#Negation


#The purpose of this document is to explore different types of negative words
#in Indonesian. 

#There are four negative words: tidak, bukan, belum and jangan.

#The document is organised into the following sections:

#(i) Tidak
#(ii) Bukan
#(iii) Belum
#(iv) Jangan


#Tidak 'not'


#Tidak negates a verb, an adjective and a preposition.


#1

Dia tidak pergi ke pasar

#3SG NEG go to market
#He did not go to the market


#2 

Tes Matematika tidak sulit

#test mathematic NEG difficult
#The mathematic test is not difficult


#3

Mereka tidak di sini

#3PL NEG in here
#They are not here


#Tidak is not used to negate noun. Bukan is usually used to negate a noun.


#Ungrammatical 

#4

Dia tidak dokter (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG NEG doctor
#He is not a doctor

#Tidak usually occurs before any other member of the predicative structure, 
#including aspect markers.


#5

Mereka tidak harus pergi

#3PL NEG must go
#They do not have to go


#When tidak modifies a specific item in the predicate, it precedes the item.


#6

Mereka harus tidak pergi

#3PL must NEG go
#They must not go

#However, there is an exception with aspect sudah 'already'. 
#Tidak cannot modify sudah.


#Ungrammatical

#7 

Agus tidak sudah bekerja di sini (0! 0 0 0)

#Agus NEG already Ber-work in here
#Agus has not already worked here

#Aspect sudah always precedes tidak and it modifies the predicate which is
#already modified by tidak.


#8 

Agus sudah tidak bekerja di sini

#Agus already NEG Ber-work in here 
#Agus does not work here any more (He is already out of work).



#Bukan 'not'


#Bukan is used to negate nouns and nominal constructions.

#9

Dia bukan menteri agama

#3SG NEG minister religious
#He is not the minister of religious affairs


#10

Kuda ini bukan kuda saya

#horse this Neg horse 1SG
#This horse is not my horse


#Tidak cannot be used to negate nouns.


#Ungrammatical

#11

Kuda ini tidak kuda saya (0! 0 0 0)

#horse this horse 1SG
#This horse is not my horse


#Bukan can be used to negate verbs or adjectives when contradicting 
#previous statement. An actual correction is given beginning with tapi/tetapi 'but' 
#or melainkan 'but rather'. 


#12

Dia bukan malas tetapi lelah saja

#3Sg NEG lazy but tired only
#He is not lazy but only tired


#Bukan is used to form a tag question.


#13

Gadis itu cantik, bukan?

#girl that prety, NEG?
#That girl is pretty, isn't she?


#14

Dia sudah tamat sekolah itu, bukan?

#3SG already graduate school, NEG?
#She has graduated from that school, hasn't she?



#Belum 'not yet'


#Syntactically belum 'not yet' functions in much the same way as tidak. 


#15

Mereka tidak berangkat 

#3PL NEG Ber-leave
#They do not leave


#16

Mereka belum berangkat 

#3PL NEG Ber-leave
#They do not leave yet


#Belum occurs before any other member of the predicative structure, 
#including aspect markers.


#17

Saya belum lapar

#1SG NEG hungry
#I am not hungry yet


#18

Mereka belum boleh masuk ke ruang kelas

#3PL  NEG may enter to room class
#They may not enter the classroom yet


#Ungrammatical

#19

Mereka boleh  belum tinggal di sini (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL  may NEG stay  in here
#They may not stay here yet

#Sentence 19 is ungrammatical because of the position of belum which follows 
#aspect boleh.



#Jangan 'don't'


#Jangan is used in negative imperative constructions. The following sentences
#are negative imperative, that is, asking someone not to do something.


#20

Jangan lupa!
#NEG forget
#Don't forget!


#21

Jangan merokok di kelas!

#NEG smoke in class
#Don't smoke in the classroom!

#In sentences 20 and 21 the subject is absent and jangan occurs before the verb. 


#Jangan can be placed before and after the optional subject  as the following
#sentences illustrate:


#22

Kamu jangan melawan orangtua mu!

#2SG NEG Me-oppose parents 2SG.POSS
#Don't (you) oppose your parents! 


#23

Jangan kamu melawan orangtua mu!

# NEG 2SG Me-oppose parents 2SG.POSS
#Don't (you) oppose your parents! 
 

#Jangan occurs with passive DI-. In this construction jangan means 'must not'. 
#The position of subject can precede or follow the negative jangan and 
#the passive DI-.


#24

Anak itu jangan dipukul

#child that NEG DI-beat
#That child must not be beaten


#25

Jangan dipukul anak itu
#NEG DI-beat child that
#That child must not be beaten
 


#Jangan can be used when suggesting something not to be done. In this case,
#it is different from a direct command.


#26

Dia mengusulkan supaya siswa-siswi itu jangan menggunakan kalkulator

#3SG MeN-recommend-Kan that student-REDUP NEG MeN-use-Kan calculator
#He recommended that the students not use calculator.


#27

Mereka meminta kami jangan datang sebelum bulan Desember

#3PL Me-request 1PL.EXCL NEG come before month December
#They requested that we should not come before December