#Adverbial words, adverbs derived from adjectives, numbers as adverbs


#This document presents certain adverbial words and other processes of forming 
#adverbial phrases. 

#The document is organised into three sections:

#Adverbial words

#Adverbs derived from adjectives through the following process:
#NEG + REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES + NYA
#SE + ADJECTIVES + NOUN
#SE + REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES + NYA

#Numbers used as adverbs


#Adverbial words

#The following words function as adverbs. 

#terus-menerus 'continous'
#asyik 'busy'
#serentak 'in unison, at the same time (of a number of people acting together'
#sekaligus 'together, at the same time (of action done to several things at once)'
#segera 'immediately
#langsung 'directly, immediately'
#terus 'continuously'
#tetap 'permanently'
#mutlak 'unconditionally'


#These words cannot be used as adjectives. They cannot be reduplicated and
#cannot be preceded by prepositions.


#1

Hujan turun terus-menerus 

#rain fall continue-REDUP  
#It rains continuously  


#2

Pemilu diadakan serentak di seluruh Indonesia

#election DI-be-KAN at.the.same.time in whole Indonesia
#The election was held at the same time in the whole part of Indonesia

#3

Bapak asyik berkebun di belakang rumah

#father busily BER-garden in behind house
#Father is busily gardening at the back of the house


#4

Adik segera mengirim paket itu

#younger brother/sister immediately MEN-send package that
#Younger brother/sister sent that package immediately


#Segera may follow the verb phrase.


#5

Adik mengirim paket itu segera

#younger brother/sister MEN-send package that immediately
#Younger brother/sister sent that package immediately



#Other adverbial words are :


#begini 'like this, in this way'
#seperti ini 'like this, in this way'
#begitu 'like that
#demikian 'like that'
#seperti itu 'like that'


#These words express adverbs of manner.


#6

Mereka memasak ikan begini

#3PL MEN-cook fish in this way
#They cooked fish in this way


#7

Saya menjawab seperti itu

#1SG MEN-answer like that
#I replied that way


#8

Jangan mengeluh seperti itu

#NEG MEN-complain like that
#Don't complain like that



#Adverbs sendirian, seorang diri and sendiri (colloquial) 'alone, on one's own'.


#9

Saya berjalan seorang diri ke pasar

#1SG BER-walk alone to market
#I walked alone to the market


#Seorang diri can occur at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.


#10

Saya berjalan ke pasar seorang diri

#1SG BER-walk to market alone
#I walked alone to the market


#11

Seorang diri saya berjalan ke pasar 

#Alone 1SG BER-walk to market 
#I walked alone to the market



#12

Mengapa kamu duduk sendirian di situ?

#why 2SG sit alone in that.place?
#Whu did you sit there alone?


#13

Besok kamu datang sendiri ke sini!

#Tomorrow 2SG come alone to this.place
#Tomorrow, you come here  alone!



#The reduplicated form of sendiri means 'apart, separately'


#14

Para anggota dewan datang ke rumah bupati sendiri-sendiri

#PL.MRK member parliament come to house regent apart
#The members of the parliament came to the regent's house separately



#sendiri, dengan sendirinya 'by himself/herself/itself, of its own accord'


#15

Anak itu datang dengan sendirinya

#child that come by himself/herself/itself
#That child came by himself



#When the action is performed by an inanimate subject it is translated as
#'automatically'.


#16

Pintu rumah terbuka dengan sendirinya

#door house TER-open by itself
#The door is opened automatically


#17


Pintu rumah terbuka sendiri

#door house TER-open by itself
#The door is opened automatically


#18

Mobil itu bergerak sendiri

#car that BER-move by itself
#The car moves automatically


#19

Mobil itu bergerak dengan sendirinya

#car that BER-move by itself
#The car moves automatically


#Dengan sendirinya can occur at the beginning and at the end of
#the sentence.


#20

dengan sendirinya pintu rumah terbuka 

#by itself door house TER-open 
#The door is opened automatically


#Sendiri only occurs at the end of the sentence. 


#Ungrammatical:

#21

Sendiri pintu rumah terbuka  (0! 0 0 0)

#by itself door house TER-open 
#The door is opened automatically



#Adverbs of manner banyak, ramai 'crowded, large numbers of...'

#Banyak and ramai indicate an action which is performed by large numbers
#of people.  Sneddon claims that this adverb can only appear with passive
#verbs, but we have found several cases of these adverbs with active verbs, 
# such as 23 and 26.


#22

Pameran Waena ramai dikunjungi pengunjung dari berbagai daerah

#exhibition Waena large.numbers.of DI-visit-I PEN-visit from various region
#Waena exhibition was heavily visited by visitors from different regions


#23

Pengunjung dari berbagai daerah ramai mengunjungi pameran Waena

#PEN-visit from various region large.numbers.of MEN-visit exhibition Waena  
#Visitors from different regions heavily visited Waena exhibition


#24

Candi Borobudur banyak dikunjungi wisatawan

#temple Borobudur many DI-visit-I tourist
#Borobudur temple is heavily visited by tourists


#Banyak functions as an adverb in (24) but in (25) it functions as an adjective.

