#Adverbs of manner, adjectives used as adverbs, reduplicated adjectives, adverbs with dengan and secara


#Adverbs

#This document presents several ways in which adverbs of manner are derived
#from adjectives.

#Adverbs of manner can be derived from adjectives using the following formation:

#Adjectives used directly as adverbs
#Reduplicated Adjectives
#Adverbs formed with adverb marker dengan 
#Adverbs formed with adverb marker secara 'in such-and-such a way, a manner/a fashion'



#Adjectives used directly as adverbs


#1

AP: sakit keras

#ill hard
#seriously ill


#2

VP: bekerja keras

#BE-work hard
#work hard


#3

Rahima berjalan cepat ke arah saya

#Rahima BER-walk quick to direction 1SG
#Rahima walked quickly towards me


#4

Mereka akan cepat mendapat pekerjaan

#3PL will quick MEN-have PE-work-AN
#They will get a job quickly


#5

Dia susah makan

#3SG difficult eat
#He hardly eats


#6

Dia pandai berpidato

#3SG clever BER-speech
#He speaks well


#Examples 1 - 6 show that adjectives can be used as adverbs
#without a preposition or reduplication.



#Reduplicated Adjectives


#7

Anak itu berteriak keras-keras

#child that BER-shout loud-REDUP
#That child shouted loudly


#8

Rahima berjalan cepat-cepat

#Rahima BER-walk quick-REDUP
#Rahima walked quickly


#9

Orang sakit selalu berjalan pelan-pelan

#person sick always BER-walk slow-REDUP
#A sick person always walks slowly


#10

Perhatikan pelajaran ini baik-baik! 

#pay.attention-KAN PER-teach-AN this good-REDUP
#Pay attention to this lesson carefully!'



#Adverbs formed with adverb marker dengan 

#Adverb marker dengan occurs in front of adjectives and turns them
#into adverbs. Generally, it turns the adjectives into the adverbs
#of manner.

#Dengan is equivalent to English suffix -ly which turns adjectives
#into adverbs.


#Examples:


#11

AP: cepat

#quick
#quick


#12

AdvP: dengan cepat

#with quick
#quickly


#13

AP: hati-hati

#careful
#careful


#14

AdvP: dengan hati-hati

#with careful
#carefully, cautiously


#15

AP : gembira

#happy
#happy


#16

AdvP: dengan gembira

#with happy
#happily


#17

AdvP: dengan baik

#with good
#well


#18

Rahima berjalan dengan cepat

#Rahima BER-walk with quick
#Rahima walked quickly



#Suffix -nya can be attached to adjectives after the adverb marker dengan.


#19

Rahima berjalan dengan cepatnya

#Rahima BER-walk with quick-NYA
#Rahima walked quickly


#20

Mereka menerima piala itu dengan gembira

#3PL MEN-receive trophy that with happy
#They received the trophy happily


#Adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.


#21

Dengan gembira mereka menerima piala itu

#with happy 3PL MEN-receive trophy that 
#They received the trophy happily



#Not all adjectives can be turned into adverbs with dengan.


#The following adverbial phrases are syntactically acceptable but pragmatically 
#odd or inappropriate:


#22

dengan lucu 

#with funny
#in a funny way


#23

dengan bodoh

#with stupid
#stupidly


#24

dengan aneh

#with strange
#strangely



#Suffix -NYA can make 22-24 grammatically acceptable.


#25

dengan lucunya 

#with funny-NYA
#in a funny way



#Adverbs formed with secara 'in such-and-such a way, a manner/a fashion'


#Secara appears in front of adjectives to form adverbial phrases.


#26

Kami menyelesaikan masalah itu secara bijaksana

#1PL.EXCL MEN-finish-KAN problem that in such-and-such a way wise
#We solved the problem wisely



#27

Pak Nainggolan menjelaskan pelajaran itu secara singkat

#sir Nainggolan MEN-clear-KAN PER-teach-AN that in such-and-such a way brief
#Mr Nainggolan explained the lesson briefly


#28


Pemerintah memberikan bantuan secara langsung kepada masyarakat Jayapura

#government MEM-give-KAN help-AN in such-and-such a way direct to people Jayapura
#The government give aid directly to the people of Jayapura


#Negation

#Adjectives following secara can be negated.


#29

Pemerintah memberikan bantuan secara tidak langsung kepada masyarakat

#government MEM-give-KAN help-AN in such-and-such a way NEG direct to people Jayapura
#The government gave aid to the the people of Jayapura indirectly