# Verb-initial grammars: A multilingual/parallel perspective # ESRC Project RES-000-23-0505 # Oxford University # Charles Randriamasimanana # Malagasy lexicon: # Malagasy Roots with a passive meaning: ESRC-OX-05-CR301. # There exist in Malagasy roots, i. words with no prefix, no suffix and no infix, # which have a passive meaning. Such words represent a finite set even though this # is a fairly big closed class. Such root passives can obviously combine with different # affixes provided the features making up the two sets are compatible. aleo # V '(be)-preferable'; # Root aleo /aleu/'(be)-preferable'; no active voice; no passive 1 imperative; # no passive 2 imperative; ambara # V '(be)-stated'; # Root ambara '(be)-stated'; manambara # 'to declare, to proclaim'; # active voice manambara m+an+ambara 'pres-prf.an-root.ambara''to declare, to proclaim'; ambarao # '(let-sth/THEME)-be-proclaimed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ambarao ambara+u 'stem.ambara-suffix.u' written o '(let-sth)-be- # proclaimed-by.you'; ambara # '(that-which-is)-usually-proclaimed' or '(that-which-is)-being-proclaimed'; # passive 1 indicative ambara '(that-which-is)-usually-proclaimed' or '(that-which-is)- # being-proclaimed'; nambara # 'was-proclaimed'; # nambara nu+ambara 'past.pass-root.ambara''was-proclaimed'; hambara # 'will.be-proclaimed'; # hambara ho+ambara 'future.pass-root.ambara''will.be-proclaimed'; anambarao # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-proclaim'; # passive 2 imperative anambarao an+ambara+u 'prf.an-stem.ambara-suffix.u' # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-proclaim'; anambarana # '(the-manner/place/time/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-proclaimed'; # passive 2 indicative anambarana an+ambara+ana 'prf.an-stem.ambara-suffix.ana' # '(the-manner/place/time/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-proclaimed'; voambara # '(has-been)-declared, stated, proclaimed'; # Root ambara '(be)-stated'; voambara voa+ambara 'transitive.perf-root.ambara' # '(has-been) stated/declared/proclaimed'; fanambarana # 'proclamation'; # fanambarana f+an+ambara+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.ambara-suffix.ana'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem form as opposed to root; # because we are dealing with a stem, there is necessarily a suffix attached to it; fambara # 'omen'; # fambara f+ambara 'nominaliser.f-root.ambara''omen'; this form corresponds to # what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the on-line document called # 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form as opposed to a stem form; because # we are dealing with a root and NOT a stem, there canNOT be a suffix attached # to it. andry # V '(who/which)-can-be-waited-for' # Root andry '(who/which)-can-be-waited-for'; miandry # 'to wait'; # active voice miandry m+i+andri 'pres-prf.i-root.andri' with word-final i written y #'to wait'; andraso # '(let-s.one/sth/THEME)-be-waited-for-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative andraso andr+a+s+u 'stem.andras-suffix.u' written o # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-waited-for-by.you'; andrasana # '(s.one/sth-is)-being-waited-for-by.you'; # passive 1 indicative andrasana andr+a+s+ana 'stem.andras-suffix ana' # '(s.one/sth-is)-being-waited-for-by.you'; iandraso # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-wait-for'; # passive 2 imperative iandraso i+andr+a+s+u 'prf.i-stem.andras-suffix.u' # written o '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-wait-for'; iandrasana # '(sth/circumstance)-be-used-by.you-to-wait-for'; # passive 2 indicative iandrasana i+andr+a+s+ana 'prf.i-stem.andras-suffix.ana' # '(sth/circumstance)-be-used-by.you-to-wait-for'; fiandrasana # 'the action of waiting'; # fiandrasana f+i+andr+a+s+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.andras-suffix.ana' # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; mpiandry # 'one who (usually) attends to sth'; # mpiandry mp+i+andry 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.andry''one who (usually) attends to sth'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; azo # V '(be)-taken'; mahazo # '(be)-received, (be)-won, (be)-taken'; # Root azo '(be)-received, (be)-won, (be)-taken'; mahazo m+ah(a)+azu 'to receive, # to win, to take'; no passive 1 imperative; to indicate the manner/location/time- # at-which-sth)-be-received, Causal aha...suffix ana yielding ahazoana ah(a)+azu+ana # '(the-manner/location/time-when-sth)-be-successfully-received' Tsy azoko ianao. # Tsy azo -ko ianao. # not be-taken-by.me you # "I did not manage to catch/grab you'. ahazoana ahazahoana # '(the-reason-why/circumstance-sth)-be-usually-taken' or '(the-reason-why/ # circumstance-sth)-is-being-taken'; ahazoana ah(a)+azu+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.azu- # suffix.ana' or ahazahoana ah(a)-aza-ep.h+u-suffix.ana 'prefix.ah(a)-azu>aza-u>hu- # suffix.ana' where syllables zu & a have metathesized and h is an epenthetic consonant; # this prefix aha is CAUSAL; nahazoana nahazahoana # '(the-reason-why/circumstance-sth)-was-taken'; # nahazoana n+ah(a)+azu+ana 'past.active-prefix.aha-stem.azu-suffix.ana' or # nahazahoana n-ah(a)-aza-ep.h+u-suffix.ana 'past.active-prefix.aha-stem.azu # -suffix.ana'; hahazoana hahazahoana # '(the-reason-why/circumstance-sth)-will.be-taken'; # hahazoana h+ah(a)+azu+ana 'future.active-prefix.aha-stem.azu-suffix.ana' or # hahazahoana h-ah(a)-stem.azu-suffix.ana 'future.active-prefix.aha-stem.azu- # suffix.ana'; mifankahazo # 'to understand each other, to be in agreement'; # mifankahazo m+if+anka+h+azu 'pres-reciprocal.if-prefix.anka-ep.h-root.azu' # 'to understand each other, to be in agreement'; fahazoana fahazahoana # 'the fact that (s.one) has received'; # fahazoana f+ah(a)+azu+ana or fahazahoana f+ah(a)+aza+h+u+ana; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; in addition, note the use of the default # prefix AHA --recall that Passive.2 requires both a prefix as well as a suffix. babo # V '(be)-captive'; mamabo # 'to capture'; # Root babo /babu/ '(be)-captive'; active voice mamabo m+a(n>m)+(b)abu > # m-prf.a(n>m)-root.babu'> m+am+abu 'to capture';this is MANIPULATIVE # causative prefix an; baboy # '(let-s.one-be-made)-captive-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative baboy babu+i 'stem.babu-suffix.i' written y # '(let-s.one-be-made)-captive-by.you'; baboina # '(people)-usually-made-captive' or '(s.one-is)-being-made-a-captive'; # passive 1 indicative baboina stem.babu+ina '(people)-usually-made-captive' # or '(s.one-is)-being-made-a-captive'; nobaboina # 'was-deliberately-made-a-captive'; # nobaboina nu+babu+ina 'past.pass-be-made-captive-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-made-a-captive'; anababoy # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-make-captive'; # passive 2 imperative anababoy ana+babo+y 'prf.ana-stem.babu-suffix.i' # where word-final i is written y; anababoana # '(the-instrument-used)-to-capture'; # passive 2 indicative anababoana ana+babu+ana '(the-instrument-used)-to-capture'; # to focus on the time at which a capture took place, prefix aha; mahababo # '(the-circumstances-leading-to)-being-captive with the circumstances being # in focus; root babo '(be)-captive'; mahababo m+aha+babo 'pres-prf-babu' # '(the-circumstances-leading-to)-being-captive the circumstances being in focus; # this is CAUSAL prefix aha; voababo # 'has been captured'; # Root babo '(be)-captive'; voababo voa+babo 'transitive.perfective-root.babu' # 'was-made-captive'. Voababon'ny fahavalo i Jaona. # voa- babo- n' ny fahavalo i Jaona. # perf-captive-ep.na Det.unspec enemy D.sg