#Adverbial sentence linkers indicating a connection bewteen two sentences 


#Sentence linkers connect two sentences and indicate the kind of connection
#that exists between the two sentences (Sneddon:  357).

#There are a great number of sentence linkers that indicate different kinds
#of relationships between two sentences.

#In this testfile we present some of the common linkers in Indonesian.

#The position of a linker is usually at the beginning of the sentence.
#However, it can also be placed within the main clause of the sentence.


#Linkers indicating an addition


#lagi pula 'further, moreover, what's more'


#1

Tapi ini mungkin yang terbaik untuknya, lagi pula dia masih muda, dan ini mungkin jalan yang bisa membuat dia bisa mendapatkan seseorang yang terbaik untuknya

#but this perhaps REL TER-good for-3SG, moreover 3SG still young,
#But perhaps this is what is best for him, moreover he is still young,


#and this perhaps road REL can MEN-make 3SG can MEN-get-KAN one-CLASS REL TER-good for-3SG
#and this is perhaps the road that can make him get the best person for him 



#di samping itu 'besides that'


#2

Menurut Dekan, pendirian RSH Prof. Soeparwi yang berlokasi di Sekip dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pelayanan kesehatan terbaik, baik bagi hewan kesayangan maupun ternak. Di samping itu, sekaligus juga sebagai penunjang fakultas di bidang pendidikan, penelitian, dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat.


#MEN-follow dean, PEN-stand-AN RSH Prof. Soeparwi REL BER-locate in Sekip DI-intend-KAN to MEN-give-KAN PE-serve-AN TER-good,
#According to the dean, the establishment or Prof Soeparwi Vetenary which is located at Sekip is intended to give the best health service,

#good for animal KE-love-AN and cattle. Besides that, SEKALIGUS also as PE-suport faculty in field PEN-educate-AN,
#both for pets and cattles. Besides that, it also functions as a support facility for faculty's training, 
#PEN-search-AN, and PEN-serve-AN to community
#research, and service for the community.

#Source: http://www.vet-klinik.com/Berita-Lainnya/UGM-Dirikan-Rumah-Sakit-Hewan-Prof.-Soeparwi.html


#juga 'also, moreover, in addition'

#Juga can occur at the beginning of a sentence/clause to introduce an additional
#piece of information or a new point in an argument.


#3

Juga, saya setuju kalau dia yang mengerjakan tugas itu.

#In addition, 1SG agree if 3SG REL MEN-do-KAN task that.
#In addition, I agree if he is the one that will do the task.


#selain itu 'besides that, apart from that'


#4

#Context:
#di Jawa Tengah PEP memasok gas untuk industri di Semarang dan sekitar Pantura.
#in Java Central PEP ME-supply gas for industry in Semarang and around Pantura.
#In Central Java PEP supplied gas for industries in Semarang and around Pantura. 


Selain itu, PEP memasok gas ke PLTGU Tanjung Batu Kaltim dari sumber gas TAC Semco sebesar 20 MMSCFD dan untuk own use VICO sebesar 5-10 MMSCFD.

#Besides that, PEP ME-supply gas to PLTGU Tanjung Batu East.Kalimantan from source gas TAC Semco
#Besides that, PEP supplied gas to PLTGU Tanjung Batu East Kalimantan from TAC Semco gas resource

#SE-big 20 MMSCFD and for own use VICO  SE-big 5-19 MMSCFD
#amount 20 MMSCFD and for VICO own use which amount 5-19 MMSCFD


#Source: http://www.pertamina.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4658&Itemid=33



#selanjutnya 'further'


#5

#Context: 
#Setelah itu di daerah aman, tanah tersebut dibersihkan dari zat pencemar.
#after that in region safe, soil TER-mention DI-clean-KAN from substance PEN-pollute.
#After that in the secured region, the soil was cleaned from polluted substances.

