#Subordinating conjunctions: clauses of concession, resemblance, contrast; clauses with no subordinator


#This document is organised into four sections:

#Clauses of concession (Concessive clauses)
#Clauses of resemblance
#Clauses of contrast
#Subordinate clauses without a subordinator


#Clauses of concession (Concessive clauses)


#The action or state expressed in the main clause occurs despite what is 
#stated in the subordinate clause.


#meskipun
#walaupun
#sekalipun
#biarpun
#kendatipun
#sungguhpun,
#padahal 'whereas, although' 


#The short forms of meskipun, walaupun, and kendatipun are meski, walau,
#and kendati.

#All of the above conjunctions are translated 'although'.

#1

Meskipun ada televisi di rumah,  kami tidak pernah menonton film seri itu.

#although be television in house, 1PL.EXCL NEG ever ME-watch film serial that
#Although there is a TV at home, we never watch that serial film


#2

Walaupun hujan turun, kami pergi ke sekolah

#although rain fall, 1PL.EXCL go to school
#Although it rained, we went to school


#The order of sentences 1 and 2 can be reversed. The subordinated clauses can occur
#at the beginning of the sentence.


#3

Kami tidak pernah menonton film seri itu meskipun ada televisi di rumah.

#1PL.EXCL NEG ever ME-watch film serial that, although be television in house
#Although there is a TV at home, we never watch that serial film



#4

kami tetap pergi ke sekolah walaupun hujan turun

#1PL.EXCL go to school although rain fall 
#Although it rained, we went to school


#Notice the lack of comma in this word order.


#A concessive clause is often followed by tetapi 'but' or mor formally
#by the conjunction namun 'however, but'.


#5

Walaupun tuan Smith orang Amerika tetapi dia bisa berbicara bahasa Indonesia

#although Mr Smith person America but 3SG can BER-speak language Indonesia
#Although Mr Smith is an American, he can speak Indonesian

#Another conjuction which is often used to indicate that what is stated 
#in the subordinate clause (facts, ideas, etc) contrasts with what 
#is stated in the main clause.

#6

Dia berpura-pura tidak mengerti, padahal dia tahu masalah itu

#3SG BER-pretend NEG MEN-understand, in.fact 3SG know problem that
#He pretended as if he did not understand but in fact he knew the problem


#The subordinate clause with padahal cannot occur at the beginning of
#the sentence.


#Ungrammatical:


#7

Padahal dia tahu masalah itu, dia berpura-pura tidak tahu (0! 0 0 0)

#in.fact 3SG know problem that,3SG BER-pretend NEG MEN-understand
#He pretended as if he did not understand but in fact he knew the problem


#Clauses of means and manner

#dengan 'by, by means of' 
#tanpa 'without' 

#Conjunction dengan 'by, by means of' is always put in front of a verb.
#It indicates how something is done or achieved. The verb that follows 
#dengan is usually translated in the present participle form in English.


#8

Pencuri merampok bank itu dengan memecahkan kaca jendela

#PEN-steal ME-rob bank that by ME-break-KAN glass window
#Thieves robbed that bank by breaking the window's glass


#9

Dengan belajar bahasa Inggris, saya dapat berbicara dengan orang-orang asing

#by BEL-teach language English, 1SG can BER-speak with person-REDUP foreign
#By learning English, I could speak with foreigners


#10

Dengan menggunakan jala, kami menangkap banyak ikan

#by MEN-use-KAN fish.net, 1PL.EXCL MEN-catch many fish
#By using a fish net, we cath lots of fish


#Conjuction tanpa 'without' is placed before a verb. It indicates a means
#or manner by which an action is not perfomed or achieved.


#11

Anak itu pergi tanpa minta izin

#child that go without ask permission
#That child went without asking permission


#12

Tanpa guru yang baik, ruangan kelas yang lengkap ini tidak berguna

#without teacher REL good, room-AN class REL complete this NEG BER-use
#Without a good teacher, this fully equipped classroom is not useful 
 

#13

Hari ini Pak Rumkorem mengajar tanpa memberikan latihan-latihan

#day this sir Rumkorem MEN-teach without MEN-give-KAN train-AN-REDUP
#Today Mr Rumkorem was teaching without giving any exercises




#Clauses of resemblance


#seakan-akan 'as if'
#seolah-olah 'as if'


#Seakan-akan and seolah-olah 'as if'  indicate that the action of the main 
#clause is performed in the way it would be done if (giving the impression that)
#what is expressed in the subordinate clause were the case.


