#Adjuncts of location


#The adjuncts of location consist of prepositional phrases.  Prepositional
#phrases are discussed in files 6 and 7. 

#This document presents examples of prepositional phrases indicating
#instrument and means, accompaniment, beneficiary, reason, comparison,
#exception and subject matter.


#Instrument and means

#Preposition dengan is used to indicate instrument and means.


#1

Ia memukul anak itu dengan rotan

#3SG ME-hit child that with rattan
#He hit the child with a rattan stick


#2

Kami pergi dengan bis

#1PL.EXCL go with bus
#We go by bus


#The position of the adjunct can be at the beginning of the sentenc.


#3

Dengan kapak dia menebang pohon itu

#with axe 3SG MEN-cut tree that
#He cut the tree with an axe


#Accompaniment

#Prepositions bersama, beserta 'along with' and dengan 'with' are used
#to indicate accompaniment.


#4

Saya makan malam bersama keluarga Pak Tomo

#1SG eat evening along.with family sir Tomo
#I had dinner with Mr Tomo's family


#5

Anita tinggal di hotel dengan kekasihnya

#Anita live in hotel with lover-3SG.POSS
#Anita stayed in the hotel with her lover


#6

Pak Mandacan datang beserta keluarga

#sir Mandacan come along.with family
#Mr Mandacan came with his family


#Bersama can coocurs with dengan. Here the meaning of bersama is 
#'together'

#7

Kamu akan makan siang bersama dengan saya dan Anita

#2SG will eat afternoon together with 1SG and Anita
#You will have lunch together with me and Anita


#Beneficiary

#Prepositions untuk, bagi, buat 'for', and demi 'for, for the sake of' are
#used to indicate beneficiary.


#8

Sekolah ini dibangun untuk anak-anak yang berasal dari keluarga miskin

#school this DI-build for child-REDUP REL BER-origin from family poor
#The school was built for the children who came from poor families


#9

Ibu membuat kue buat saya

#mother meN-make cake for 1SG
#Mother made a cake for me


#10

Penyakit flu babi sangat berbahaya bagi semua orang

#PEN-sick flu pig very BER-danger for all person
#The swine flu disease is very dangerous for all people


#11

Kami meninggalkan kampung kami demi masa depan anak-anak 

#1PL.EXCL MEN-leave-KAN village 1PL.EXCL for.the.sake.of time front child-REDUP 
#We left our village for the sake of the children future

#12

Demi peningkatan sumberdaya manusia, banyak sekolah dan universitas dibangun

#for.the.sake.of PEN-level-AN resource human, many school and university DI-build
#For the sake of the human resources development, many schools and universities are established


#Reason

#Prepositions sebab, karena 'because', berkat 'thanks to, due to', and gara-gara
#'all because, all because of' are used to indicate reasons.


#13

Kristina sembuh karena obat itu

#Kristina recover.from.illness because medicine that
#Kristina recovered from her illness because of that medicine 


#14

Pertandingan sepak bola tidak dilaksanakan sebab hujan lebat

#PER-compete-AN kick ball NEG DI-implement-KAN because rain heavy
#The football match was not played because of heavy rain


#15 

Desa ini maju sekali berkat kerja keras kepala desa

#village this progress very thans.to work hard head village
#This village progressed very well due to the head of the village's hard work


#16

Berkat bantuan Ibu Dani saya bisa menyelesaikan pendidikan saya

#thanks.to help Mrs Dani 1SG can MEN-finish-KAN PEN-educate-AN 1SG
#Thanks to Mrs Dani I could complete my education


#17

Saya didenda tiga puluh ribu rupiah gara-gara tidak memakai helem

#1SG DI-fine three tens thousand rupiah all.because.of NEG ME-wear helmet
#I was fined thirty thousand rupiahs because of not wearing a helmet


#Gara-gara has an implicit meaning that somebody or something
#is to blame for what has happened (Quinn, 2001: 736).  


#18

Gara-gara main bola, baju Andi kotor semua

#Because play ball, cloth Andi dirty all
#Because he played football, Andi's clothes were all dirty


#Comparison

#Prepositions seperti, bagai, sebagaimana, bagaikan, ibarat, laksana indicate
#that the subject resembles some other person or thing in a characteristic 
#or manner of doing something (Sneddon, 1996:226).


#19

Dia bertanggung-jawab sebagaimana ayah dulu

#3SG BER-to.be.responsible like father a.long.time.ago
#He is responsible like father (was) a long time ago


#20

Gadis itu sangat cantik seperti bidadari

#girl that very beautiful like fairy
#That girl is very beautiful like a fairy


#21

Bagai seorang raja dia dikelilingi pengawal-pengawalnya

#like one-CLASS king 3SG DI-surround-i PEN-guard-REDUP-NYA
#Like a king he was surrounded by his guards


#22

Mereka melayani dia sebagai adik kandung mereka

#3PL ME-serve-i 3SG like younger.brother/sister of.the.same.mother 3PL
#They treated him/her like their own brother/sister from the same mother
 

#23

Tuhan mengasihi manusia ibarat matahari yang menyinari bumi.

#God MEN-love-i human like sun REL MEN-shine-i earth
#God loves the human beings like the sun which lights the earth


#24

Laksana seorang panglima Adam memimpin penyerangan terhadap pasukan pemberontak

#like one-CLASS commander Adam MEN-lead PEN-attack-AN towards troops PEN-rebel
#Like a commander Adam led the attack of rebel troops


#Exception

#Preposition kecuali 'except' indicates who or what was not involved or 
#included in the action. 

#25

Kantor-kantor pemerintah buka setiap hari kecuali hari Sabtu dan Minggu

#office-REDUP PEN-govern open each day except day Saturday and Sunday
#Government offices open everyday except Saturday and Sunday


#26

Kecuali anak itu semua boleh berangkat sekarang.

#Except child that all may leave now
#Except that child all of you may leave now


#Subject matter

#Preposition tentang 'about, concerning' is used to indicate concern of a particular
#subject. 

#Tentang is always placed at the end of the sentence.


#27

Kami belajar tentang sejarah penjajahan Belanda di Indonesia

#1PL.EXCL BER-study about history PEN-occupy-AN  Dutch in Indonesia
#We are learning about the history of Dutch's occupation in Indonesia


#28

#Ungrammatical:

Tentang sejarah masuknya Belanda ke Indonesia kami belajar (0! 0 0 0)

#about the history of Dutch's occupation in Indonesia we study
#We are learning about the history of Dutch's occupation in Indonesia




#References:

#Quinn, George. the Learner's Dictionary of Today's Indonesian, Allen and Unwin,
#2001 (pp. 736).



#Sneddon, James, N. INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar,
#Roudledge, London, 1996 (pp. 225-7).