#Caranya yaitu, tanah tersebut disimpan di bak/tanki yang kedap, kemudian
#way-3SG is, soil TER-mention DI-store in tank REL ......, then
#The way to do is, the soil is stored in the tank which......, then

#zat pembersih dipompakan ke bak/tangki tersebut. 
#substance PEN-clean DI-pump-KAN to tank TER-mention. 
#the cleaning substance is pumped to the tank. 

Selanjutnya zat pencemar dipompakan keluar dari bak yang kemudian diolah dengan instalasi pengolah air limbah.

#Further, substance PEN-pollute DI-pump-KAN out from tank REL then DI-process with installation PEN-process water waste.
#Further, the polluting substance is pumped out from the tank which is then processed with waste water processing installation


#bahkan 'moreover, even'


#6

#Context:
#Hal ini tidak hanya terjadi di negara miskin dengan tingkat penghasilan penduduk yang rendah 
#matter this NEG only TER-become in nation poor with level PEN-result-AN people REL low
#This thing does not only happen in poor nations with low income people

#seperti Indonesia, tetapi hal yang sama juga dirasakan 
#such.as Indonesia, but matter REL same also DI-feel-KAN
#such as Indonesia, but the same thing was also experienced

#oleh penduduk negara maju seperti Amerika Serikat. 
#by poeple nation advanced such.as America united.
#by advanced nations people such as the United States.


Bahkan dalam salah satu buku yang terbit akhir tahun 2005 lalu ada disebutkan bahwa jutaan penduduk Amerika bangkrut setiap tahunnya gara-gara tidak mampu membiayai biaya kesehatannya.

#even in mistake one book REL publish end year 2005 ago be DI-mention-KAN
#Even in one of the books which were published at the end of 2005 it was mentioned


#that million-AN people America bancrupt each year-NYA because NEG able
#that millions of Americans are bancrupt each year because (they) are not able


#MEN-fund-i fee KE-health-AN-3POSS
#to fund thier health costs.


#Source: http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:6hmVKqYer3kJ:rumahmadu.com/2008/01/bahkan-berobat-pun-ada-tuntunannya.html+bahkan&cd=18&hl=en&ct=clnk&lr=lang_id



#apalagi 'moreover, besides


#7

#Context:
#Saya membaca berita yang mengejutkan mengenai 'Pencurian Motor yang dilakukan 
#1SG MEN-read news REL MEN-surprise-KAN MEN-touch-I 'PEN-steal-AN motor REL DI-do-KAN
#I read a shocking news about a stolen motorbike which was stolen

#oleh Caleg untuk DPRD DKI'. 
#by legislative.canddidate for DPRD DKI'.
#by a parliamentary candidate for DPRD DKI. 

Wah, baru jadi caleg sudah nekat curi motor, apalagi sudah jadi wakil rakyat?

# Hmm...,just only being a candidate already do steal a motorbike, what's more if already become representative people?
#(I said to myself) Hmm... (He) is just being a candidate (at this stage) but (he) did steal a bike, what's more if (he) is already elected member of parliament?


#Source: http://kupalima.wordpress.com/2009/02/17/baru-jadi-caleg-sudah-tertangkap-mencuri-motor-apalagi/



#malah, malahan 'moreover, what's more' 


#8

#Context:
#Desakan penggantian Kepala Kepolisian Daerah (Polda) Sumatera Utara (Sumut) terus bergulir. 
#insist-AN PEN-replace-AN head KE-police-AN region Sumatera North continue BER-roll. 
#The force to replace the head of regional police of North Sumatera keeps rolling. 

Malahan ada penilaian, jika Kapolda Sumut tidak diganti, berarti Kepala Polri tidak sensitif.

#Moreover be PE-value-AN, if regional.head.of.police north.Sumatera NEG DI-repalce
#MOreover, there is a remark that if the head of the rrgional police of North Sumatera is not replaced

#BER-means head Republic.of.Indonesian.State.Police NEG sensitive
#(then) this shows that the head of Indonesian State Police is not sensitive. 

