#Coordinating conjunctions


#Indonesian uses the following coordinating conjuctions to conjoin two or more words, 
#phrases or clauses in a sentence.


#Coordinators

#dan 'and'
#atau 'or'
#tetapi, tapi, akan tetapi 'but'
#lalu 'then'
#kemudian 'then', 'afterwards'
#serta 'and, 'as well as'
#bahkan 'and more over', 'what's more'
#sedangkan 'while', 'whereas'
#sementara 'while (at the same time)'
#sambil, seraya 'while (two actions performed by the same person)'



#Coordinators dan 'and',atau 'or', tetapi 'but', serta or beserta
#are very common in Indonesian. They link words, phrases and clauses.

#Words and phrases


#EXAMPLES:

#1

gadis yang cantik dan pintar

#girl REL beautiful and clever
#a beautiful and clever girl



#2

Bapak dan ibu

#faher and mother
#Father and mother


#3

Yang ini atau yang itu?

#REL this or REL that?
#this one or that one?


#4

Itu bukan gitar tapi biola

#that NEG guitar but violin
#That is not a guitar but a violin 


#5

Anak-anak sekolah serta orangtua mereka 

#child-REDUP school and parents 3PL
#The school children and their parents


#Coordination of more than two items.
#The coordinating conjunction will appear between the last two items.

#6

Ruangan ini untuk Immanuel, Wene, Donna, Hannah dan Flora

#Room this for Immanuel, Wene, Donna, Hannah and Flora
#This room is for Immanuel, Wene, Donna, Hannah and Flora


#7

Rapat ini dihadiri oleh guru-guru, siswa-siswi SMP Bosnik dan SMP Opiaref beserta para orangtua siswa

#meeting this DI-attend by teacher-REDUP, student-REDUP SMP Bosnik and SMP Opiaref and PL.Mrk parents student
#This meeting is attended by teachers, SMP Bosnik and SMP Opiaref students and their parents


#Serta is often used to add a final or extra item to a list or sequence
#of things'events.


#8

Gubernur, kepala-kepala bagian dan para pejabat serta istri-istri mereka

#governor, head-REDUP section and PL.MARK official together.with wife-REDUP 3PL
#Governor, head of sections and officials and their wives

#The wives of the governor, the head of sections and the officials.


#The two or more words or phrases must be of the same kind.


#Ungrammatical:


#9

Anak nakal dan bermain (0! 0 0 0)

#child naughty and BER-play
#A naughty and play child

#Nakal 'naughty' (Adjective) cannot be conjoined with bermain 'to play'
#(verb). 


#Clauses


#EXAMPLES:

#Two independent clauses can be conjoined with coordinators dan, atau, or
#beserta.

#10

Mereka makan di restoran Padang

#3PL eat in restaurant Padang
#They had a meal at Padang Restaurant 


#11

Mereka minum di restoran Padang

#3PL drink in restaurant Padang
#They had drinks at Padang Restaurant 


#Complex sentence:

#12

Mereka makan dan minum di restoran Padang

#3PL eat and drink in restaurant Padang
#They ate and drank at Padang Restaurant


#When two transitive verbs are conjoined in a sentence the
#subject will appear before the first verb but the object 
#after the second verb. Observe the following sentences.


#13

Andi membayar paket itu

#Andi MEN-pay package that
#Andi paid the package

#14

Andi mengambil paket itu

#Andi  MEN-take package that
#Andi took the package


#15

Andi membayar dan mengambil paket itu

#Andi MEN-pay and MEN-take package that
#Andi paid and took the package


#In (15) the subject of membayar 'to pay' and mengambil 'to take'
#is Andi.

#The sentence will be ungrammatical if we put Andi again as the subject 
#of the second verb. 


#Ungrammatical:

#16

Andi membayar dan Andi mengambil paket itu (0! 0 0  0)

#Andi MEN-pay and  Andi MEN-take package that
#Andi paid and Andi took the package


#17

Badu siswa yang rajin tapi dia sering sakit-sakitan

#Badu student REL diligent but 3SG often ill-REDUP
#Badu is a diligent student but he is often ill


#18

Badu siswa yang rajin tapi sering sakit-sakitan

#Badu student REL diligent but often ill-REDUP
#Badu is a diligent student but is often ill


#Coordinators lalu, kemudian, serta, bahkan, sedangkan, sementara, 
#sambil, and seraya only link clauses. They do not link phrases.

#Below are examples of each of the coordinating conjunctions.