John # "John was made a captive by the enemy''The enemy captured John'. efa # V '(be)-done'; # Root efa '(be)-done'; manefa # 'to accomplish, to finish sth off'; # active voice manefa m+an+efa 'pres-prf.an-root.efa''to accomplish, # to finish sth off'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; efao # '(let-sth)-be-done-by.you"; # passive 1 imperative efao 'stem.efa+suffix.u' written o #'(let-sth)-be-done-by.you"; efana # '(be)-usually-done' or '(is)-being-done'; # imperative 1 indicative efana 'stem.efa+suffix.ana' '(be)-usually-done' # or '(is)-being-done'; noefana # 'was-deliberately-done/accomplished'; # noefana nu+ef(a)+ana 'past.pass-stem.efa-suffix.ana''was-deliberately-done/ # accomplished'; anefao # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-done-by.you' or '(the-instrument/time-at-which-sth) # -be-done-by.you'; passive 2 imperative anefao an+efa+u 'prf.an-stem.efa-suffix.u' # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-done-by.you' or '(the-instrument/time-at-which-sth) # -be-done-by.you'; anefana # '(the-instrument/time-at-which-sth)-be-done'; # passive 2 indicative anefana an+ef(a)+ana 'prefix.an-stem.efa-suffix.ana' # '(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-done'; mahefa # '(who)-can-do-(things), powerful'; # Root efa '(be)-done'; mahefa m+ah(a)+efa 'pres-prf.aha-root.efa' # '(who)-can-do-(things)'; this is ABILITATIVE efa; ahefao # '(let-sth/THEME/royal-order)-be-done/executed'; # passive 1 imperative ahefao ah(a)+efa+u 'prefix.aha-stem.efa-suffix.u' # '(let-sth/royal-order)-be-done/executed-by.you'; ahefana # '(sth)-be-executed'; # passive 1 indicative ahefana ah(a)+efa+ana 'prf.aha-stem.efa-suffix.ana' # '(sth)-be-executed'; this is CAUSAL prefix aha; no passive 2 imperative; voaefa # '(has-been)-executed'; # Root efa '(be)-done'; voaefa voa+efa 'transitive.perfective-root.efa' # '(has-been)-executed'; fahefana # 'power' # fahefana f+ah(a)+efa+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.efa-suffix.ana'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; in addition, note the use of the default # prefix AHA -- recall that Passive.2 requires both a prefix and a suffix; manampahefana # 'authorities'; # manampahefana m+ana(n>m)(a>0)+(f>p)ahefana pres-verbstem.anana-stem.pahefana' > # m+anam+pahefana 'authorities' where (m)anana = 'to have, to possess'; fantatra # V '(be)-known'; # Root fantatra '(be)-known'; mamantatra # 'to try to find out about, to guess'; # mamantatra m+a(n>m)+(f)antatra 'pres-prf.an-root.fantatra'> # 'm+am+antatra''to try to find out about, to guess'; fantaro # '(I-put-you-on-notice:let-sth)-be-known-to.you'; # passive 1 imperative fantaro fantar+u 'stem.fantar-suffix.u' # '(I-put-you-on-notice: let-sth)-be-known-to.you'; fantarina # '(be)-usually-known' or '(is)-being-deliberately-found-out-about'; # passive 1 indicative fantarina fantar+ina 'stem.fantar-suffix.ina' # '(be)-usually-known' or '(is)-being-deliberately-found-out-about'; nofantarina # 'was-examined'; # nofantarina nu+fantar+ina 'past.pass-stem.fantar-suffix.ina' # 'was-guessed'; amantaro # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-find-out-about'; # passive 2 imperative amantaro a(n>m)+(f)antar+u 'prefix.an-stem.fantar # -suffix.u'> am+antar+u '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-find-out-about'; amantarana # '(the-manner/instrument/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-found-out- # about-in-a-deliberate-manner'; passive 2 indicative amantarana # a(n>m)+(f)antar+ana 'prefix.an-stem.fantar-suffix.ana'> am+antar+ana # '(the-manner/instrument/time-at-which-sth)-be-found-out-about-in-a- # deliberate-manner'; mahafantatra # 'to know'; # Root fantatra '(be)-known'; mahafantatra m+aha+fantatra 'pres-prf.aha # -root.fantatra''to know'; this is ABILITATIVE aha prefix; no passive 1 # imperative; no passive 2 imperative; to focus on manner/instrument/time # -at-which-s.one/sth-is known, prefix aha...suffix ana on stem.fantar of # passive 1 imperative of fantatra; this is CAUSAL prefix aha; Nahafantatra an'i Paoly i Jeanne. # N- aha-fantatra an' i Paoly i Jeanne. # past-prf-be-known acc D.sg Paul D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne knew Paul'. ahafantarana # '(the-circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-known'; # ahafantarana aha+fantar+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.fantar-suffix.ana' # '(the-circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-known'; Fantatr'i Jeanne tany Antsirabe i Paoly. # Fantatr' i Jeanne t-any Antsirabe i Paoly. # be-known-to D.sg Jeanne past-at Antsirabe D.sg Paoly # "Was known to Jeanne at Antsirabe Paul''Jeanne got to know Paul at Antsirabe' Tany Antsirabe no nahafantaran'i Jeanne an'i Paoly. # T-any Antsirabe no n- aha-fantar- an' i Jeanne an' i Paoly. # perf-there Antsirabe focus past-aha-be-known-suffix D.sg Jeanne acc D.sg Paul # "It was at Antsirabe that Jeanne was getting to know Paoly'. mampahafantatra # 'to let (people) know'; # mampahafantatra m+amp+aha+fantatra 'pres-causative.prefix.amp-prefix.aha- # root.fantatra' fahafantarana # 'the fact that one knows'; # fahafantarana f+aha+fantar+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.fantar-suffix.ana' # 'the fact that one knows'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; in addition, note the use of the default # prefix AHA --recall that Passive.2 requires both a prefix and a suffix; famantaranandro # 'watch, clock'; # famantaranandro f+a(n>m)+(f)antar+ana+andro 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an- # stem.fantar-suffix.ana-word.andro'day'> f+am+antar+ana+andro 'watch, clock'; ankamantatra # 'riddle'; # ankamantatra ank+a(n>m)+(f)antatra 'prefix.ank-prefix.an-root.fantatra'> # ank+am+antatra''riddle'; feno # Adj. 'full'; # Root feno /fenu/ 'full'(vs empty); mameno # 'to fill up'; # active voice mameno m+a(n>m)+(f)enu 'pres-causative.prf.an-root.fenu'> # m+am+enu 'to fill up'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; fenoy # '(let-sth)-be-filled-up-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative fenoy stem.fenu+i '(let-sth)-be-filled-up-by.you'; fenoina # '(be)-usually-filled-up' or '(is)-being-filled-up' # passive 1 indicative fenoina fenu+ina 'stem.fenu+suffix.ina '(be)-usually # -filled-up' or '(is)-being-filled-up'; nofenoina # 'was-filled-up-deliberately'; # nofenoina nu+fenu+ina 'past.pass-stem.fenu-suffix.ina''was-filled-up # -deliberately'; hofenoina # 'will.be-filled-up-deliberately'; # hofenoina hu+fenu+ina 'future.pass-stem.fenu-suffix.ina''will.be-filled-up # -deliberately'; amenoy # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-used-by-you-to-fill-up'; # passive 2 imperative amenoy a(n>m)+(f)enu+i 'prf.an-stem.fenu-suffix.i' > # am+enu+i '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-used-by-you-to-fill-up'; amenoana # '(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-filled-up # -deliberately'; passive 2 indicative amenoana a(n>m)+(f)enu+ana # 'prf.an-stem.fenu-suffix.ana' > am+enu+ana '(the-instrument/circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-filled-up-deliberately'; mifameno # 'to complement each other'; # mifameno m+if+a(n>m)+(f)enu 'pres-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.an-root.fenu'> # m+if+am+enu 'to complement each other'; mahafeno # 'to be able to fill up' or 'manage to fill up'; # Root feno 'full'(vs empty); mahafeno m+aha+fenu 'pres-prf.aha-root.fenu # 'to be able to fill up' or 'manage to fill up'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; famenoana # 'the action of filling up'; # famenoana f+a(n>m)+(f)enu+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.fenu-suffix.ana' > # f+am+enu+ana 