#Source: http://www.detiknews.com/read/2009/02/04/133146/1079388/10/kalau-tak-ganti-kapolda-sumut,-kapolri-tidak-sensitif




#Linkers indicating contrast


#Namun, namun demikian 'despite that, nevertheless'

#9

Kendati dinilai menguntungkan bagi masyarakat di beberapa negara, namun Indonesia tidak serta merta mengambil keputusan serupa meskipun dalam beberapa tahun ini sudah mengalami kesulitan pasokan BBM untuk pembangkit listrik.

#although DI-value MEN-benefit-KAN for community in some nation,
#Although it is considered bringing benefits to communities in several nations,

#however Indonesia NEG accompany-REDUP MEN-take KE-decide-AN one-kind
#however, Indonesia did not immediately take the same decision

#although in some year this already MEN-nature-I KE-difficult-AN
#although during some of these years (Indonesia) already faced  difficulties

#supply-AN oil.and.gas for PEN-rise electricity
#in supplying oil and gas for Electricity generators.


#Source: www.technologyindonesia.com/download.php?file=pltn.pdf -


#10

#Context:
#Fotografi pemandangan alam secara umum selalu ditampilkan dengan penuh warna 
#photography PEN-view-AN nature generally always DI-show-KAn with full colour
#A general photography of nature is always shown with full colours


#sehingga mempesona yang melihatnya. 
#so MEN-attract REL ME-see-3SG. 
#so it attracts those who see it. 
 

Namun demikian sesungguhnya fotografi pemandangan alam tak selalu harus disajikan secara berwarna.

#Despite that SE-indeed-NYA photography PEN-view-AN nature not always must DI-present-KAN as BER-colour

#Despite that, actually the natural view photography should not always be presented colourfully

#Source: http://indophoto.multiply.com/notes/item/47



#walaupun demikian, namun begitu 'despite that, nevertheless'


#11

#Context:
#Di Amerika Serikat berlaku sistem Konsesi (Royalty and Tax) dimana 
#in America united BER-valid system concession (Royalty and Tax) where
#Concession (Royalty and Tax) system applies in the United States where
 
#peranan negara dalam  pengelolaan migas lebih sedikit daripada sistem PSC (Production Sharing Contract).#role-AN state in PEN-manage-AN oil.and.gas more little from than system PSC (Production Sharing Contract).
#state role in oil and gas management a little more than the Production Sharing Contract system.


Walaupun demikian Senat Amerika Serikat membatalkan kemenangan CNOOC  (BUMN Cina) untuk mengakusisi Unocal demi keamanan nasional. 

#Despite that Senate America United MEN-cancell-KAN KE-victory-AN CNOOC (BUMN China) for MEN-acquisite Unocal 
#Despite that, the United States of America senate cancelled the victory of CNOOC (Chinese Company) to acquisite Unocal

#for.the.sake.of National Security
#for the sake of the national security

#Source: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/IndoEnergy/message/6321


#The sentence linkers below are commonly used for indicating contrast.

#meskipun demikian, meskipun begitu 'despite that, nevertheless'
#biarpun demikian, biarpun begitu 'despite that, nevertheless'
#tetapi, akan tetapi 'but, nevertheless, still'
#sebaliknya 'on the contrary, on the other hand'
#malah, malahan, bahkan, 'instead, on the contrary'
#bagaimanapun (juga) 'however that might be'



#12

Anak perempuan suka warna merah cerah, sebaliknya anak laki-laki suka warna gelap

#child female like colour red bright, on the other hand child male-REDUP like colur dark
#The girls like bright red colours, on the other hand, the boys like dark colours.


#13

Kami tidak melawan mereka, malah kami membantu.

#1PL.EXCL NEG ME-oppose 3PL, on.the.contrary 1PL.EXCL MEN-help
#We did not oppose them, instead we helped (them).

#14

Walaupun dia keturunan Cina, tetapi dia tidak bisa berbahasa Cina.

