#Temporal adjuncts: months, years, times of day, reduplication of parts of day 


#This documents presents:
#Names of the months
#Years
#Months, years and their parts
#Phrases containing specific times and temporal time markers 
#Time markers referring to specific days before or after the present 
#Reduplication of parts of the day


#Names of the months:

#Januari 'January'
#Februari, Pebruari  'February'
#Maret 'March'
#April 'April'
#Mei 'May'
#Juni 'June'
#Juli 'July'
#Agustus 'August'
#September 'September'
#Oktober 'October'
#November, Nopember 'November'
#Desember 'December'


#Names of the months are preceded by bulan 'month'.

#1

bulan Januari

#month January
#January

#2

Mereka tiba  bulan Desember

#3PL arrive month December
#The arrived in December



#Years

#Cardinal number is used to express the name of the year.


#3

Dua ribu sembilan

#Two thousand nine
#Two thousand and nine (2009)


#4

Seribu sembilan ratus sembilan puluh sembilan

#One-thousand nine hundred nine tens nine
#One thousand nine hundred and ninety nine (1999)


#5

Seribu sembilan ratus delapan puluh tujuh

#one-thousand nine hundred eight tens seven
#One thousand nine hundred and eighty seven (1999)


#6

Sembilan belas delapan puluh tujuh

#nine teens eight tens seven
#Nineteen eighty seven (1987)


#Puluh 'decade' may be omitted.


#7

Sembilan belas delapan tujuh 

#nine teens eight seven
#Nineteen eighty seven (1987)


#Dates


#Dates use cardinal numbers and they are usually preceded by  
#tanggal 'date'.


#8

tanggal empat

#date four
#fourth

#Sometimes people say tanggal 'date', bulan 'month' and tahun 'year'. 
#It occurs   mostly in formal writing. 


#9

Tanggal sepuluh bulan Juni tahun dua ribu tiga

#date ten month June year two thousand three
#Tenth of June two thousand three (10 June 2003)

#In informal contexts bulan 'month', and tahun 'year' may be omitted 
#but tanggal 'date' must remain.


#10

Saya akan datang tanggal sepuluh Juni dua ribu tiga
 
#1SG will come date ten June two thousand three
#I will come on the tenth of June two thousand three


#Tanggal may be omitted but people rarely do that. Sentence 10 is much 
#preferred to sentence 11 below.


#11

Saya akan datang sepuluh Juni dua ribu tiga

#1SG will come ten June two thousand three
#I will come on the tenth of June two thousand three


#Months, years and their parts


#Time marker  which indicates part of the specific time:


#awal 'beginning'
#pertengahan 'middle'
#akhir 'end'


#12

awal tahun

#beginning year
#Beginning of the year


#13

akhir bulan

#end year
#End of the year


#14

pertengahan minggu ini

#per-middle-AN week this
#middle of this week



#Phrases containing specific times and temporal time markers 


#Phrase with hari 'day', minggu 'week' , bulan 'month', and tahun 'year' can combine with ini 'this'.

#They can also combine with:

#lalu 'past'
#depan 'next'
#akan datang 'next'


#15

tahun lalu

#year past
#last year


#Example 15 can occur with numbers. 


#16

tiga tahun lalu

#three year past
#three years ago


#17

minggu depan

#week next
#next week


#Ungrammatical:


#18

tiga minggu depan (0! 0 0 0)

#three week next
#three coming weeks


#19

minggu yang akan datang

#week REL will come
#next week, the coming week


#20

tiga minggu yang akan datang

#three week REL will come
#three coming weeks


#21

beberapa minggu yang akan datang

#few week REL will come
#a few coming weeks 


#22

beberapa tahun lalu

#few year past
#a few years ago


#23

beberapa bulan yang lalu

#few month REL past
#a few months ago


#24

beberapa bulan setelah ……

#few month after .....
#a few months after


#25

beberapa tahun sebelum ……

#few year before
#a few years before .....


#26

dua minggu kemudian

#two week later
#two weeks later



#Time markers referring to specific days before or after the present. 


#kemarin 'yesterday'
#kemarin dulu 'the day before yesterday'
#besok 'tomorrow'
#lusa ' the day after tomorrow'


#These time markers are optionally followed by parts 
#of the day:


#27

kemarin pagi

#yesterday morning
#yesterday morning


#28

besok sore

#tomorrow afternoon
#tomorrow afternoon


#29

besok lusa

#tomorrow the.day.after.tomorrow
#the day after tomorrow


#Nanti and tadi indicate past or future within the 24 hour period.
 

#tadi malam, malam tadi 'last night'
#tadi pagi, pagi tadi 'this morning'
#nati sore, sore nanti 'this evening'

#not possible: 

#Ungrammatical:


#30

nanti pagi

#FUT morning
#this morning

#tadi is used after the period of the day referred to is past; 
#nanti if the period of the day has not come yet.


#Reduplication of parts of the day


#pagi-pagi 'early in the morning'
#siang-siang 'early in the day'
#sore-sore 'late in the day'
#malam-malam 'late at night'


#31

Mereka bangun pagi-pagi 

#3PL wake up early.in.the.morning
#They woke up early in the morning

#32

Nanti kalian datang siang-siang saja!

#later 2PL come early.in.the.day just
#You just come later early in the day


#33

Fotonya diambil sore-sore pada hari Minggu

#photo-3SG.POSS DI-take late.in.the.day in day Sunday
#His photo was taken late in the day on Sunday


#34

Jakarta sering diguyur hujan sore-sore

#Jakarta often DI-water rain late.in.the.day
#Jakarta is often watered by rain late in the day