'the action of filling up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; foana # Adj 'empty, null, void'; # Root foana /foana/'(be)-null, void, empty'; manafoana # to annul'; # active voice manafoana m+ana+foana 'pres-causative.prf.ana-root.foana' # 'to annul'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix ana; foano foany # '(let-sth)-be-cancelled-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative foano fuan+u 'stem.fuan-suffix.u' or foany fuan+i # 'stem.fuan-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-cancelled-by.you'; note that word-final # i is written y; foanana # '(which-is-usually)-cancelled' or '(which)-is-being-cancelled'; # passive 1 indicative foanana fuan+ana 'stem.fuan-suffix.ana' # '(which-is-usually)-cancelled' or '(which)-is-being-cancelled'; nofoanana # 'was-cancelled'; # nofoanana nu+fuan+ana 'past.pass-stem.fuan-suffix.ana' 'was-cancelled'; hofoanana # 'will.be-cancelled'; # hofoanana hu+fuan+ana 'future.pass-stem.fuan-suffix.ana' 'was-cancelled'; anafoano # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-cancelled-by.you' or 'the-instrument/manner/ # circumstances-under-which-sth-be-cancelled-by.you'; passive 2 imperative # anafoano ana+fuan+u 'prf.ana-stem.fuan-suffix.u''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be # -cancelled-by.you' or 'the-instrument/manner/circumstances-under-which # -sth-be-cancelled-by.you'; anafoanana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-cancelled' or '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances # -under-which-sth-is-cancelled'; passive 2 indicative anafoanana ana+fuan+ana # 'prf.ana-stem.fuan-suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-sth)-be-cancelled' # or '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances-under-which-sth-is-cancelled'; mahafoana # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-null/void' with the relevant circumstance argument # in focus; # Root foana '(be)-null, void, empty'; mahafoana m+aha+root.foana 'pres-aha-null' # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-null/void' with the relevant circumstance in focus; # this is CAUSAL prefix aha; fanafoanana # 'cancellation'; # fanafoanana f+ana+foan+ana 'nominaliser.f-causative.prefix.ana-stem.fuan- # suffix.ana''cancellation'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; folaka # Adj '(be)-bent'; # Root folaka /fulaka/ "(be)-bent'; mamolaka # 'to bend'; # active voice mamolaka m+a(n>m)+(f)ulaka 'pres-causative.prefix.an # -root.fulaka'> m+am+ulaka 'to bend'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative # prefix an; folaho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bent-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative folaho fulah+u 'stem.fulah-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bent-by.you'; folahina # '(the-one/that-which-is) -usually-deliberately-bent' or # '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-bent' # PATIENT/THEME being throroughly affected; fulah+ina passive 1 # indicative folahina fulah+ina stem.fulah-suffix.ina''(the-one/that # -which-is)-usually-deliberately-bent' or '(the-one/that-which-is) # -being-bent'PATIENT/THEME being # throroughly affected; afolaka # '(the-one/that-which-is) -usually-deliberately-bent' or # '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-bent' PATIENT/THEME being only # punctually affected; alternative passive afolaka a+fulaka # 'prefix.a-root.fulaka''a.pass-be-bent' PATIENT/THEME undergoing # only INITIAL IMPULSE; amolaho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-deliberately-bent' or'(let-instrument) # -be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-bend'; passive 2 imperative # amolaho a(n>m)+(f)ulah+u 'prf.an-stem.fulah-suffix.u'> am+ulah+u # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-deliberately/thoroughly-bent' or # '(let-instrument)-be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-bend'; amolahana # '(the-instrument-manner/time-at-which-s.one/sth)-be-deliberately/ # thoroughly-bent'; passive 2 indicative amolahana a(n>m)+(f)ulah+ana # 'prf.an-stem.fulah-suffix.ana'> am+ulah+ana '(the-instrument-manner/ # circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-deliberately-bent'; mahafolaka # 'can-bend' or 'manage-to-bend'; # Root folaka '(be)-bent'; mahafolaka m+aha+fulaka 'pres-prf.aha-fulaka' # 'can-bend' or 'manage-to-bend'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; voafolaka # 'has-been-successfully-bent'; # Root folaka '(be)-bent'; voafolaka voa+fulaka 'has-been-successfully-bent'; famolahana # 'the action of bending'; # famolahana f+a(n>m)+(f)ulah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.fulah # -suffix.ana' > f+am+ulah+ana 'the action of bending'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; mpamolaka # 'one how usually bends sth, trains (an animal)'; # mpamolaka mp+a(n>m)+(f)ulaka 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.fulaka'> # mp+am+ulaka 'one how usually bends sth, trains (an animal)'; foy # V (be)-given-up'; # Root foy /fui/ 'given-up'; mamoy # active voice = mamoy m+a(n>m)+(f)ui 'pres-prf.an-root.fui'> # m+am+ui 'to abandon'; this is CAUSAL prefix an; afoizo # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-given-up-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative afoizo a+fui+z+u 'a.pass-stem.fuiz # -suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-given-up-by.you'; afoy # '(s.one-who/that-which)-be-usually-given-up' or '(s.one-who/that # -which-is)-being-given-up'; passive 1 indicative afoy a+root.fui # 'a.pass-root.foy'; amoizo # '(let-the-time/circumstance-under-which-s.one/sth)-be.usually- # given-up-by.you' or '(let-the-time/circumstances-under-which- # s.one/sth-is)-being-given-up-by.you'; passive 2 imperative # amoizo a(n>m)+(f)ui+z+u 'prefix.an+stem.fuiz+suffix.u'> # am+ui+z+u; amoizana # # '(let-the-time/circumstance-under-which-s.one/sth)-be.usually-given-up' # or '(let-the-time/circumstance-under-which-s.one/sth-is)-being-given-up'; # passive 2 indicative amoizana a(n>m)+(f)ui+z+ana 'prefix.an-stem.fuiz # -suffix.ana'> am+ui+z+ana'(the-time/circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth) # -be-given-up'; mahafoy # 'to be able to give up'; # Root foy 'given-up'; mahafoy m+aha+fui 'pres-prefix.aha-root.fui''to be # able to give up'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; famoizana # 'the act of giving up'; # famoizana f+a(n>m)+(f)ui+z+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.fuiz # -suffix.ana'> f+am+ui+z+ana 'the act of giving up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; fy # N 'enjoyment'; # Root fy /fi/ 'enjoyment'; mankafy # 'to like, to enjoy'; # active voice = mankafy m+ank+a+fi 'pres-pr.ank-ep.a-root.fi'to like'; # this is CAUSAL prefix ank; ankafizo # '(let-sth)-be-enjoyed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ankafizo ank+a+fi+z+u 'prefix.ank-ep.a-stem.fi # -ep.z-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-enjoyed-by.you'; ankafizina # '(that-which/THEME)-be-usually-enjoyed' or '(that-which/THEME-is)-being # -enjoyed'; passive 1 indicative ankafizina ank+a+fi+z+ina 'prefix.ank- # ep.a-stem.fi-ep.z-suffix.ina''which is liked'; ankafizana # '(that-which/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-usually-enjoyed' or # '(that-which/ circumstances-under-which-sth-is)-being-enjoyed'; # passive 2 indicative ankafizana ank+a+fi+z+ana 'prefix.ank-ep.a # -stem.fi-ep.z-suffix.ana'; Mankafy vatomamy ny ankizy. # M-ank-a-fy vatomamy ny ankizy. # pres-prf-a-fy sweets Det.unspec chid(ren) # 'Children love sweets'; hadino # V '(be)-forgotten'; manadino # 'to forget'; # Root hadino /hadinu/ '(be)-forgotten'; active voice manadino # m+an+(h)adinu 'pres-prefix.an-root.hadinu'> m+an+adinu 'to forget'; hadinoy # '(let-sth)-be-forgotten-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hadinoy hadinu+i 'stem.hadinu-suffix.i' # '(let-sth)-be-forgotten-by.you'; hadinoina # '(sth-usually)-be-forgotten' or '(sth)-is-being-forgotten'; # passive 1 indicative hadinoina hadinu+ina 'stem.hadinu-suffix.ina' # '(be)-forgotten-suffix.ina''(sth-usually)-be-forgotten' or # '(sth)-is-being-forgotten'; anadinoy # '(let-circumstance)-be-used-by.you-to-deliberately-forget'; # passive 2 imperative anadinoy an+(h)adinu+i 'prefix.an-stem.hadinu # -suffix.i''(let-circumstance)-be-used-by.you-to-forget'; anadinoana anadinovana # '(that-which-is)-used-by.you-to-deliberately-forget'; # passive 2 indicative anadinoana an+(h)adinu+ana 'prefix.an # -stem.hadinu-suffix.ana'> an+adinu+ana; alternative passive 2 # indicative anadinovana an+(h)adinu+v+ana 'prefix.an-stem.hadinu # -ep.v-suffix.ana'> an+adinu+v+ana '(that-which-is)-used-b-to- # deliberately-forget'; fanadinoana # 'the (habitual) act of forgetting'; # fanadinoana f+an+(h)adinu+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.hadinu # -suffix.ana'> f+an+adinu+ana 'the act of forgetting'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed # by a suffix; haino heno # V '(be)-heard'; mihaino # 'to listen'; # Root haino /henu/ '(be)-heard'; also written heno; active voice mihaino # m+i+henu 'pres-prf.i-root.haino''to listen'; hainoy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-listened-to-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hainoy henu+i 'stem.henu-suffix.i'or henoy henu+i # 'stem.henu-suffix.i''(let-s.one/sth)-be-listened-to-by.you'; note that # the vowel i is written y word-finally; hainoina henoina # '(who/that-which)-be-usually-heard' or '(who/that-which is)-being-heard'; # passive 1 indicative hainoina henu+ina 'stem.henu-suffix.ina' or henoina # henu+ina 'stem.henu-suffix.ina''(who/that-which-is)-usually-heard' or # '(who/that-which is) -being-heard'; nohainoina nohenoina # 'was-listened-to-deliberately/attentively'; # alternatively nohainoina nu+henu+ina or nohenoina nu+henu+ina 'past.pass # -stem.henu-suffix.ina''was-listened-to-attentively/deliberately'; hohainoina hohenoina # 'will.be-listened-to-deliberately/attentively'; # alternatively hohainoina hu+henu+ina or hohenoina hu+henu+ina 'future.pass # -stem.henu-suffix.ina''will.be-listened-to-attentively/deliberately'; ihainoy # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-listened-to-by.you' '(let-an-instrument/ # circumstances-under-which)-be-used-by.you-to-listen'; passive 2 imperative # ihainoy i+henu+i 'prf.i-stem.henu-suffix.i''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be # -listened-to-by.you''(let-an-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-listen'; ihainoana # '(that-which-is-used)-to-listen' or '(the-manner/place/time-at-which-sth) # -be-listened-to'; passive 2 indicative ihainoana i+henu+ana 'prf.i-stem.henu # -suffix.ana''(that-which-is-used)-to-listen' or '(the-manner/place/circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-listened-to'; mpihaino # 'listener'; # mpihaino mp+i+henu 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.haino''listener'; fihainoana # 'the (habitual) act of listening' or 'that which is used to listen to sth'; # fihainoana f+i+henu+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.henu-suffix.ana' # 'the act of listening'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; hay # V '(be)-known-to' or '(be)-knowledgeable-about-sth'; mahay # Root hay /hai/'(be)-knowlegeable-about-sth'; active voice mahay m+a+hai # 'pres-ep.a-root.hai'; no passive 1 imperative; no passive 2 imperative; # to focus on the manner/place/time-at-which knowledge was gained, prefix aha, # epenthetic consonant z, suffix ana; the prefix aha is CAUSAL; Tany Antsirabe no nahaizan'i Paoly nitondra fiara. # T- any Antsirabe no n-aha-hai- z-ana i Paoly n-itondra fiara. # perf-there Antsirabe focus past-aha-hai-z-suffix D.sg Paul past-drive car # "It was at Antsirabe that Paul was becoming knowledgeable about driving". # An initial plausible step would be h-dropping from prefix 'aha' followed by # merging of subsequent vowels. fahaizana # 'knowledge, skill'; # fahaizana f+a+hai+z+ana 'nominalizer.f-ep.a-stem.hai-ep.z-suffix.ana' # 'knowledge, skill'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; mpahay # 'expert (in sth)'; # mpahay mp+a+hai 'prefix.mp-ep.a-root.hai''expert (in sth)'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hita # V '(be)-seen; mahita # 'to see'; # Root hita '(be)-seen'(perception); active voice mahita # m+a+hita 'pres-ep.a-root.hita''to see'; no passive 1 imperative; # no passive 2 imperative; to indicate the manner/place/circumstances # -under-which sth-be-seen, passive.prefix a...suffix.ana with the # circumstances in focus; this is a CAUSAL prefix construction; Nahita an'i Paoly i Jeanne tamin'ny taona 2000. # N-a-hita an'i Paoly i Jeanne t-amin'ny taona 2000. # past-prf.a-root.hita acc D.sg Paul D.sg Jeanne past-on Det.unspec year 2000 # 'Jeanne saw Paul in the year 2000' Tamin' ny taona 2000 no nahitan' i Jeanne an'i Paoly. # T- amin'ny taona 2000 no n- a- hita- ana i Jeanne an' i Paoly. # perf-on Det.unspec year 2000 focus past-prefix.a-stem.hita-suff.ana D.sg Jeanne acc D.sg Paul # 'It was in the year 2000 that Paul was seen by Jeanne'. la # Root 'refusal'; manda # 'to refuse, to deny'; # Root la 'refusal, denial'; active voice manda m+an+(l>d)a # 'pres-prefix.an-root.la''pres-prf-la' > m+an+da 'to refuse, to deny'; lavo # '(let-sth)-be-denied-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative lavo la+v+u 'stem.lav-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-denied-by.you'; lavina # '(that-which-is)-usually)-denied' or '(that-which-is)-being-denied'; # passive 1 indicative form lavina lav+ina 'stem.lav-suffix.ina' # '(that-which-is-usually)-denied' or '(that-which-is)-being-denied';; nolavina # '(sth)-was-deliberately-denied'; # nolavina nu+lav+ina 'past.pass-stem.lav-suffix.ina' # '(sth)-was-deliberately-denied'; holavina # '(sth)-will.be-deliberately-denied'; # holavina hu+lav+ina 'future.pass-stem.lav-suffix.ina' # '(sth)-will.be-deliberately-denied'; andavo # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-deny'; # passive 2 imperative andavo an+(l>d)av+u # 'prefix.an-stem.lav-suffix.u' > an+da+v+u # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-deny'; andavana # '(the-manner/time...sth)-be-denied'; # passive 2 indicative andavana an+(l>d)av+ana # 'prefix.an-stem.lav--suffix.ana' > an+dav+ana # '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which.sth)-be-denied'; fandavana # 'denial, refusal'; # fandavana f+an+(l>d)av+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an # -stem.lav-suffix.ana' > f+an+dav+ana # 'denial, refusal'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; latsaka # V '(be)-dropped'; mandatsaka # 'to drop'; # Root latsaka '(be)-dropped'; active voice mandatsaka # m+an+(l>d)atsaka 'pres-prefix.an-root.latsaka'> m+an+datsaka # 'to drop'; this is CAUSAL prefix an; alatsaho # '(let-sth)-be-dropped'; # passive 1 imperative alatsaho a+latsah+u # 'a.passive-stem.latsah-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-dropped'; alatsaka # '(sth)-be-usually dropped' or '(sth-is)-being-dropped'; # passive 1 indicative alatsaka a+latsaka 'a.passive-root.latsaka' # '(sth)-be-usually dropped' or '(sth-is)-being-dropped'; andatsaho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-dropped-by.you' or '(let-sth/ # circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-drop'; passive 2 imperative # andatsaho an+(l>d)atsah+u 