#although 3SG KE-descend-AN China, but 3SG NEG can BER-language China
#Although he is a chinese descent, he cannot speak Chinese

 

#Linkers indicating a consequence

#akibatnya 'as a result'
#alhasil, walhasil 'the result is, consequently'
#jadi 'therefore'
#maka ' consequently, thus, so'
#maka dari itu 'as a result of that'
#makanya 'consequently, no wonder'
#oleh karena itu 'therefore, because of that'
#oleh sebab itu 'therefore, because of that'


#15

#Context:
#Tono selalu mengkonsumsi narkoba. 
#Tono always MEN-consume narcotics.and.drugs. 

Akibatnya, dia sering sakit-sakitan.

#as.a.result 3SG often sick-REDUP
#As a result, he often gets sick.


#16

#Context:
#Hari ini Pak Makrus sakit. 
#day this sir Makrus ill. 
#Today Mr Makrus is ill. 

Oleh karena itu pelajaran Biologi ditunda sampai minggu depan.

#Therefore PEL-learn-AN Biology DI-cancell until week front
#Therefore, the biology lesson was postponed until next week


#17

#Context:
#Dia sering cepat marah. 
#3SG ofteh quick angry. 
#He gets angry easily. 

Makanya kamu harus bicara baik-baik dengan dia.

#Consequently, you must speak good-REDUP with 3SG
#Therefore, you should speak carefully with him

#18

Jadi, kalau kamu mau menjadi kaya, sebaiknya kamu belajar menghemat dari sekarang.

#so, if 2SG want MEN-become rich, SE-good-NYA 2SG BEL-learn  MEN-save from now 
#Therefore, if you want to become rich, it is better that you learn how to save from now.



#Linkers indicating an example

#misalnya 'for example, for instance'
#umpamanya 'for example, for instance'

#19

Banyak tanaman tropik yang dikoleksi di taman botani ini misalnya, kelapa, pisang, dan lain-lain.

#many plan tropical REL DI-collect in garden botany this for.example, coconut, banana, and other-REDUP
#Many tropical plants are collected in this botanical garden, for example, coconut, banana, and others.


#20

#Context:
#Ada beberapa pulau besar di Indonesia. 
#be several island big in Indonesia. 
#There are several big islands in Indonesia. 

Umpamanya, Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Jawa adalah pulau-pulau besar di Indonesia.

#For instance, Sumatera, Borneo, Celebes, and Java be island-REDUP big in Indonesia
#For instance, Sumatera, Borneo, Celebes, and Java are big islands in Indoesia.


#Linkers indicating a time sequence

#kemudian 'afterwards, later'
#sesudah itu 'after that'
#sebelumnya, sebelum itu 'before that, beforehand'
#sementara itu 'in the mean time, at the same time'
#lalu, lantas 'then'

#21

#Context:
#Kami berhenti sebentar di Bogor. 
#1PL.EXCL BER-stop for.a.while in Bogor. 
#We stopped for a while in Bogor. 

Sesudah itu kami melanjutkan perjalanan kami ke Jakarta.

#After that 1PL.EXCL ME-continue-KAN PER-walk-AN 1PL.EXCL to Jakarta
#After that we continued our trip to Jakarta.

#22

Sementara kami masih dalam perjalanan, rakyat di desa itu telah bersiap-siap menyambut kami.

#in.the.mean.time 1PL.EXCL still in PER-trip-AN, people in village that already BER-ready-REDUP MEN-welcome 1PL.EXCL
#While we were still on our way, the people in the village had already been ready to welcome us


#23

#Context:
#Pak Darmo tinggal di Bali. 
#sir Darmo live in Bali. 
#Mr Darmo lived in Bali. 

Sebelumnya dia tinggal di Medan.

#Before-nya 3SG live in Medan
#Before that he lived in Medan.

#24

Sebelum Pak Darmo tinggal di Bali, dia tinggal di Medan

#before sir Darmo live in Bali, 3SG live in Medan
#Before Mr Darmo lived in Bali, he lived in Medan


#Ungrammatical:

#25

Sebelum Pak Darmo tinggal di Bali, tinggal di Medan (0! 0 0 0)

#before sir Darmo live in Bali, live in Medan
#Before Mr Darmo lived in Bali, he lived in Medan

#References:

#Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,
#1966 (pp.357-361 )