#25

Candi Borobudur dikunjungi banyak wisatawan

#temple Borobudur DI-visit-I many tourist
#Borobudur temple is visited by many tourists


#26

Wisatawan banyak mengunjungi Candi Borobodur

#tourist many  MEN-visit temple Borobudur 
#tourists haavily visited Borobudur temple  



#Adverbs derived from adjectives


#NEG + REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES + NYA

#The following adjectives can be preceded by a negative followed by 
#a reduplicated adjective and suffix -NYA. They form adverbs which indicate
#that the condition specified by the reduplicated adjective is never achieved.


#putus 'broken'
#jemu 'tired'
#jera 'wary, having learned one's lesson' respectively
#puas 'satisfy'
#bosan 'bored'
#sembuh 'recover'
#henti 'stop'


#27

Hadirin bertepuk tangan tak putus-putusnya

#Audience BER-clap hand NEG broken-REDUP-NYA
#The audience clapped their hands continuously


#Tak putus-putusnya can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.


#28


Tak putus-putusnya hadirin bertepuk tangan

#NEG broken-REDUP-NYA audience BER-clap hand 
#The audience clapped their hands continuously


#29

Anak-anak bermain tidak jemu-jemunya

#Child-REDUP BER-play NEG bored-REDUP-NYA
#The children played tirelessly


#30

Tidak puas-puasnya Yesaya memandang kekasihnya

#NEG satisfy-REDUP-NYA Yesaya MEN-see girlfriend-3SG.POSS
#Yesaya stared at his girlfriend obsessively


#31

Mereka belajar bahasa Inggris tidak bosan-bosannya

#3PL BEL-teach language English NEG bored-REDUP-NYA
#They learned English without ever feeling bored

#32


Ibu tidak sembuh-sembuhnya berobat ke rumah sakit  

#Mother NEG recover-REDUP-NYA BER-medicine to hospital
#Mother had treatment at the hospital without ever recovering (from her illness)


#33

Hannah tak henti-hentinya berlatih vokal

#Hannah NEG stop-REDUP-NYA BER-train vocal
#Hannah never stops practising singing



#SE + ADJECTIVES + NOUN


#Certain adjectives such as puas 'satisfy', kuat 'strong',
#tinggi 'high', and dalam 'deep' can be preceded by prefix se- and
#followed by a noun.


#sepuas hati 'to one's heart's content'
#sekuat tenaga 'with all one's strength'
#setinggi langit 'as high as the sky'
#sedalam lautan 'as deep as the ocean'


#34

Anita menangis sepuas hati

#Anita MEN-cry SE-satisfy heart
#Anita cried to her heart's content


#35

Makanlah sepuas hati kamu

#Eat-LAH SE-satisfy heart 2SG
#Eat as much as you (like)


#36

Jangan takut untuk bermimpi setinggi langit

#NEG afraid to BER-dream SE-high sky
#Do be afraid to dream as high as the sky


#37

Sedalam lautan aku minta maaf padamu

#SE-deep ocean 1SG ask forgive to-2SG
#I apologize from the bottom of my heart


#SE + REDUPLICATED ADJECTIVES + NYA

#Many reduplicated adjectives can be preceded by prefix se- and followed by 
#suffix -NYA. They are translated 'as [base] as possible'
#Another variant of this process is prefix se plus adjectives plus mungkin
#'possible'


#sekeras-kerasnya, sekeras mungkin 'as hard as possible'
#selekas-lekasnya, selekas mungkin 'as quick as possible'
#sedalam-dalamnya, sedalam mungkin 'as deep as possible'
#setingi-tingginya, setinggi mungkin 'as high as possible'
#sebaik-baiknya, sebaik mungkin 'as good as possible'


#38

Kita harus pergi selekas-lekasnya

#1PL.INCL must go as.quick.as.possible
#We must go immediately


#39

Dia dapat melompat setinggi-tingginya

#3SG can ME-jump as.high.as.possible
#He can jump very high


#40

Saya berusaha belajar sebaik mungkin

#1SG BER-try BEL-teach as.good.as possible
#I tried to study very well



#Adverbs based on numbers


#Numbers can be used as adverbs through the following process:

#reduplicated numbers

#dua-dua 'two by two'
#lima-lima 'five by five'

#ber- plus number

#berdua 'both, in two' 
#bersepuluh 'a group contains 10 members'

#number separator marker per or demi:

#satu per satu 'one by one'
#dua demi dua 'two by two'

#The forms indicate the number of people or things involved together in the
#action.


#41

Anak-anak sekolah berbaris dua-dua

#child school BER-line two-REDUP
#The school children lined up two by two


#42

Anak-anak sekolah berbaris dua demi dua

#child school BER-line two per two
#The school children lined up two by two


#43

Mereka pergi berempat

#3Pl go BER-four
#They go in groups of four


#44

Para pencuri dimasukkan satu demi satu ke penjara

#PL.MRK thief DI-enter-KAN one per one to jail
#The thieves were sent to jail one by one



#References:

#Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,
#1966 (pp. 210-213)