'pref.an-stem.latsah-by.you'> # an+datsah+u '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-dropped-by.you' # or '(let-sth/circumstance)-be-used-by.you-to-drop'; andatsahana # '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-usually-used-to # -deliberately-drop' or '(the-circumstances-under-which # -sth-is)-being-deliberately-dropped'; passive 2 indicative # andatsahana an+(l>d)atsah+ana 'prefix.an-stem.datsah-suffix.ana'> # an+datsah+ana '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-usually # -used-to-deliberately-drop' or '(the-circumstances-under-which # -sth-is)-being-deliberately-dropped'; mahalatsaka # 'to be able to drop'; # Root latsaka '(be)-dropped'; mahalatsaka m+aha+latsaka # 'pres-prefix.aha-root.latsaka' 'to be able to drop'; note that # this causative prefix aha is ABILITATIVE and combines # with root.latsaka; no passive 1 form; no passive 2 form; ahalatsahana # however when the relevant circumstances (manner/place/time) are # in focus the form with another prefix ahalatsahana aha+latsah+ana # 'prefix.aha-stem.latsah-suffix.ana'aha+latsah is used to indicate # that there is no deliberate intent invoved; this other prefix aha # is CAUSAL and combines with stem.latsah; voalatsaka # 'have-been-able-to-be-dropped'or 'have-managed to drop successfully'; # Root latsaka '(be)-dropped'; voalatsaka voa+latsaka 'transitive.perf # -root.latsaka'''was-able-to-be-dropped' or 'managed to drop' with AGENT # in the genitive with connotation of success; Voalatsak'i Jeanne ilay taratasy. # voa+ latsaka i Jeanne ilay taratasy. # perf-be-dropped-by D.sg Jeanne DX.sg letter # 'The (p.m.) letter has been able to be posted by Jeanne' # 'Jeanne has managed to post the letter'. tafalatsaka # tafalatsaka tafa+latsaka 'have-been-registered-(on-school-roll) # -despite-adversity'; tafalatsaka tafa+latsaka 'intransitive.perfective.tafa # -root.latsaka''was-successfully-registered-(on-school-roll,for example, # despite adversity)'; Tafalatsaka i Jeanne. # tafa-latsaka i Jeanne. # perf-be-dropped D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne has been successfully enrolled'.(Adversative) fandatsahana # 'the act of deliberately dropping; # fandatsahana f+an+(l>d)atsah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.latsah # -suffix.ana' > f+an+datsah+ana 'the act of deliberately dropping; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; mpandatsaka # 'people who habitually & deliberately drop sth'; # mp+an+(l>d)atsaka 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.latsaka' > mp+an+datsaka # 'people who habitually & deliberately drop sth'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; lena # Adj '(be)soaked'; mandena # 'to soak'; # Root lena '(be)-soaked'; active voice = mandena m+an+(l>d)ena # 'pres-prf.an-root.lena' > m+an+dena 'to soak'; this is MANIPULATIVE # causative prefix an; lemo # '(let-sth)-be-soaked-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative lemo lem+u 'stem.lem-suffix.u' > lem+u # '(let-sth)-be-soaked-by.you'; lemana # '(who/that-which)-be-usually-soaked' or '(who/that-which-is)-being-soaked'; # passive 1 indicative lemana lem+ana 'stem.lem-suffix.ana '(who/that-which) # -be-usually-soaked' or '(that-which-is-being)-soaked'; nolemana # 'was-(deliberately)-soaked'; # nolemana nu+lem+ana 'past.pass-stem.lem+suffix.ana' 'was-(deliberately)-soaked'; andemana # '(the-manner/instrument/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-soaked' or # '(the-time-at-which-sth)-be-soaked'; passive 2 indicative andemana an+(l>d)em+ana # 'prefix.an-stem.lem-suffix.ana' > an+dem+ana '(the-manner/instrument/circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-soaked' or '(the-time-at-which-sth)-be-soaked'; lo # Adj '(be)rotten'; mando # 'to cause to rot'; # Root lo /lu/ '(be)-rotten'; active voice mando m+an+(l>d)u > m+an+du #'to cause to rot'; this is CAUSAL prefix an; lovy # '(let-be).rotten-v-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative lovy lu+v+i 'root.lu-ep.v-suffix.i' > # 'stem.luv-suffix.i''(let-be).rotten-v-by.you'; note that word-final i # is written y; lovina # '(that-which-is)-usually-made-to-rot'; # passive 1 indicative lovina lu+v+ina 'root.lu-ep.v-suffix.ina' > # luv+ina '(that-which-is)-usually-made-by.you-to-rot'; andovy # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-made-to-rot-by.you'; # passive 2 imperative andovy an+(l>d)uv+i 'prefix.an-stem.luv-suffix.i' > # an+duv+i '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-made-to-rot-by.you'; note that word-final # i is written y; andovana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-made-to-rot' or '(the-manner/place/time-at-which-sh) # -be-made-to-rot'; passive 2 indicative andovana an+(l>d)uv+ana 'prefix.an-stem.luv # -suffix.ana' > an+duv+ana '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-made-to-rot' or '(the-manner/place/ # time-at-which-sh)-be-made-to-rot'; mahalo # Root lo '(be)-rotten'; mahalo m+aha+lu 'pres-prf-lu''(the-reason-why-sth)-be-rotten' # with the reason why in focus position, with no deliberate intent involved; # this is CAUSAL prefix aha; loaka # Adj '(be)-with-a-hole-in-it'; mandoaka # 'to-make-a-hole-in-(sth)'; # Root loaka /loka/'(be)-with-a-hole-in-it'; active voice mandoaka m+an+(l>d)oaka # 'pres-pref.an-root.loaka' > m+an+doaka 'to-make-a-hole-in-(sth)'; loaho loahy # '(let-sth)-be-made-by.you-a-hole-in'; # passive 1 imperative loaho luah+u 'stem.luah-suffix.u' or loahy luah+i 'stem.luah-suffix.i' # '(let-sth)-be-made-by.you-a-hole-in'; loahana # '(sth)-be-made-a-hole-in'; # passive 1 indicative loahana luah+ana 'stem.luah-suffix.ana''(sth)-be-made-a-hole-in'; andoahy # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-make-a-hole/a-few-holes-in'; # passive 2 imperative andoahy an+(l>d)uah+i 'prefix.an-stem.duah-suffix.i'> an+duah+i #'(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-make-a-hole/a-few-holes-in'; the word-final i is written y; andoahana # '(the-instrument-used)-habitually-to-make-a-hole-in' or '(the-manner/circumstances-under- # which-is)-being-made-a-hole-in'; passive 2 indicative andoahana an+duah+ana 'prefix.an- # stem.duah-suffix.ana' '(the-instrument-used)-habitually-to-make-a-hole-in' or '(the-manner/ # circumstances-under-which-is)-being-made-a-hole-in'; mahaloaka # 'to-be-able-to-make-a-hole'; # Root loaka '(be)-with-a-hole-in-it'; mahaloka m+aha+loka 'pres-prefix.aha-root.loaka' # 'to be able to make a hole' or 'to manage to make a hole'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; loaka # 'hole-made-accidentally'; # Root loaka '(be)-with-a-hole-in-it'; loaka 'hole-made-accidentally' with AGENT in the # genitive or 'managed to make a hole in sth'; voaloka voa+loka 'transitive.perf-loka' # 'was-able-to-be-drilled' or 'managed to drill'. Loakan'i Paoly ilay zavatra. # Loaka- n' i Paoly ilay zavatra. # 'be-with-a-hole-in-it-ep.na D.sg Paul DX.sg thing # 'Paul accidentally made in hole in that thing' or 'Paul managed to make a hole in that thing'. ome # Root 'donation'; manome # 'to give'; # Root ome 'donation'; active voice manome m+an+ume 'pres-prf.an-root.ume' # 'to give'; omeo # '(let-sth)-be-given-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative omeo /umeu/ ume+u 'root.ume-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-given-by.you'; omena # '(sth)-is-usually-given' or '(sth-is)-being-given'; # passive 1 indicative omena ume+(i)na 'stem.ume-suffix.ina' # '(sth)-is-usually-given' or '(sth)-is-being-given'; nomena # '(sth)-was-given'; # nomena nu+ome+ina 'past.pass-stem.ome-suffix.ina''(sth)-was-given'; anomezo # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-given-by.you' or '(let-sth/circumstances-under # -which)-be-used-by.you-to-give'; passive 