#Temporal adjuncts: prepositional phrases indicating specific time, phrases indicating relative time 


#This documents presents:

#Prepositional phrases indicating specific time
#Phrases indicating relative time


#Prepositional phrases indicating specific time


#Two prepositions which frequently occur in front of
#specific times in Indonesian are prepositions pada and
#di 'at, in, on'.
#Pada and di precede  noun phrases indicating specific time


#1

PP: di awal tahun

#in beginning year
#at the beginning of the year


#2

PP: di akhir bulan

#in end month
#at the end of the month


#3

PP: di  hari Minggu pagi

#in day Sunday morning
#On Sunday morning



#Preposition pada can replace di in examples 1-3.  
#However preposition di cannot replace pada in examples 4 and
#5 below.


#4

PP: pada tanggal empat

#in date four
#on the fourth


#5

Kuliah mulai pada tanggal empat bulan  Januari

#Lecture begin in date four month January
#The lectures begin on the fourth of January


#Ungrammatical:


#6

Kuliah mulai di tanggal empat bulan  Januari (0! 0 0 0)

#Lecture begin in date four month January
#The lectures begin on the fourth of January


#Preposition pada may be omitted from example 5.


#7


Kuliah mulai tanggal 4 Januari

#Lecture begin date four January
#The lectures begin on the fourth of January



#Other prepositions:

#sebelum 'before'
#sesudah 'after'
#menjelang 'approaching, towards'
#sekitar 'about, around'


#8

Kamu harus pergi sebelum jam makan siang

#2SG must go before hour eat noon
#You must go before lunch time


#9

Konstruksi proyek ini  akan selesai menjelang akhir tahun

#construction project this will finish approaching end year
#This project construction will finish by the end of the year


#10

Presiden akan tiba sekitar jam dua belas siang

#president will arrive around two teens noon
#The president will arrive about twelve noon




#Phrases indicating relative time


#The following adjuncts of time indicate time relative to the present
#and or to some other event.

#sekarang 'now'
#kini 'now, nowadays'
#dulu, dahulu 'earlier, previously'
#kemudian 'afterwards'
#akhir-akhir ini 'recently'
#baru-baru ini 'recently'
#mula-mula 'at first'
#akhirnya 'finally'
#sebentar lagi ' in a moment'
#tadi 'recently, a short while ago'
#nanti 'soon, shortly'
#kelak 'later'


#sekarang 'now'

#Sekarang 'now' can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.


#11

sekarang mereka akan melakukan itu

#now 3PL will ME-do-KAN that
#They will do that now


#12

mereka sekarang  akan melakukan itu

#3PL now will ME-do-KAN that
#They will do that now


#13

mereka akan melakukan itu sekarang 

#3PL will ME-do-KAN that now 
#They will do that now



#kini 'now, nowadays'

#Kini 'now' can occur before or after the subject but cannot occur
#at the end of the sentence.


#14

kini dia datang kembali tepat di malam natal 

#now 3SG come back exactly in night Christmas
#Now he comes back exactly on Christmas night


#15

dia kini datang kembali tepat di malam natal 

#3SG now come back exactly in night Christmas
#Now he comes back exactly on Christmas night


#Ungrammatical:


#16

dia datang kembali tepat di malam natal kini (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG come back exactly in night Christmas now 
#Now he comes back exactly on Christmas night


#17

Kini dia harus diam

#nowadays 3SG must quiet
#Nowadays he must be quiet


#18

Dia kini memeluk agama Islam

#3SG now ME-hold religion Moslem
#He has Moslem faith now



#dulu, dahulu 'earlier, previously'


#Dulu, dahulu 'earlier, previously' can occur before or after the subject 
#but cannot occur at the end of the sentence.


#19

Dahulu dia selalu katakan apa yang dia pikirkan

#previously 3SG always say-KAN what REL 3SG think-KAN
#Earlier he always said what he thought


#20

dia dahulu selalu katakan apa yang dia pikirkan

#3SG previously always say-KAN what REL 3SG think-KAN
#Earlier he always said what he thought


#Ungrammatical:


#21

dia selalu katakan apa yang dia pikirkan dahulu (0! 0 0 0)

#3SG always say-KAN what REL 3SG think-KAN previously 
#Earlier he always said what he thought


#Sentence 21 may be grammatical but its meaning is different
#from 21. Observe 22.


#22

dia selalu katakan apa yang dia pikirkan dahulu  

#3SG always say-KAN what REL 3SG think-KAN previously 
#he always said what he thought earlier


#23


Kenapa ayah dahulu tidak rajin-rajin sekolah supaya bisa beli mobil 

#why father early NEG diligent-REDUP school so.that can buy car
#Why was father not diligent in going to school a long time ago so (he) could buy a car


#24

Dahulu ayah begitu bangga menceritakan bagaimana dia menangkap pencuri

#early father so pround MEN-tell.story-KAN how 3SG catch thief
#a long time ago father was so proud of telling how he caught a thief


#25

Dulu kami pernah tinggal di sini

#early 1PL.EXCL ever live in here
#We used to live here previously


#26

kami dulu telah salah memberi informasi tentang keramik 

#1PL.EXCL earlier already wrong MEN-give information about ceramics
#We wrongly gave information about ceramics earlier


#Sentence 27 shows that when dulu is placed at the end of the sentence
#its meaning is different from 25 and 26.


#27

Mereka akan berdoa dulu 

#3PL will BER-pray early
#They will pray first



#kemudian 'afterwards'


#Kemudian 'afterwards' can occur before or after the subject 
#but cannot occur at the end of the sentence. 



