#Verbal Clauses  

#Verbal clauses

#Verbal clauses have a verb as their predicate centre.

#The purpose of this document is to explore different types of verbal clauses.

#The document is organised into the following sections:

# (i) Transitive verb;
# (ii) Inransitive verb;
# (iii) ditransitive verb;



#Transitive Verb


#A transitive clause contains a subject, a predicate, and an object.
#Objects in transitive clauses always follow the verb.

#1

Hasan minum teh

#Hasan drink tea
#Hasan drinks tea
#Hasan drank tea

#2

Joko membantu Ali

#Joko help Ali
#Joko is helping Ali


#Ungrammatical

#3

Hasan teh minum (0! 0 0 0)

#Hasan tea drink
#Hasan drinks tea

#Note that when the object teh 'tea' is placed before the predicate, the sentence is
#ill-formed.


#Ungrammatical 

#4

Joko Ali membantu (0! 0 0 0)

#Joko Ali help
#Joko is helping Ali

#Here the case is the same as in (3). The object should not precede the predicate.


#A number of adjuncts can occur in the transitive clause.

#5

Setahun yang lalu Joko membantu Ali dengan sejumlah uang

#se-tahun yang lalu Joko mem-bantu Ali dengan se-jumlah uang
#CLASS-year rel ago Joko Men-help Ali with CLASS-amount money
#A year ago Joko helped Ali with a sum of money


#Intransitive Verb

#An intransitive clause has two nuclear components, a subject, which indicate the actor, and
#a predicate which contains an intransitive verb.

#6

Hasan masuk

#Hasan enter
#Hasan enters
#Hasan entered

#Intransitive clauses frequently have one or more adjuncts.

#7

Hasan masuk ke kamar

#Hasan enter to room
#Hasan enters the room
#Hasan entered the room

#8

Setiap hari Hasan masuk ke kamar

#every day  Hasan enter to room
#Every day Hasan enters the room

#9

Setiap hari Hasan masuk ke kamar untuk bekerja

#every day Hasan enter to room to work
#Every day Hasan enters the room to work


#The position of adjuncts of time can be before the subject (ex.9), before the verb (ex.10) or after the verb (ex.11).

#10

Hasan masuk ke kamar untuk bekerja setiap hari

#Hasan enter to room to work day every
#Hasan enters the room to work everyday

#11

Hasan masuk ke kamar setiap hari untuk bekerja

#Hasan enter to room every day to work
#Hasan enters the room everyday to work


#Ditransitive clauses

#The order of ditransitive clause is Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Indirect Object.
#The sentence will be ill-formed if the preposition is removed.

#12

Mereka mengirim paket itu kepada kami

#3PL Men-kirim package that to 1PL.INCL
#They sent that package to us
#They sent us that package


#13

Mereka mengirim paket itu kami

#3PL Men-kirim package that 1PL.INCL
#They sent that package to us
#They sent us that package

#With the use of Locative suffix -i on the verb, the word order of ditransitive clause can be changed
#into subject + predicate + indirect object + direct object.

#14

Mereka mengirimi kami paket itu

#3PL Men-kirim-i(LOC) 1PL.INCL package that
#They sent us that package
#The function of Locative suffix -i is to indicate that the object is the person or place
##to which the action is directed (see Sneddon J, 1999:84).

#Changing the order  of (14) will cause the sentence to be ungrammatical.

#Ungrammatical

#15

Mereka mengirimi  paket itu   kami  (0! 0 0 0)

#3PL Men-kirim-i(LOC)  package that   1PL.INCL
#They sent us that package

#16 

Ibu membuat secangkir kopi untuk saya

#mother Men-make CLASS-cangkir coffee for 1SG
#Mother made    a cup of coffee for me
#The order of (16) is Subject + Predicate + Direct Object + Indirect Object.
#Similar to (14), this order can be changed into Subject + Predicate + Indirect Object 
#+ Direct Object with the use of benefactive suffix -kan.

#17

Ibu membuatkan saya secangkir kopi

#mother Men-make-kan 1SG CLASS-cangkir coffee
#Mother made  me a cup of coffee  

#Benefactive -kan indicates that the object is the beneficiary (See Sneddon J, 1999:80).

#See more examples of ditransitive clauses in files 24 to 29.

#An intransitive verb can be changed into a transitive verb.

#18

Ali mandi

#Ali have a bath
#Ali is having a bath
#Ali is bathing

#19

Ibu memandikan Ali

#Mother Men-bath-kan Ali
#Mother is bathing Ali

#In (18) and (19), causative suffix -kan is used.

#20

Kera itu bergantung di pohon

#Monkey that Ber-hang in tree
#The monkey is hanging on the tree

#21

Dia menggantung bajunya di lemari pakaian

#3SG MeN-hang  cloth-3POSS in case clothes
#he/She hang up his/her clothes in the wardrobe

#22

Wajahnya berubah

#face-3POSS Ber-change
#his/her face changed

#23

Dia mengubah wajahnya

#He/She MeN-change face-3POSS
#He/She changed his/her face


#24

Mobil berhenti di tengah jalan

#car Ber-stop in middle road
#the car stopped in the middle of the road

#25

Sopir menghentikan mobil di tengah jalan

#driver MeN-stop-kan car in middle road
#the driver stopped the car in the middle of the road

#Transitive and intransitive verbs differ in their prefixes.
#In (20, (23), and (24) prefix ber- indicates reflexive action. In (21), (23),
# and (25). Prefix MeN- changes the verb into a transitive verb.