2 imperative anomezo an+ume+z+u # 'prefix.an-stem.umez-suffix.u''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-given-by.you' # or '(let-sth/circumstances-under-which)-be-used-by.you-to-give'; anomezana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-given' or '(the-manner-or-time-at-which-sth)-be-given'; # passive 2 indicative anomezana an+ume+z+ana 'prf.an-stem.umez-suffix.ana' # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-given''(the-manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-given'; fanomezana # 'the act of donating, donation, gift'; # fanomezana f+an+ume+z+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.umez-suffix.ana' # 'donation, gift'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; fanome # 'that which is usually donated'; # fanome f+an+ume 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.ume''that which is usually # donated'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form as opposed to a stem; mpanome # 'donor'; # mpanome mp+an+ume 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.ume''donor'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; petaka # Adj '(be)-flat'; mametaka # 'to stick, to put'; # Root petaka transitive mametaka m+a(n>m)+(p)etaka # 'pres-prefix.an-root.petaka' > m+am+etaka # 'to stick, to put'; this is MANIPULATIVE prefix an; mipetaka # 'to stick, to be stuck'; # active voice intransitive mipetaka m+i+petaka 'pres-prefix.i-root.petaka' # 'to stick, to be stuck'; petaho # '(let-sth)-be-stuck-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative petaho petah+u 'stem.petah-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-stuck-by.you'; petahina # '(that-which-is)-usually-stuck' or '(that-which-is)-being-stuck'; # passive 1 indicative petahina petah+ina 'stem.petah-suffix.ina' # '(that-which-is)-usually-stuck'or '(that-which-is)-being-stuck'; ametaho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-made-to-stick-by.you' or '(let-an-instrument) # -be-used-by.you-to-stick'; passive 2 imperative ametaho a(n>m)+(p)etah+u # 'prefix.an-stem.petah-suffix.u' > am+etah+u '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-made # -to-stick-by.you' or '(let-an-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-stick'; ametahana # passive 2 indicative ametahana a(n>m)+(p)etah+ana 'prefix.an-stem.petah # -suffix.ana' > am+etah+ana '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances-under- # which-sth)-be-made-to-stick'; mahapetaka # 'to be able to put/stick'; # Root petaka '(be)-flat'; mahapetaka m+aha+petaka 'pres-prf.aha-root.petaka # 'be-able-to-put'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; mahapetaka # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-flat' or 'the reason why being in focus or # 'to be able to put/stick'; mahapetaka m+aha+petaka 'pres-prefix.aha-root.petaka' # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-flat' or 'the reason why being in focus or # 'to be able to put/stick'; this is CAUSAL prefix aha; voapetaka # Root petaka '(be)-stuck'; voapetaka voa+petaka 'transitive.perf-root.petaka' # 'was-able-to-be-stuck'; fametahana # 'the action of putting'; # fametahana f+a(n>m)+(p)etah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.petah-suffix.ana' # > f+am+etah+ana 'the action of putting'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; fametaka # 'that which is usually stuck on a surface'; # fametaka f+a(n>m)+(p)etaka 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.petaka' > # f+am+etaka 'that which is usually put'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; mpametaka # 'one who usually sticks (things on a surface)'; # mpametaka mp+a(n>m)+(p)etaka 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.petaka' > # mp+am+etaka 'one who usually puts, sticks (things)'; fipetahana # 'the manner in which something is made to stick on a surface'; # fipetahana f+i+petah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.petah-suffix.ana' # 'the manner in which something sticks on a surface'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; fipetaka # 'the usual manner in which something sticks on a surface'; # fipetaka f+i+petaka 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-root.petaka''the usual manner # in which something sticks on a surface'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form as opposed to a stem; potika # V '(be)-smashed'; mamotika # Root potika /putika/ '(be)-smashed'; mamotika m+a(n>m)+(p)utika # 'pres-prefix.an-root.putika' > m+am+utika 'to smash'; this is # MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; poteho # '(let-sth)-be-smashed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative poteho puteh+u 'stem.puteh-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-smashed-by.you'; potehina # passive 1 indicative potehina puteh+ina 'stem.puteh-suffix.ina' # '(which)-is-being-smashed'or '(which-is)-usually-smashed'; nopotehina # 'was-smashed'; # nopotehina nu+puteh+ina 'past.pass-puteh-ina''was-smashed'; hopotehina # 'will.be-smashed'; # hopotehina hu+puteh+ina 'future.pass-puteh-ina''will.be-smashed'; amoteho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-smashed-by.you' or '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT) # -be-used.by.you-to-smash' ; passive 2 imperative amoteho a(n>m)+puteh+u # 'prf.an-stem.poteh-suffix.u' > am+uteh+u '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-smashed # -by.you'or '(let-sth-)-be-used.by.you-to-smash' ; amotehana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-smashed' or '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-smashed'; passive 2 indicative amotehana a(n>m)+(p)uteh+ana # 'prefix.an-stem.puteh-suffix.ana' > am+uteh+ana '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-smashed' # or '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-smashed'; mahapotika # 'to be able to smash' or 'to manage to smash'; # Root potika '(be)-smashed'; mahapotika m+aha+putika 'pres-prefix.aha-root.putika' # 'to be able to smash' or 'to manage to smash' vs potika '(be)-accidentally-smashed'; # this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; Potik'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # Potik'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # smashed-by D.sg Paul Det.unspec glasses # 'The glasses were accidentally smashed by Paul'. famotehana # 'the action of smashing'; # famotehana f+a(n>m)+(p)uteh+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.puteh-suffix.ana' # > f+am+uteh+ana 'the action of smashing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; mpamotika # 'one who usually smashes'; # mpamotika mp+a(n>m)+(p)utika 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.putika' > mp+am+utika # 'one who usually smashes'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; potsitra # Adj '(be)-crushed'; manapotsitra # 'to crush'; # Root potsitra /putsitra/ '(be)-crushed'; active voice manapotsitra # m+ana+putsitra 'pres-prefix.ana-root.putsitra''pres-prf-be-crushed' # 'to crush'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix ana; potsiro # '(let-sth)-be-crushed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative potsiro putsir+u 'stem.putsir-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-crushed-by.you'; potsirina # '(be)-usually-crushed' or (is)-being-crushed'; # passive 1 indicative potsirina putsir+ina 'stem.putsir-suffix.ina' # '(be)-usually-crushed' or (is)-being-crushed'; anapotsiro # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-crushed-by.you' or '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT) # -be-used-by.you-to-crush'; passive 2 imperative anapotsiro ana+putsir+u # 