkan buku-buku bekas kesukaanya

#MEN-collect book-REDUP used KE-like-3POSS
#Collecting used books is his hobby


#18

#Ungrammatical:

Untuk mengumpulkan buku-buku bekas kesukaanya (0! 0 0 0)

#for MEN-collect book-REDUP used KE-like-3POSS
#To collect used books is his hobby



#19

Menggambar adalah seni

#MEN-picture COP art
#Drawing a picture is an art


#20

#Ungrammatical:

Untuk menggambar adalah seni (0! 0 0 0)

#for MEN-picture COP art
#To draw a picture is an art


#Complement:

#Untuk clause occurs as complement of transitive and intransitive verbs.


#21

Dia bersedia untuk diangkat sebagai kepala desa

#3SG BER-available for DI-raise as head village
#He is prepared to be elected as the head of the village


#22

Teman-teman saya berencana untuk berlibur di sini

#friend-REDUP 1SG BER-plan for BER-vacation in here
#My friends planned to have a vacation here


#23

Kepala sekolah mengizinkan saya untuk tidak masuk hari ini

#head school MEN-permit-kan 1SG for NEG enter day this
#The headmaster permitted me not to come (to school) today


#24

Dia memanggil saya untuk datang sore ini

#3SG MEN-call 1SG for come afternoon this
#He called me to come this afternoon


#As complement of transitive and intransitive clause untuk clause indicates 
#an action which occurs after the action of the main verb.

#Sneddon notes that untuk can always be omitted in which case the complement
#functions as a verbal complement. Sentences (21) to (23) are presented below
#with the omision of untuk.


#25

Dia bersedia diangkat sebagai kepala desa

#3SG BER-available DI-raise as head village
#He is prepared to be elected as the head of the village


#26

Teman-teman saya berencana berlibur disini

#friend-REDUP 1SG BER-plan BER-vacation in here
#My friends planned to have a vacation here


#27

Kepala sekolah mengizinkan saya tidak masuk hari ini

#head school MEN-permit-kan 1SG for NEG enter day this
#The headmaster permitted me not to come (to school) today


#However, untuk in sentence (24) cannot be omitted.


#28

#Ungrammatical:

Dia memanggil saya datang sore ini (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG MEN-call 1SG come afternoon this
#He called me to come this afternoon



#29

Dia meminta saya untuk datang sore ini

#3SG MEN-request 1SG for come afternoon this
#He requested me to come this afternoon


#30

Dia meminta saya datang sore ini

#3SG MEN-request 1SG come afternoon this
#He requested me to come this afternoon


#31

Dia menelpon saya untuk datang sore ini

#3SG MEN-phone 1SG for come afternoon this
#He telephoned me to come this afternoon




#32

#Ungrammatical:

Dia menelpon saya datang sore ini (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG MEN-phone 1SG come afternoon this
#He telephoned me to come this afternoon



#Untuk rarely occurs when the clause is a complement.


#33

Andi mencoba berdiri

#Andi MEN-try stand.up
#Andi tried to stand up


#34

Mereka memutuskan untuk berangkat

#3PL MEN-decide for leave
#They decided to leave


#Certain verbs such as mengelak 'avoid', memutuskan 'decide', and menolak 'refuse'
#have no objects but are immediately followed by an untuk complement.


#35

Presiden menolak untuk menjawab pertanyaan anggota DPR

#president MEN-refuse for MEN-answer PER-quest-AN member parliament
#President refused to answer the question of the member of parliament

#DPR is an Indonesian acronym for Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
#'People's representative council'.
 


#36

Saya memutuskan untuk tidak menghadiri rapat itu

#1SG MEN-decide for NEG MEN-attend meeting that
#I decided not to attend the meeting


#37

Dia mengelak untuk bertemu langsung dengan lawan politiknya

#3SG MEN-avoid for BER-meet directly with opponent politic-3POSS
#He avoided to meet his political oppoonent directly



#According to Sneddon, there are a number of factors that determine the occurrence
#of untuk.

#First, untuk only occurs when the clause is a complement following the main 
#verb (example 33). However, it occurs only on certain verbs and cannot be
#deleted. Sentence (34) for instance cannot be without untuk.


#38

#Ungrammatical:

Mereka memutuskan berangkat (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL MEN-decide leave
#They decided to leave


#Second, some transitive verbs have no objects but are immediately followed by
#an untuk complement. In this construction the subject of the main clause
#is identical with the subject of the main verb. Any effort to insert an object
#to sentences (35) to (37), for instance, will cause the sentences to be ungrammatical.


#39

#Ungrammatical:

Saya memutuskan dia untuk tidak menghadiri rapat itu (0!0 0 0 0)

#1SG MEN-decide 3SG for NEG MEN-attend meeting that
#I decided him not to attend the meeting


#40

#Ungrammatical:

Dia mengelak saya untuk bertemu langsung dengan lawan politiknya (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG MEN-avoid 1SG for BER-meet directly with opponent political-3POSS
#He avoided me to meet his political opponent directly


#This is different from certain verbs such as meminta 'request':

#41

Dia meminta untuk datang sore ini

#3SG MEN-request for come afternoon this
#He requested to come this afternoon

#The subject of the main clause is also the subject of the complement clause.


#However, in sentence (42) below the subject of the main clause is not the
#the subject of the complement clause. It is the object of the main clause
#which is the subject of the complement clause.

#42

Dia meminta Andi untuk datang sore ini

#3SG MEN-request Andi for come afternoon this
#He requested Andi to come this afternoon


#Third, untuk is optional in (35) to (37). We can have the following
#sentences without untuk. Observe (43) to (45):



#43

Presiden menolak menjawab pertanyaan anggota DPR

#president MEN-refuse MEN-answer PER-quest-AN member parliament
#President refused to answer the question of the member of parliament


#44

Saya memutuskan tidak menghadiri rapat itu

#1SG MEN-decide NEG MEN-attend meeting that
#I decided not to attend the meeting


#45

Dia mengelak bertemu langsung dengan lawan politiknya

#3SG MEN-avoid BER-meet directly with opponent politic-3POSS
#He avoided to meet his political opponent directly



#In this construction untuk clause must be regarded as a complement and not
#an object because the main verb cannot be changed into passive.


#46

#Ungrammatical:

Untuk menjawab Pertanyaan anggota DPR ditolak presiden (0! 0 0 0)

#for MEN-answer PER-quest-AN member parliament DI-refuse president 
#To answer the question of the member of parliament was refused by the president



#References:

#Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar,
#Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 294-296).