#Temporal adjuncts: Clock time


#Adjuncts of time consist of specific time and relative time.

#Specific times inlude:
#clock times
#days of the week
#months
#years
#dates

#This document presents clock times in Indonesian.


#Clock times

#Clock times are preceded by pukul 'strike' or jam 'hour'.

#1

pukul sepuluh

#strike ten
#ten o'clock


#Ungrammatical

#2

sepuluh pukul (0! 0 0 0)

#ten strike
#ten o'clock


#3

jam tiga

#hour three
#three o'clock


#The word jam 'hour' can follow three 'tiga' but the meaning is different
#from example (3).


#4

tiga jam

#three hour
#three hours


#Ways of expressing parts of the hour (minutes and seconds).


#Lebih 'more' or lewat 'past' are used to indicate minutes after
#the hour. The word menit 'minute' is used optionally.


#5

Jam dua lebih sepuluh menit

#hour two more ten minute
#ten past two


#6

Jam lima lebih sepuluh 

#hour five more ten  
#ten past five


#7

Jam lima lewat sepuluh

#hour five pass ten
#ten past five


#The word jam can be omitted. This occurs in response to a question
#such as:

#8

Pukul berapa sekarang?

#strike how.many now?
#What time is now?


#9

lima lewat sepuluh

#five past ten
#ten past five


#8

Jam berapa sekarang?

#hour how.many now?
#What time is now?


#10

Jam sepuluh tepat

#hour ten exactly
#Ten o'clock

#The word tepat 'exactly' is equivalent with o'clock.
#The words jam and tepat can be omitted. Example (11) and (12)
#are acceptable in response to question (8).


#11

sepuluh tepat

#ten exactly
#Ten o'clock


#12

sepuluh  

#ten  
#Ten o'clock


#The word kurang 'less' is used to indicate minutes before the exact
#hour.


#13

Jam tiga kurang dua puluh menit

#hour three less two tens minute
#twenty to three


#14

enam kurang sepuluh  

#six less ten
#ten to six


#Half 'setengah' and a quarter 'seperempat' are commonly used.


#15

Jam dua belas kurang seperempat

#hour two teens less a quarter
#a quarter to twelve


#The order of (15) can be reversed. Kurang seperempat 'a quarter to'
#can precede the hour.


#16

kurang seperempat jam dua belas 

#less a quarter hour two teens
#a quarter to twelve


#However when using lewat 'pass' or lebih 'pass', the order cannot be
#reversed.


#17

Jam dua belas lewat seperempat

#hour two teens pass a quarter
#a quarter past twelve


#Ungrammatical:


#18

lewat seperempat jam dua belas (0! 0 0 0)

#pass a quarter hour two teens
#a quarter past twelve


#Ungrammatical:

#19

lebih lima menit jam tiga (0! 0 0 0)

#more five minute hour three
#five past three


#Many Indonesians now ommit lewat 'pass' or lebih 'more' and simply
#say the minute after the hour.



#20

Jam dua belas seperempat

#hour two teens a quarter
#a quarter past twelve


#21

dua tiga puluh

#two three tens
#two thirty

#Setengah 'half' can be used for (21). The word setengah 'half' always 
#precedes the hour. The form is different from (21). However, the meaning
#is the same. It means half before the hour. In English it means half past
#the hour. Observe (22).


#22

setengah tiga  

#half three
#thirty minutes to three or two thirty (2.30.


#The order of (22) cannot be reversed


#Ungrammatical:


#23

tiga setengah (0! 0 0 0) 

#three half 
#thirty minutes to three or two thirty (2.30).


#Twenty four hour clock is rarely used in informal speech. Many Indonesians
#use it in formal writing and on radio or TV broadcasts.


#24

Pukul dua puluh satu tiga puluh malam ini

#strike two tens one three tens night this
#thirty past twenty one or half past twenty one (9.30pm) tonight



#Indonesians use four different time markers to indicate parts of the day.
#Pagi 'morning to 11.00am', siang 'between 11.30am to 2pm', 
#sore 'between 3pm to 5.30pm, and malam 'between 6pm to 12am'.


#25

Jam dua belas siang

#hour two teens noon
#Twelve noon (12.00pm)

#26

Jam dua belas tengah malam

#hour two teens middle night 
#Twelve midnight (12.00am)


#27

Jam lima pagi

#hour five morning
#five o'clock (5.00am)


#28

Jam lima sore 

#hour five afternoon
#Five o'clock (5.00pm)


#The words jam 'hour' and pukul 'strike' are optional when answering
#a question about time, however, they are obligatory in sentences.


#29

Kami berangkat jam lima pagi

#1PL.EXCL leave hour five morning
#We departed at five o'clock (5.00am)


#Ungrammatical:


#30

Kami berangkat lima pagi (0! 0 0 0)

#1PL.EXCL leave hour five morning
#We departed at five o'clock (5.00am)


#31

Mereka tiba pukul lima sore 

#3PL arrive hour five afternoon
#They arrived at five o'clock (5.00pm)


#Ungrammatical:


#32

Mereka tiba lima sore (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL arrive five afternoon  
#They arrived at five o'clock (5.00pm)