#Subordinating conjunctions: clauses of time and condition


#This documents is organised into two sections:

#Clauses of time
#Clauses of condition



#Clauses of time

#sebelum 'before'
#sesudah, setelah 'after'
#sejak 'since'
#sampai 'until'
#ketika, waktu 'when'


#Conjuction sebelum before (something else happens).



#1

Sebelum pergi ke sekolah kami membantu ibu

#before go to school 1PL MEN-help mother
#We helped mother before going to school

#A sentence can have one main clause and one subordinate clause.
#The  main clause can stand alone as a sentence or as an
#independent clause


#2

Kami membantu ibu

#1PL MEN-help mother
#We helped mother

#The subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.


#Ungrammatical:


#3

Sebelum pergi ke sekolah (0! 0 0 0)

#before go to school  
#Before going to school



#COnjuction sebelum 'before (a certain time)


#4

Sebelum tanggal 25 Desember kami membeli berbagai perhiasan Natal

#before date 25 December 1PL MEN-buy various PER-decorate-AN Christmas
#We bought different kinds of Christmas decoration before 25th of December



#Conjuction sesudah 'after (a certain time)'


#5

Mereka akan datang sesudah bulan puasa

#3PL will come after month fasting
#They will come after the fasting month


#Conjuction sesudah 'after (something else has happened)'

#6

Sesudah ayahnya meninggal, dia tinggal bersama kakaknya

#after father-3SG.POSS die, 3SG live with elder-3SG.POSS
#After his father died, he lived with his elder sister/brother



#Setelah 'after'


#7

Saya mengunjungi orangtua saya setelah saya menyelesaikan pelatihan itu

#1SG MEN-visit-I parents 1SG after 1SG MEN-finish-KAN PE-train-AN that
#I visited my parents after I finished the training


#If the subject of the subordinate clause is the same as the subject
#of the main clause then it can be omitted. 


#8

Saya mengunjungi orangtua saya setelah menyelesaikan pelatihan itu

#1SG MEN-visit-I parents 1SG after MEN-finish-KAN PE-train-AN that
#I visited my parents after finishing the training


#The subordinate clause can occur before or after the main clause.


#9

Polisi datang setelah kami melaporkan kecelakaan itu

#Police come after 1PL ME-report KE-accident-AN that
#The police came after we reported that accident


#10

Setelah kami melaporkan kecelakaan itu polisi datang 

#after 1PL ME-report KE-accident-AN that police come 
#The police came after we reported that accident



#sejak 'since'


#11

Sejak tiba di Manokwari dia sering marah-marah

#Since arrive in Manokwari 3SG often angry-REDUP
#Since coming to Manokwari he often gets angry


#Conjunction sejak with expressions denoting a period of 
#time followed by yang lalu 'REL ago'.


#12

Sejak kapan anda tinggal di sini?

#since when 2SG live at here?
#Since when have you lived here?


#13

Saya sudah tinggal di sini sejak dua bulan yang lalu

#1SG already live in here since two month REL ago
#I have lived here since two months ago



#sampai 'until'


#Conjunction sampai 'until' is often used as preposition 
#in declarative/affirmative sentences.


#14

Kami akan menunggu di sini sampai mereka kembali dari Biak

#1PL will MEN-wait in here until 3PL return from Biak
#We will wait here until they return from Biak


#Ungrammatical:


#15

Sampai mereka kembali dari Biak kami akan menunggu di sini (0! 0 0 0)

#until 3PL return from Biak 1PL will MEN-wait in here
#We will wait here until they return from Biak


#Conjunction sampai 'until, to (a certain time)'


#16

Profesor Wanggai menjabat Rektor UNIPA dari tahun 2001 sampai tahun 2007

#Professor Wanggai MEN-hold.a.position rector UNIPA from year 2001 until year 2007
#Professor Wanggai held a position as UNIPA rector from 2001 until 2007.



#ketika 'when' 



#17

Andi sedang makan siang ketika kami datang

#Andi in.the.process.of eat noon when 1PL come
#Andi was having lunch when we came 


#18

Ketika kami datang Bapak sedang istirahat

#when 1PL come father in.the.process.of rest
#Father was having a rest when we came


#Ketika is not a question word. It cannot be used to ask questions.
#Ketika always refers to the past.