#14

Dia membagi-bagikan uangnya seakan-akan dia seorang yang kaya-raya

#3SG MEN-divide-KAN money-3SG.POSS as.if 3SG one-CLASS REL rich-REDUP
#He shared his money as if he is a very rich man 


#15

Anak-anak takut kepada saya seolah-olah saya adalah monster yang jahat

#child-REDUP afraid to 1SG as.if 1SG COP monster REL cruel
#The children are afraid of me as if I am a cruel monster


#16

Yohanes berpura-pura jatuh seakan-akan dia sedang sakit

#John BER-pretend fall as.if 3SG in.the.process.of ill
#John pretended to fall as if he was ill



#Clauses of contrast


#daripada 'rather than, instead of'
#alih-alih 'rather than, instead of'
#melainkan, tetapi 'but rather,instead'


#These conjunctions express contrast to what is said in the main clause.


#17

Daripada naik kapal laut, lebih baik kami naik pesawat terbang

#rather than ride boat ship, better 1PL.EXCL ride plane fly
#Rather than travelling by boat, it is better to travel by aeroplane


#Conjunction daripada is often followed by lebih baik or sebaiknya
#'it's better to ...'.


#18

Mereka memilih menginap di hotel ini daripada melanjutkan perjalanan ke Bandung

#3PL ME-choose MEN-stay in hotel this rather than ME-continue-KAN PEr-walk-AN to Bandung
#They chose to stay in this hotek rather thab continuing their trip to Bandung


#Sentences 17 and 18 can be reordered. The subordinate clauses can be placed 
#at the begining of the sentence.


#19

lebih baik kami naik pesawat terbang daripada naik kapal laut, 

#better 1PL.EXCL ride plane fly rather than ride boat ship
#Rather than travelling by boat, it is better to travel by aeroplane


#20

daripada melanjutkan perjalanan ke Bandung, mereka memilih menginap di hotel ini 

#rather than ME-continue-KAN PEr-walk-AN to Bandung, 3PL ME-choose MEN-stay in hotel this
#They chose to stay in this hotek rather than continuing their trip to Bandung


#21

Alih-alih ketinggalan kereta, ia memilih naik bus saja

#instead of KE-leave-AN train, 3SG ME-choose ride bus only
#Instead of being left by a train, 3SG chose to ride a bus


#Sentences 21 cannot be reversed. The subordinate clauses with alih-alih
#must be placed at the beginning of the sentence.


Ungrammatical:


#22

Ia memilih naik bus saja alih-alih ketinggalan kereta

#3SG ME-choose ride bus only instead of KE-leave-AN train
#Instead of being left by a train, 3SG chose to ride a bus


#23


saya tidak mengusir mereka, melainkan mengajak mereka untuk tinggal bersama kami

#1SG NEG MEN-refuse 3PL, but MEN-invite 3PL to stay with 1PL.EXCL
#I did not refuse them, instead I invited them to stay with us

#Sentences 23 cannot be reversed. The subordinate clauses with melainkan
#cannot be placed at the beginning of the sentence.


#Ungrammatical:

#24

Melainkan mengajak mereka untuk tinggal bersama kami, kami tidak mengusir mereka (0! 0 0 0) 

#but MEN-invite 3PL to stay with 1PL.EXCL, 1SG NEG MEN-refuse 3PL, 
#I did not refuse them, instead I invited them to stay with us




#Subordinate clauses without a subordinator



#Subordinate clauses without a subordinate clause is common in Indonesian.
#The subordinate clause does not have a subject. Its subject is the same as
#the subject of the main clause.

#Subordinate clauses express reasons for the action of the main clause.


#25

Mendengar berita itu, Ayah segera pergi ke Jakarta

#MEN-hear news that, father immediately go to Jakarta
#Hearing the news, father went to Jakarta immediately


#26

Ia berdiri di pinggir kapal, melambai-lambaikan tangannya

#3SG BER-stand in side boat, ME-wave-REDUP-KAN hand-3SG.POSS
#He stood up on the side of the boat waving his hands


#The subordinate clause can oocur before or after the main clause.
#However, shifting the order of the subordinate clause and the main clause
#can cause a sentence ungrammatical.


#Sentences 25 and 26 cannot be reversed.


#Ungrammatical:

#27

Ayah segera pergi ke Jakarta mendengar berita itu (0! 0 0 0)

#father immediately go to Jakarta MEN-hear news that
#Hearing the news, father went to Jakarta immediately


#Ungrammatical:


#28

Melambai-lambaikan tangannya, ia berdiri di pinggir kapal (0! 0 0 0)

#ME-wave-REDUP-KAN hand-3SG.POSS, 3SG BER-stand in side boat
#He stood up on the side of the boat waving his hands