'prefix.ana-stem.putsir-suffix.u''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-crushed'; anapotsirana # '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-crushed' or # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-crushed'; passive 2 indicative anapotsirana # ana+putsir+ana 'prf.ana-stem.putsir-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/manner/ # circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-crushed' or '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-crushed'; mahapotsitra # Root potsitra '(be)-crushed'; mahapotsitra m+aha+putsitra 'pres-prefix.aha # -root.putsitra''to-be-able-to-crush', where prefix aha is ABILITATIVE; # alternatively with the reason why in focus '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-crushed # -(with-no-intent-involved', prefix aha is CAUSAL; voapotsitra # Root potsitra '(be)-crushed'; voapotsitra voa+putsitra 'transitive.perfective # -root.putsitra''was crushed'; fanapotsirana # 'the action of crushing'; # fanapotsirana f+ana+putsir+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.ana-stem.putsir- # suffix.ana''the action of crushing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; potraka # V '(be)-fallen-off'; mamotraka # 'to cause someone to fall down to the ground'; # Root potraka /putraka/ '(be)-fallen-off'; active voice (very rare) mamotraka # m+a(n>m)+(p)utraka 'pres-prefix.an-root.potraka' > m+am+utraka 'to cause # someone to fall down to the ground'; this is CAUSAL prefix an; apotraho # '(let-s.one)-be-thrown-by.you-to-the-ground'; # passive 1 imperative (very rare) apotraho a+putrah+u 'prf.a-stem.putrah-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one)-be-thrown-to-the-ground'; anapotrahana # '(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-deliberately-thrown # -to-the-ground'; passive 2 imperative (very rare) anapotrahana an+a+putrah+ana # 'prf.an-ep.a-stem.putrah-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which # -s.one/sth)-be-deliberately-thrown-to-the-ground'; fanapotrahana famotrahana # 'the action of (deliberately) causing s.one to fall'; # fanapotrahana f+ana+putrah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.ana-stem.putrah-suffix.ana' # 'the action of deliberately causing s.one to fall'; # famotrahana famotrahana f+a(n>m)+(p)utrah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.putrah # -suffix.ana' > f+am+utrah+ana; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; rakotra # Adj/N '(be)-covered/a cover'; mandrakotra # 'to cover'; # Root rakotra /rakutra/'(be)-covered-with'; active voice transitive # mandrakotra m+an+d+rakutra 'pres-prf.an-ep.d-root.rakutra''(to)-cover'; # this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; mirakotra # 'to be covered'; # active voice intransitive mirakotra m+i+rakutra 'pres-prefix.i-root.rakutra' # '(be)-covered-with-(sth)'; rakofy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-covered-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative rakofy rakuf+i 'stem.rakuf-suffix.i''(let-s.one/sth) # -be-covered-by.you'; rakofana # '(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-covered' or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being # -covered'; passive 1 indicative rakofana rakuf+ana 'stem.rakuf-suffix.ana' # '(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-covered' or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being # -covered'; norakofana # 'was-covered, i.e. literally tucked in'; # passive 1 indicative norakofana nu+rakuf+ana 'past.pass-stem.rakuf-suffix.ana' # 'was-covered, i.e. literally tucked in'; arakofy # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-cover,i.e. the blanket is thrown over someone # or something, but no tucking in''; alternative passive 1 imperative arakofy # a+rakuf+i 'a.prefix-stem.rakuf-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-cover, # i.e. the blanket is thrown over someone or something, but no tucking in''; arakotra # (instrument-which)-is-habitually-used-to-cover, i.e. the blanket is simply # thrown over someone or something''; passive 1 indicative arakotra a+rakutra # 'a.prefix-root.rakutra''(instrument-which)-is-habitually-used-to-cover,i.e. # the blanket is simply thrown over someone or something''; andrakofy # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-covered-by.you' or'(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-cover # -(s.one/sth)'; passive 2 imperative andrakofy an+d+rakuf+i 'prefix.an-ep.d- # stem.rakuf-suffix.i''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-cover' or # '(let-sth)-be-use-by.you-to-cover-(s.one/sth)'; andrakofana # '(INSTRUMENT/that-which-is-used)-to-cover'; # passive 2 indicative andrakofana an+d+rakuf+ana'prf.an-epenthetic.d-stem.rakuf # -suffix.ana''(INSTRUMENT/that-which-is-used)-to-cover'; Rakotra fasika i Jeanne. # Rakotra fasika i Jeanne. # 'be-covered-with sand D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne is covered with (some) sand'. STATE Mirakotra bodofotsy i Jeanne. # m-i-rakotra bodofotsy i Jeanne # pres-prf-be-covered-with blanket D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne has covered herself with a blanket'. Present RESULT of some action. irakofy # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-as a cover'; # irakofy i+rakuf+i 'prefix.i-stem.rakuf-suffix.i' # "(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-as a cover'; irakofana # '(sth)-be-hanitually-used-as-a-cover' or # '(sth-is)-being-used-as-a-cover'; # irakofana i+rakuf+ana 'prefix.i-stem.rakuf-suffix.ana' #'(sth)-be-habitually-used-as-a-cover' or # '(sth-is)-being-used-as-a-cover'; maharakotra # Root rakotra '(be)-covered-with'; maharakotra m+aha+rakutra # 'pres-prf-rakutra''(be)-capable-of-covering'; this is # ABILITATIVE prefix aha; voarakotra # '(who/which)-has-been-covered' or '(who/which)-has-been-successfully # -covered'; voarakotra voa+rakutra 'transitive.perfective-root.rakutra' # '(who/which)-has-been-covered' or '(who/which)-has-been-successfully-covered'; fandrakofana # 'the action of covering'; # fandrakofana f+an+d+rakuf+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.d-stem.rakuf # -suffix.ana''the action of covering'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN; firakofana # '(which is) habitually used as a cover'; # firakofana f+i+rakuf+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.rakuf-suffix.ana' # 'which is habitually used as a cover'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the suffix ANA. raraka # Adj '(be)-spilled'; # '(sth)-be-usually-spilled' or '(sth-is)-being-spilled'; mandraraka # 'to spill'; # Root raraka '(be)-spilled'; active voice mandraraka m+an+d+raraka # 'pres-prefix.an-ep.d-root.raraka''to spill'; this is MANIPULATIVE # causative prefix an; miraraka # 'to spill'; # miraraka m+i+raraka 'pres-prefix.i-root.raraka''to spill'; raraho # '(let-sth/LOCATION)-be-spilled-over-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative raraho rarah+u 'stem.rarah-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-spilled-over-by.you'; rarahana # '(sth/LOCATION)-be-usually-spilled-over' or '(sth-is)-being # -spilled-over; passive 1 indicative rarahana rarah+ana # 'stem.rarah-suffix.ana''(sth/LOCATION)-be-usually-spilled-over' # or '(sth/LOCATION-is)-being-spilled-over; araraho # '(let-sth/THEME)-be-spilled-by.you'; # araraho passive 1 imperative a+rarah+u 'a.passive-stem.rarah # -suffix.u''(let-sth/THEME)-be-spilled-by.you'; araraka # '(sth/THENE)-be-usually-spilled' or '(sth/THEME-is)-being # -spilled'; passive 1 indicative araraka a+raraka 'a.passive # -root.raraka''(sth/THENE)-be-usually-spilled' or '(sth/THEME # -is)-being-spilled'; norarahana # 'was-spilled-over'; # alternatively passive 