#Subordinating conjunctions: clauses of reason, purpose, extent


#This document is organised into three sections:

#Clauses of reason
#Clauses of purpose
#Clauses of extent


#Clauses of reason

#karena, oleh karena 'because'
#sebab, oleh sebab 'because'
#lantaran 'because'
#gara-gara 'because'
#mentang-mentang 'just because'
#kalau-kalau 'that perhaps, in case'


#karena 'because, because of'


#1

Oleh karena sakit dia tidak pergi ke sekolah

#because sick 3SG NEG go to school
#Because of ilness he did not go to school


#2

Saya terlambat karena mobil saya mogok

#1SG TER-late because car 1SG refuse.to.start
#I am late because my car refused to start


#3

Anak-anak tidak datang sebab orangtua mereka melarang

#child-REDUP NEG come because parents 3PL ME-prohibit
#The children did not come because their parents did not allow (them).

#4

Oleh sebab itu kami akan tinggal di sini sampai bapak pulang

#because that 1PL.EXCL will stay at here untill father come.home
#Because of that we will stay here until father comes home.


#Colloquial:

#5

Lantaran marah dia tidak hati-hati mengemudikan mobilnya

#because angry 3SG NEG careful MEN-drive-KAN car-3SG.POSS
#Because of anger he did not drive his car carefully.



#gara-gara 'all because, all because of, for no reason other than'


#Gara-gara implies that something negative happens and someone or something
#is to blame for what has happened.


#6

Ibu marah gara-gara kamu

#Mother angry because you
#Mother is angry because of you


#7

Gara-gara kamu Pak Napitupulu tidak mau mengajar kami


#because you sir Napitupulu NEG want MEN-teach 1PL.EXCL
#Because of you Mr Napitupulu did not want to teach us


#8

Saya terlambat naik pesawat gara-gara makan es krim

#1SG TER-late ride.on plane because eat ice cream
#I was late to board the plane because of eating ice cream


#Mentang-mentang 'just because' 

#Mentang-mentang expresses annoyance at someone's behaviour.


#9

Mentang-mentang sudah jadi orang kaya dia lupa teman-temannya 

#Just.because already become person rich 3SG forget friend-REDUP.3SG.POSS
#He forgot his friends just because (he) has become a rich man


#Mentang-mentang cannot be used for first person subjects.
#It is not acceptable expresing annoyance toward someone's own
#behaviour.


#Syntactically acceptable but pragmatically odd or inappropriate:


#10

Mentang-mentang sudah bergelar master saya tidak menghormati guru saya 

#Just.because already BER-degree master 1SG NEG MEN-repect-I teacher 1SG
#I did not respect my teacher just because (I) have possessed a master degree.


#Kalau-kalau 'that perhaps, in case'
#Kalau-kalau expresses a doubt or a possibility. It usually follows 
#particular verbs or adjectives.


#11

Kami khawatir kalau-kalau kami gagal pada ujian akhir

#1PL.EXCL worry that.perhaps 1PL.EXCL fail in exam final
#We are woried that perhaps we will fail in the final exam


#12

Mereka terus melihat ke jalan kalau-kalau mobil bupati akan lewat

#3PL continuously ME-see to road in.case car regent will pass
#They continuously look at the road in case the regent car will pass (along the road)


#The subordinate clause with kalau-kalau cannot be placed at the beginning.


#Ungrammatical:


#13

Kalau-kalau kami gagal pada ujian akhir kami khawatir (0! 0 0 0)

#that.perhaps 1PL.EXCL fail in exam final 1PL.EXCL worry
#We are woried that perhaps we will fail in the final exam


#Ungrammatical:

#14

Kalau-kalau mobil bupati akan lewat mereka terus melihat ke jalan (0! 0 0 0)

#in.case car regent will pass 3PL continuously ME-see to road 
#They continuously look at the road in case the regent car will pass (along the road)
 


#Clauses of purpose

#supaya, agar, agar supaya 'so, so that'
#untuk, guna 'to, in order to'

#Supaya 'in order that, so that'
#Supaya implies a hope that something (a goal) may be achieved. 


#15

Kamu harus belajar yang baik supaya kamu bisa lulus ujian

#2SG must BEL-study REL good so that 2SG can pass exam
#You must study well so that you can pass the exam


#16

Anak-anak yang kurang pandai harus dibantu agar mereka cepat mengerti pelajaran ini

#child-REDUP REL lack smart must DI-help so.that 3PL quick MEN-understand PEL-teach-AN this
#The less smart children must be helped so that they quickly understand this lesson



#Subordinate clause with supaya or agar can be placed at the beginning of
#the sentence.
 

#17

Supaya bisa berhasil mereka harus latihan dua kali sehari

#In.order.that can BER-success 3PL must exercise two time one-day
#In order to succeed  they must (do) the exercise twice a day



#Untuk 'to'



#18


Kami minta mereka untuk tinggal di sini beberapa hari

#1PL.EXCL request 3PL to stay at here few day
#We asked them to stay here (for) a few days


#19

Saya pergi ke bioskop untuk menonton filem

#1SG go to theatre to ME-watch film
#I went to the theatre to watch a film


#20


Guna menyelesaikan masalah ini para gubernur dipanggil ke Jakarta

#to MEN-finish-KAN problem this PL.MRK governor DI-call to Jakarta
#In order to solve this problem the governors were called (to come) to Jakarta



#Clauses of extent

#sehingga, sampai, hingga 'until, to the extent that, so that'


#21

Saya menggali tanah sampai saya mendapatkan air

#1SG MEN-dig soil until 1SG MEN-have-KAN water
#I dig the soil until I found water


#22

Ini yang membuat kami bekerja keras sampai kami kelelahan

#this REL MEM-make 1PL.EXCL BE-work hard until 1PL.EXCL KE-tired-AN
#This is what causes us to work hard until we are very tired


#23

Saya tidak akan pernah menyerah hingga akhir hidup saya

#1SG NEG will ever MEN-give until end life 1SG
#I will never give up until the end of my life



#Sehingga 'so that, as a consequence, consequently, 
#so that as a consequence.
#Sehingga expresses an outcome of what someone has just mentioned).


#24

Mereka berangkat lebih awal sehingga mereka mendapatkan kereta pertama

#3PL leave more early so.that 3PL MEN-have-KAN train first
#They left earlier so they got the first train


#25

Harga minyak naik sehingga harga barang-barang menjadi semakin mahal

#price oil rise so.that price good-REDUP become increasingly expensive
#The oil price is rising so the price of goods becomes increasingly expensive


#Subordinate clause with sehingga cannot be placed at the beginning of 
#the sentence.



#Ungrammatical:

#26

Sehingga harga barang-barang semakin mahal harga minyak naik (0! 0 0 0)

#so.that price good-REDUP become increasingly expensive price oil rise
#The oil price is rising so the price of goods becomes increasingly expensive