#19

Ketika kami hendak berangkat, ibu memberikan kami beberapa oleh-oleh.

#when 1PL about.to leave, mother MEN-give-KAN 1PL some present-REDUP
#Mother gave us some presents when we were about to leave


#waktu 'when', at the time when.


#20

Waktu kami tiba di Manokwari Universitas Papua belum ada

#when 1PL arrive in Manokwari university Papua not.yet exist
#The University of Papua was not established yet when we arrived in Manokwari


#21

Universitas Papua belum ada waktu kami tiba di Manokwari

#University Papua not.yet exist when 1PL arrive in Manokwari
#The University of Papua was not etablished yet when we arrived in Manokwari




#Clauses of condition


#kalau, jika, jikalau 'if, when'
#bila, apabila  'when, whenever, if'
#asal, asalkan 'provided that'
#seandainya, andaikata, sekiranya 'supossing that, if'


#Conjunction kalau 'if' 

#When we are talking about something that may or may not happen
#or be true.


#22

Kalau dia nakal, beritahu ibu.

#if 3SG naughty tell mother
#Tell mother if he is naughty


#23

Kalau kamu mau, saya bisa beli komputer ini sekarang

#if 2SG want, 1SG can buy computer this now
#If you want, I can buy this computer now


#Conjunction kalau 'whenever'


#24

Saya selalu pusing kalau saya makan pinang

#1SG always dizzy whenever 1SG eat betelnut
#I always feel dizzy whenever I eat betelnut


#25

Kalau ribut begini, saya tidak bisa berkonsentrasi penuh pada pelajaran saya 

#Whenever noisy like.this, 1SG can BER-concentrate full on lesson 1SG
#I cannot concentrate on my lesson whenever it is noisy like this


#Conjunction kalau 'that' Kalau is used after certain verbs and adjectives 
#to introduce the next clause.


#26

Saya khawatir kalau dia tidak bisa datang

#1SG worry that 1SG NEG can come
#I am worried that he cannot come


#27

Itu hal yang biasa kalau orangtua kelelahan setelah berjalan jauh.

#that thing usual if parents KE-tired-AN after BER-walk far
#It is a normal thing that parents are tired after walking long distance


#Jika 'in the event that, if'


#28

Jika anda tidak datang dia pasti kecewa

#if 2SG NEG come 3SG surely disappointed
#If you do not come he will surely be disappointed


#29

Jika dia  tidak mandi, badannya pasti kotor

#If 3SG NEG have.a.shower, body-3SG.POSS surely dirty
#If he does not take a shower, his body will be dirty

#Jikalau is a more formal and much less frequent variant of jika.

#Jika expreses a conditional clause i.e. a clause saying that something
#will happen only if something else happens beforehand.


#30

Mereka akan menikah jikalau orangtuanya setuju  

#3PL will ME-marry if parents-3SG.POSS agree
#They will get married if her parents agree



#Bila 'in the event that, if'


#31

Saya minta maaf bila ada diantara anda yang tersinggung

#1SG ask apology if there in-among 2PL REL offended
#I do apologize if there is any of you who is offended


#32

Apa yang harus kami lakukan bila terjadi gempa tektonik?

#what REL must 1PL do if TER-occur earthquake tectonic?
#What should we do if a tectonic earthquake happens?


#Apabila 'if, in the event that'


#33

Mereka bertanya apa yang akan terjadi apabila keputusan itu dibatalkan

#3PL BER-ask what REL will TER-occur if KE-decide-AN that DI-cancel-KAN
#They ask what would happen if the decision is cancelled


#Asal 'provided, on the condition that'


#34

Kami bisa ikut kegiatan itu satu hari penuh asal kami diberi makan dan akomodasi

#1PL can follow activity that one day full provided 1PL DI-give mean and accomodation
#We can take part in that activity provided we are given meal and accomodation  


#Seandainya 'supposing, in the event that, if'


#35

Seandainya saya memiliki banyak uang saya akan mengunjungi Opera House di Sydney

#If 1SG ME-have many/much money 1SG will MEN-visit-I Opera House in Sydney
#If I had much money I would visit the Opera House in Sydney

#Seandainya often indicates that something is unlikely to occur.