#Preposition: pada, di, oleh


#This document is organised into the following sections:

#Pada
#Di
#Oleh


#Pada 'at, in, on'


#Pada occurs in front of expressions of time, as English prepostion in, on, and
#at do.


#1


Baldus lahir pada tahun 1971

#Baldus born on year 1971
#Baldus was born in 1971



#Prepositon di 'at/on/in' and locative noun dalam 'inside' can also occur before
#the word tahun 'year' or bulan 'month'.


#2


Baldus lahir di tahun 1971

#Baldus born on year 1971
#Baldus was born in 1971


#3


Pesawat itu jatuh dalam bulan Maret 

#Plane that fall in March
#That aeroplane fell in March


#Preposition pada and di can also be used for the following time expressions:


#pada/di malam hari 'at night time'
#pada/di sore hari 'in the late afternoon'
#pada/di siang hari 'during the day, in the late morning or early to late 
#afternoon'
#pada/di pagi hari 'in the morning'
#pada/di suatu hari 'one day'
#pada/di hari Senin 'on Monday'


#4

PP: pada malam hari  

#at night day
#at night time
# 'di' is also possible


#5

PP: pada hari Senin

#at day Monday
#On Monday
# 'di' is also possible


#6


Pertemuan itu akan dilaksanakan pada hari Senin

#PER-meet-AN that will DI-do-KAN on day Monday
#The meeting will be held on Monday
# 'di' is also possible


#7

Pada waktu mereka datang dia belum bisa berbahasa Inggris

#on time 3PL come 3SG not.yet can BER-speak English
#AT the time they arrived she could not speak English yet



#Locative noun dalam 'inside' cannot be used with names of days and different times
#in a day.


#Ungrammatical:


#8

PP: dalam pagi hari (0! 0 0 0) 

#inside morning day
#in the morning


#Ungrammatical:


#9

PP: dalam hari Rabu (0! 0 0 0)

#in day Wednesday
#in Wednesday



#When location in time is expressed, preposition pada is used instead of di.


#10

Mereka tiba pada jam lima

#3PL arrive at hour five
#They arrived at five o'clock


#Ungrammatical:


#11

Mereka tiba di jam lima (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL arrive at hour five
#They arrived at five o'clock


#12

PP: pada tanggal empat

#on date four
#on the fourth


#Ungrammatical:


#13


PP: di tanggal empat (0! 0 0 0)

#at date four
#on the fourth




#Preposition pada occurs in front of certain nouns


#14

Pada tingkat ketiga mahasiswa menyusun makalah

#on level ORD-three student MEN-compose paper
#At the third level the students write a paper



#Ungrammatical:


#15

tingkat ketiga mahasiswa menyusun makalah (0! 0 0 0)

#level ORD-three student MEN-compose paper
#At the third level the students write a paper



#Preposition pada corresponds to prepositon to in English. It alternates, or 
#is a variant of, kepada 'to'

#Kepada expresses movement toward someone, or transfer to a person


#16

Ani mengirim surat kepada ayahnya

#Ani MEN-send letter to father-3SG.POSS
#Ani sent a letter to her father


#In ordinary conversation people may use ke or pada for sentence (16).
#Thus, we may have sentences (17) and (18). More examples are shown 
#in examples (19) to (22)


#17

Ani mengirim surat ke ayahnya

#Ani MEN-send letter to father-3SG.POSS
#Ani sent a letter to her father


#18

Ani mengirim surat pada ayahnya

#Ani MEN-send letter to father-3SG.POSS
#Ani sent a letter to her father



#19

Anak itu telah kembali pada orangtuanya

#child that already return to parents-3SG.POSS
#The child already returned to his parents


#20

Anak itu telah kembali kepada orangtuanya

#child that already return to parents-3SG.POSS
#The child already returned to his parents


#21

Kami minta bantuan pada Pak Guru

#1PL.INCL request help-AN to sir teacher
#We asked for a help from the teacher
#We asked the teacher for a help


#22

Kami minta bantuan kepada Pak Guru

#1PL.INCL request help-AN to sir teacher
#We asked for a help from the teacher
#We asked the teacher for a help



#Preposition pada is used as a linker between certain adjectives and their
#complements, often  (but not always) equivalent to the English 'with' and 'to'.


#23

Ibu marah pada saya

#mother angry to 1SG
#Mother is angry with me


#24

Mereka harus baik pada kami

#3PL must nice to 3PL.INCL
#They've got to be nice to us


#Other words in this group include:


#suka pada 'be interested in' 

#tergantung pada 'be dependent on'

#lupa pada 'forget'

#teringat pada 'remember' 




#Di 'at, in, on'


#Preposition di indicates location at a place, in a place or on something.


#Locative nouns can be ommitted if a position is commonly understood:


#di dalam laci --> di laci   'inside a drawer'


#25

PP: di dalam laci

#at inside drawer
#in the drawer


#26

PP: di laci

#at drawer
#in the drawer



#di atas meja  --> di meja


#27


PP: di atas meja

#at top table
#on the table


#28


PP: di meja

#at table
#on the table


#When a position is specific and not normally understood, a locative 
#noun must be used.


#29

PP: di bawah meja

#at down table
#under the table


#Ungrammatical:


#30

PP: di meja (0! 0 0 0)

#at table
#under the table

#Preposition di cannot mean "under" without "bawah". It has the meaning "at the table" 
#or "on the table" as example 28 illustrates. In example 30 it is ungrammatical because 
#the meaning of di is "under". 

#Preposition di may be omitted for figurative space. It occurs when
#preposition di combines with certain locative nouns such as
#dalam 'inside' and antara 'between'. 


#31

Tokoh utama di dalam cerita Mahabarata

#character main at inside story Mahabarata
#The main character in the Mahabarata's story


#32

Tokoh utama  dalam cerita Mahabarata

#character main inside story Mahabarata
#The main character in the Mahabarata's story


#33

Pertemuan di antara dua pemimpin itu menghasilkan sebuah resolusi

#PER-meet-AN at between two leader that MEN-result-KAN se-CLASS resolution
#The meeting between the two leaders produced a resolution


#34

Pertemuan antara dua pemimpin itu menghasilkan sebuah resolusi

#PER-meet-AN between two leader that MEN-result-KAN se-CLASS resolution
#The meeting between the two leaders produced a resolution




#Oleh 'by'

#preposition oleh is usually used in a passive clause construction.
#It always appears before the agent of a passive verb. 


#35

Gadis itu dipukul oleh pacarnya

#girl that DI-beat by partner-3SG.POSS
#That girl was beaten by her boyfriend



#Oleh is also used after an intransitive verb:



#36


Banyak orang mati oleh wabah kolera

#many people die by disease cholera
#Many people died as a result of cholera disease



References:

#Quinn, George. the Learner's Dictionary of Today's Indonesian, Allen and Unwin,
#2001 (pp. 665-669, 965-966).

#Sneddon, James, N.INDONESIAN: A Comprehensive Grammar, Roudledge, London,
#1966 (pp. 189-194)