#Ellipsis


#This document presents ellipsis in Indonesian.

#The document is organised into the following sections:


#Ellipsis of subject
#Ellipsis of words other than the subject.
#Elipsis of possessives 
#Ellipsis in responses
#Multiple ellipsis


#Words, phrases, and whole clauses in Indonesian can be omitted by ellipsis. 
#There is a reasonably good expectation that the hearer can fill them in, or 
#understand what what was intended, from knowledge of the context or the situation
#in which the sentence was used.




#Ellipsis of subject


#1

#Context:
#Ada apa dengan kamu? 
#be what with 2SG? 
#What is the matter with you?

Datang terlambat dan tidak bawa buku pelajaran.

#[2SG] Come TER-late and [2SG] NEG bring book PER-teach-AN.
#(You) came late and (you) did not bring the lesson book. 

#2

#.... mengantuk? 

Mengantuk?

#MeN-sleepy?
#[Are you] sleepy? 
#Are you sleepy?


#3

#'Tidak ........,  ..... cuma lelah sedikit setelah .... bekerja hampir dua jam'.

Tidak, cuma lelah sedikit setelah bekerja hampir dua jam.

#'NEG [1SG NEG MEN-sleepy]'. [1SG] just tired a.little.bit after [1SG] BER-work almost two hours'
#No (I was not sleepy), (I) was just tired after working for almost two hours


#4

#Pak Kalasse sering ke Jakarta, tetapi .... jarang singgah ke Bogor.

Pak Kalasse sering ke Jakarta, tetapi jarang singgah ke Bogor.

#sir Kalasse often to Jakarta, but [3SG] rare stop.for.awhile to Bogor
#Mr Kallase often goes to Jakarta, but (he) rarely drops by in Bogor 


#5

#Context:
#Saya membaca berita yang mengejutkan mengenai 'Pencurian Motor yang dilakukan 
#1SG MEN-read news REL MEN-surprise-KAN MEN-touch-I 'PEN-steal-AN motor REL DI-do-KAN
#I read a shocking news about a stolen motorbike which was stolen

#oleh Caleg untuk DPRD DKI'. 
#by legislative.canddidate for DPRD DKI'.
#by a parliamentary candidate for DPRD DKI. 


#Wah, .... baru jadi caleg sudah nekat curi motor, apalagi ..... sudah jadi wakil rakyat?

Wah, baru jadi caleg sudah nekat curi motor, apalagi sudah jadi wakil rakyat?

# Hmm..[3SG] just only being a candidate already do steal a motorbike, what's more if [3SG] already become representative people?
#(I said to myself) Hmm... (He) is just being a candidate (at this stage) but (he) did steal a bike, what's more if (he) is already elected member of parliament?


#Source: http://kupalima.wordpress.com/2009/02/17/baru-jadi-caleg-sudah-tertangkap-mencuri-motor-apalagi/



#6

#Pak kepala desa tidak bisa hadir karena .... harus menjemput anaknya

Pak kepala desa tidak bisa hadir karena harus menjemput anaknya

#sir head village NEG can attend because [3SG] must MEN-pick.up child.3POSS.
#The head of the village cannot attend (the meeting) because he had to pick up his child.

#Sentence (6) shows that the subject of the subordinate clause is ommitted.
#The subordinate clause can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.


#7

#Karena harus menjemput anaknya Pak kepala desa tidak bisa hadir

karena harus menjemput anaknya Pak kepala desa tidak bisa hadir 

#because [3SG] must MEN-pick.up child.3POSS sir head village NEG can attend
#The head of the village cannot attend (the meeting) because he had to pick up his child.


#The subordinate clause can have the noun 'Pak kepala desa 'the head of the village' as
#the subject. A pronoun can replace the noun in the main clause. Observe sentence (8).


#8

#Karena pak kepala desa harus menjemput anaknya, dia tidak bisa hadir

Karena pak kepala desa harus menjemput anaknya, dia tidak bisa hadir

#because head village must MEN-pick.up child.3POSS, 3SG NEG can attend
#The head of the village cannot attend (the meeting) because he had to pick up his child.


#The main clause cannot be left out without a subject.


#Ungrammatical:

#9

karena pak kepala desa harus menjemputnya anaknya, tidak bisa hadir (0! 0 0 0)

#because head village must MEN-pick.up child.3POSS,  NEG can attend
#The head of the village cannot attend (the meeting) because he had to pick up his child.



#Ellipsis of words other than the subject.


#10

#Saya sudah makan tetapi mereka belum ....