#Lalu 'then'


#19

Dia mencuci pring, lalu memasak nasi

#3SG MEN-wash plate, then MEN-cook rice
#He washed the plates, then boiled the rice


#The order of (19) cannot be reversed.


#Ungrammatical:


#20

lalu memasak nasi, Dia mencuci pring (0! 0 0 0)

#then MEN-cook rice, 3SG MEN-wash plate
#He washed the plates, then boiled the rice



#kemudian 'then', 'afterwards'


#21

Mereka mengunjungi kota Sorong 

#3PL MEN-visit-I town Sorong
#They visited Sorong town

kemudian mereka melanjutkan perjalanan ke Manokwari 

#then 3PL ME-continue-KAN PER-walk-AN to Manokwari
#then they continued the trip to Manokwari.

#The order of (22)cannot be reversed.

#Ungrammatical:

#22

kemudian mereka melanjutkan perjalanan ke Manokwari 

#then 3PL ME-continue-KAN PER-walk-AN to Manokwari
#then they continued the trip to Manokwari.

Mereka mengunjungi kota Sorong (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL MEN-visit-I town Sorong
#They visited Sorong town


#Bahkan 'and more over', 'what's more'


#Bahkan is used to add extra information or evidence.
#It usually shows a surprising or unexpected thing. 

#23

Semua menyanyi, bahkan Bapak Kepala Sekolah pun ikut menyanyi

#all MEN-sing, even father head school also follow MEN-sing
#Everyone sang, in fact even the Head master joined in the singing.


#Ungrammatical

#24

Bahkan Bapak Kepala Sekolah pun ikut menyanyi (0! 0 0 0)

#even father head school also follow MEN-sing
#in fact even the Head master joined in the singing.


#Sedangkan 'while', 'whereas'


#25

Kakak saya pegawai negeri sedangkan saya hanya seorang nelayan

#elder.brother/sister employee state whereas 1SG only SE-CLASS fisherman
#My elder brother/sister is a civil servant whereas I am just a fisherman


#Sementara 'while (at the same time)'

#Coordinator sementara 'while' is used when we talk about 
#two different events happening at the same time.

#26

Kami beristirahat siang sementara mereka menyiapkan ruang rapat

#3PL.INCL BER-rest afternoon while 3PL MEN-prepare-KAN room meeting
#We were having an afternoon rest while they prepared the meeting room


#27

sementara mereka menyiapkan ruang rapat kami beristirahat siang 

#while 3PL MEN-prepare-KAN room meeting 3PL.INCL BER-rest afternoon
#We were having an afternoon rest while they prepared the meeting room


 
#Conjunction sementara introduces information that contrasts with that 
#given in an immediately preceeding sentence or the earlier part of
#the current sentence.


#28

Kami setuju sementara mereka menolak keputusan itu.

#1PL.INCL agree but 3PL MEN-refuse KE-decide-AN that.
#We agreed but they refused that decision.


#The order of (28) cannot be reversed.

#29

sementara mereka menolak keputusan itu kami setuju.  (0! 0 0 0) 

#but 3PL MEN-refuse KE-decide-AN that 1PL.INCL agree .
#We agreed but they refused that decision.


#sambil, seraya 'while (two actions performed by the same person)'


#Sambil 'at the same time', 'simultaneously'. When we talk about one person
#doing two things at the same time.


#30

Susi menyanyi sambil menyiram bunga

#Susi MEN-sing while MEN-water flower
#Susi was singing while watering the flowers


#Ungrammatical:

#30

Susi menyanyi sambil Susi menyiram bunga (0! 0 0 0)

#Susi MEN-sing while MEN-water flower
#Susi was singing while watering the flowers


#31

Sambil menyanyi Susi menyiram bunga

#while MEN-sing Susi MEN-water flower
#Susi was singing while watering the flowers


#Ungrammatical:

#32

Sambil Susi menyanyi menyiram bunga (0! 0 0 0)

#while Susi MEN-sing MEN-water flower
#Susi was singing while watering the flowers


#Seraya 'while'


#33

Dia mengatakan hal itu seraya mengangkat mukanya dan melihat kepada saya.

#3SG MEN-say-KAN rhing that while  MEN-rise face-3POSS and ME-see to 1SG
#He said that while raising his face and looking at me



#Coordination without coordinator

#Parataxis;
#Two units is coordinated without a coordinator. they are placed after
#one another without any presence of a coordinator.

#34

Kesenangan, kedamaian, kesejahteraan, adalah tujuan hidup saya.

#Ke-happy-AN, KE-peace-AN, KE-welfare-AN COP purpose life 1SG
#Happiness, peace and welfare are the purpose of my life