#28

Kemudian saya bertemu dengan temannya tetangga saya

#afterwards 1SG BER-meet with friend-3SG.POSS neighbour 1SG
#I then met my neighbour's friend  


#29

Saya kemudian mencoba untuk memilih UGM lewat jalur UMPTN

#1SG afterwards MEN-try to ME-choose UGM via route UMPTN
#I then try to choose UGM by UMPTN route

#UGM: Universitas Gajah Mada 'Gajah Mada University'.
#UMPTN: Ujian Masuk Perguruan Tinggi Negeri 'State Universities Entrance Test'.


#30

Voyager 2 melanjutkan penelitian sistem Saturnus satu tahun kemudian

#Voyager 2 ME-continue-KAN PEN-search-AN system Saturn satu year afterwards  
#Voyager 2 continued the resarch about Saturn system a year later



#akhir-akhir ini 'recently'


#Akhir-akhir ini 'recently' can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.


#31

Akhir-akhir ini, isu tentang bangkitnya gerakan-gerakan Islam garis keras semakin menarik perhatian

#recently,issues about raise-NYA move-AN-REDUP Moslem line hard increasingly MEN-attract PER-heart-AN
#Recently,issues about the raise of the hardline Moslem movements have increasingly attracted attention



#32

isu tentang bangkitnya gerakan-gerakan Islam garis keras akhir-akhir ini semakin menarik perhatian

#issues about raise-NYA move-AN-REDUP Moslem line hard recently increasingly MEN-attract PER-heart-AN
#Recently, issues about the raise of the hardline Moslem movements have increasingly attracted attention


#33

isu tentang bangkitnya gerakan-gerakan Islam garis keras  semakin menarik perhatian akhir-akhir ini

#issues about raise-NYA move-AN-REDUP Moslem line hard increasingly MEN-attract PER-heart-AN recently 
#Recently, issues about the raise of the hardline Moslem movements have increasingly attracted attention



#34

Akhir-akhir ini Ayah sering pergi ke Banjarmasin

#rencently father often go to Banjarmasin
#Father often goes to Banjarmasin recently


#35

Dia bertingkah begitu aneh akhir-akhir ini

#3SG BER-atitude so strange recently
#He acted so strange recently



#baru-baru ini 'recently'


#baru-baru ini 'recently' can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.


#36

Indonesia baru-baru ini meluncurkan produk perlindungan kesehatan bagi usia 45-69 

#Indonesian recently ME-launch-KAN product PER-protect-AN KE-health-AN for age 45-69 tahun
#Indonesia recently launched a health insurance product for 45-60 years old (people).


#37

baru-baru ini Indonesia meluncurkan produk perlindungan kesehatan bagi usia 45-69 

#recently Indonesian ME-launch-KAN product PER-protect-AN KE-health-AN for age 45-69 tahun
#Indonesia recently launched a health insurance product for 45-60 years old (people).



#mula-mula 'at first'


#Mula-mula 'at first' can occur before or after the subject 
#but cannot occur at the end of the sentence. 



#38

mula-mula kitab itu dibaca kata demi kata  

#at.first book that DI-read word by word
#At first the book was read word by word


#39

kitab itu mula-mula  dibaca kata demi kata  

#book at.first  that DI-read word by word
#At first the book was read word by word


#Ungrammatical:

#40

kitab itu dibaca kata demi kata mula-mula (0! 0 0 0) 

#book that DI-read word by word at.first 
#At first the book was read word by word



#41

Nama Papua mula-mula dipakai pelaut Portugis Antonio d'Abreau 

#name Papua at.first DI-use PE-sea Portuguese Antonio d'Abreau
#The name of Papua was first used by Portuguese sailor Antonio d'Abreau




#akhirnya 'finally'

#Akhirnya 'finally' can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.  


#42

Akhirnya dia datang juga

#finally 3SG come too
#Finally he came too


#43

dia akhirnya datang juga

#3SG finally come too
#Finally he came too


#44

dia datang juga akhirnya 

#3SG come too finally
#Finally he came too



#sebentar lagi ' in a moment'

#sebentar lagi 'in a moment' can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.  


#44

Ayah sebentar lagi pulang

#faher in.a.moment come.home
#Father will come home in a moment


#45

Sebentar lagi ayah pulang

#in.a.moment faher come.home
#Father will come home in a moment


#46

ayah pulang sebentar lagi 

#faher come.home in.a.moment 
#Father will come home in a moment



#tadi 'recently, a short while ago'

#Tadi can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.


#47

Kami tadi sudah bertemu dengan bapak gubernur 

#1PL.EXCL a.short.while.ago already BER-meer with sir governor
#We have just met the governor a short while ago


#48

Tadi mereka makan tiga mangkuk bakso

#a.short.while.ago 3PL eat three cup soup
#They ate three cups of soup a short while ago


#nanti 'soon, shortly'


#Nanti can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.


#49

Kamu nanti pasti akan main juga

#2SG soon certainly will play too
#You will certainly play soon too
 

#kelak 'later'

#Kelak can occur before or after the subject or at the end of
#the sentence.



#50

Kelak mereka akan membutuhkan rumah itu

#later 3PL will MEN-need-KAN house that
#They will need that house later



#51

Akankah dia kelak menjadi presiden Indonesia periode 1999-2004?

#will-Quest 3SG later MEN-become president Indonesia period 1999-2004?
#Will she later become Indonesian president for the period of 1999-2004?