Saya sudah makan tetapi mereka belum

#3SG already eat but 3PL NEG [eat]
#I have eaten but they have not (eaten) yet


#11

#Context:
#Majikannya tidak tahu kemana dia pindah. 
#Majikannya tidak tahu kemana dia pindah. 
#master-3POSS NEG know where 3SG move. 
#His master did not know where he moved. 

#Teman-temannya juga tidak tahu ..........

Teman-temannya juga tidak tahu

#Friend-REDUP-3POSS also NEG know [where 3SG moved]
#His friends also did not know where he moved.

#from Sneddon, p. 366

#12

#Dia lapar tetapi saya tidak ....

Dia lapar tetapi saya tidak

#3SG hungry but 1SG NEG
#He is hungry but I am not hungry


#13

#Question:
#Ada berapa buku dalam kotak itu?
#be how.many book in box that?

#Answer: 
#sepuluh .... 

DP: sepuluh 

#ten [book]
#ten books 



#Elipsis of possessives 


#14

#Dia menggelengkan kepala.... berulang-ulang

Dia menggelengkan kepala berulang-ulang

#3SG MEN-nod head [3POSS/3SG] BER-repeat-REDUP
#He nodded his head repeatedly


#15

#Mereka mencuci tangan ....


Mereka mencuci tangan 

#3PL in.the.process.of MEN-wash hand [3PL]
#They were washing their hands

#Sneddon notes that ellipsis in possessives is common for alienable
#possession like body parts.



#Ellipsis in responses


#16

#Question:
#Apakah kamu lapar?
#Quest 2SG hungry?
#Are you hungry?


#Responses:

#Positive:

#17

Ya

#Yes .....
#Yes .....

#Ya, [saya lapar]
#yes, [1SG hungry]
#Yes, I am hungry


#Negative:


#18

Tidak 

#NEG .....
#No ......

#Tidak, [saya tidak lapar]
#NEG, [1SG NEG hungry]
#No, I am not hungry


#If a yes-no question has an aspect or a modal
#a positive response is with the aspect or the modal which 
#occured in the question.


#Aspect - sudah

#Question: 
#Ibu Mofu sudah pergi ke pasar?
#mother Mofu PERF go to market?
#Has Madame Mofu gone to the market?

#Responses:

#Positive:

#19

Sudah 

#already ....
#Yes ..... 

Sudah, [Ibu Mofu sudah pergi ke pasar]
#already, [mother Mofu PERF go to market]
#Yes, Madame Mofu had gone to the market.


#Negative:

#20

Belum!

#not.yet!
#No!

#Belum, [Ibu Mofu belum pergi ke pasar]
#not.yet, [mother Mofu not.yet go to market]
#No, Madame Mofu had not gone yet to the market.
 


#Aspect - masih


#21

#Question:
#Apakah mereka masih kuliah?
#Quest 3PL still study?
#Are they still studying?


#Responses:

#Positive:

Masih

#still, ...
#Yes, .... 


#Negative:

#22

Tidak

#NEG!
#No!



#Aspect - pernah


#23

#Question:

#Pernahkah dia tinggal di Jayapura?
#ever-Quest 3SG live in Jayapura?
#Has he ever lived in Jayapura


#Responses:

#Positive:

Pernah

#ever, .....
#Yes, ....


#Negative:


#24

Tidak pernah

#NEG ever, ....
#No, .....



#Modals:


#Boleh 'may'

#25

#Question:
#Bolehkah saya masuk?
#may-Quest 1SG enter?
#May I come in?


#Responses:

#Positive:

Boleh 

#May, ....
#Yes, .... 


#Negative:

#26

Tidak boleh

#NEG may, .....
#No!


#Bisa 'can'


#27

#Question:
#Apakah dia bisa datang?
#Quest 3SG  can come?
#Can he come?


#Responses:

#Positive:

Bisa

#Can, ...
#Yes, ... 


#Negative:

#28

Tidak bisa

#NEG can, ...
#No, ....


#Harus 'must'

#29

#Question:
#Haruskah kamu pergi ke sekolah?
#must-Quest 2SG go  to school
#Must you go to school?


#Responses:

#Positive:

Harus

#Must, ...
#Yes, .... 

#Negative:

#30

Tidak harus

#NEG must, ...
#No, ....



#Multiple ellipsis


#31

#Apakah diterima .... atau tidak ...  ......., dia bertekad mengawini gadis itu.


Apakah diterima atau tidak, dia bertekad mengawini gadis itu.

#what DI-accept [proposal-3.POSS] or NEG [DI-accept] [proposal-3.POSS] [by parents girl that], 3SG BER-intend MEN-marry-i girl that.
#Whether his proposal is accepted or not accepted by the girl's parents, he intended to marry the girl.



#References:

#Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,
#1966 (pp.365-369 )