1 indicative norarahana nu+rarah+ana # 'past.pass-be-spilled-over-ana''was-spilled-over'; andraraho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-spilled-over-by.you' or # '(let-an-insrument-be)-used-by.you-to-spill'; # passive 2 imperative andraraho an+d+rahah+u # 'prf.an-ep.d-be-stem.rarah-suffix.u' # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-spilled-over-by.you' # or '(let-an-insrument-be-used)-by.you-to-spill'; andrarahana # '(the-manner/instrument/time-at-which-sth)-be-spilled-over'; # passive 2 indicative andrarahana an+d+rarah+ana 'prefix.an # -ep.d-stem.rarah-suffix.ana''(the-manner/instrument/time-at # -which-sth)-be-spilled-over'; fandrarahana # 'the act of spilling'; # fandrarahana f+an+d+rarah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.d # -stem.rarah-suffix.ana' # 'the act of spilling'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN # and the suffix ANA. re # V '(be)-heard'; mandre # 'to hear'; # Root re 'be-heard (perception)'; active voice mandre m+an+d+re # 'pres-prefix.an-ep.d-root.re''pres-prf-re''to hear'; re # 'be-heard'; # passive 1 indicative form = re 'be-heard' with a sentential subject # with comp fa 'that'; Reko fa nandeha i Jeanne # re-ko fa n-andeha i Jeanne # be-heard-by.me comp past-go D.sg Jeanne # 'Be-heard-by.me that Jeanne left' 'I heard that Jeanne left'. andreneso # '(that-which/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-listen'; # passive 2 imperative andreneso an+d+re+n+e+s+u 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.renes- # suffix.u''(that-which/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-listen'; andrenesana # '(the-manner/time/circumstances-under-which...sth)-be-heard'; # passive 2 indicative andrenesana an+d+re+n+e+s+ana 'prefix.an-ep.d # -stem.renes-suffix.ana''(the-manner/time/circumstances # -under-which...sth)-be-heard'; mahare # Root re 'be-heard'; mahare m+aha+re 'pres-prefix.aha-root.re' # 'to be able to hear'; this is ABILITATIVE aha; fandrenesana # 'the act of hearing or getting to know about sth via one's physical senses # except eyesight'; fandrenesana f+an+d+renes+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.d # -stem.renes-suffix.ana''the act of hearing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the primary prefix AN & the suffix; fampandrenesana # 'announcement'; # fampandrenesana f+amp+an+d+re+n+e+s+ana 'nominaliser.f-causative.prefix.amp # -prefix.an-ep.d-stem.renes-suffix.ana''announcement'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the secondary prefix amp. resy # V '(be)-vanquished'; mandresy # 'to defeat'; # Root resy '(be)-vanquished, (be)-defeated'; mandresy m+an+d+resi # 'pres-prf.an-ep.d-root.resi''to defeat'; resy # '(be)-defeated'[the state]; # passive 1 indicative resy '(be)-defeated'[the state]; reseo # '(let-s.one-be)-defeated-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative reseo rese+u 'stem.res(i>e)-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one-be)-defeated-by.you'; noresena # 'was-deliberately-defeated'; # alternatively noresena nu+rese+(i)na 'past.passive-stem.rese # -suffix.ina''was-deliberately-defeated'; andreseo # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-defeat' or '(the-circumstances # -under-which-s.one)-be-defeated-by.you'; passive 2 imperative andreseo # an+d+rese+u 'prf.an-ep.d-be-stem.rese-suffix.o''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT-be # -used-by.you)-to-defeat' or '(the-circumstances-under-which-s.one)-be # -defeated-by.you'; andresena # '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-defeat' or '(the-circumstances-under-which # -s.one)-be-defeated'; passive 2 indicative andresena an+d+rese+(a)na # 'prf.an-ep.d-stem.rese-suffix.ana'; maharesy # 'to manage to defeat' or 'to be able to defeat'; # Root resy '(be)-vanquished, (be)-defeated'; maharesy m+aha+resi # 'pres-prf.aha-root.resi''to manage to defeat''to be able to defeat'; aharesena # '(the-circumstances-under-which/Oblique)-be-defeated'; # aharesena aha+rese+(a)na 'prefix.aha-stem.rese-suffix.ana' # '(the-circumstances-under-which)-be-defeated'; this is CAUSAL prefix.aha; fandresena # 'victory'; # fandresena f+an+d+rese+(a)na 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.d-stem.rese # -suffix.ana' > f+an+d+rese+na 'victory'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN & the suffix ANA; faharesena # 'victory' or 'defeat'; # faharesena f+aha+rese+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.rese-suffix.ana' # 'victory' or 'defeat'; if prefix aha = 'be able to' or 'manage', # faharesena = 'victory'; if prefix aha = CAUSAL prefix, faharesena = 'defeat'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA; mpandresy # 'victor'; # mpandresy mp+an+d+resi 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.resi''victor'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; ritra # V '(be)-dried-up'; mandritra # 'to fry, to dry up'; # Root ritra '(be)-dried-up, evaporated'; active voice mandritra # m+an+d+ritra 'pres-prefix.an-ep.d-root.ritra''pres-prf-d-ritra' # 'to dry up'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative an; rito # (let-sth)-be-dried.up/fried-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative rito rit+u 'stem.rit-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be # -dried.up/fried-by.you'; ritina # '(sth)-is-being-dried.up/fried' or '(sth)-is-usually-dried-up/fried'; # passive 1 indicative ritina rit+ina 'stem.rit-suffix.ina''(sth)-is- # being-fried/dried-up' or '(sth)-is-usually-fried/dried-up'; noritina # '(sth)-was-dried-up or fried'; # passive 1 indicative noritina nu+rit+ina 'past.pass-stem.rit-suffix.ina' # '(sth)-was-dried-up or fried'; andrito # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-fried/dried-up-by.you' or '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)- # be-used-by.you-to-fry/dry-up'; # andrito an+d+rit+u 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.rit-suffix.u'; # passive 2 imperative andrito an+d+rit+u 'prf.an-ep.d-stem.rit-suffix.u' # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-dried-up-by.you' or # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-fry/dry-up'; andritana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-fried/dried-up' or '(the-instrument-used-to)-fry/ # dry-sth-up' or '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-fried/dried-up'; # passive 2 indicative andritana an+d+rit+ana 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.rit-suffix.ana' # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-fried/dried-up' or '(the-instrument-used-to)-fry/dry-sth-up' # or '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which # -sth)-be-fried/dried-up'; fandritana # 'the action of frying/drying-up'; # fandritana f+an+d+rit+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.d-stem.rit-suffix.ana' # 'the action of frying/drying-up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by suffix ANA; rotika # Adj '(be)-shredded'; mandrotika # 'to shred, to tear sth to pieces'; # Root rotika /rutika/ '(be)-shredded, torn-to-pieces'; # mandrotika m+an+d+rutika 'pres-prefix.an-ep.d-root.rutika' # 'to shred, tear sth to pieces'; this is the # MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; roteho # '(let-sth)-be-torn-to-pieces-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative roteho ruteh+u 'stem.rut(i>e)(k>h)-suffix.u' > # 'stem.ruteh-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-torn-to-pieces-by.you'; rotehina # '(sth)-is-usually-torn-up-to-pieces' or '(sth)-is-being-torn-up # -to-pieces'; passive 1 indicative rotehina ruteh+ina 'stem.rut(i>e) # (k>h)-suffix.ina' > 'stem.ruteh-suffix.ina''(sth)-is-usually-torn-up # -to-pieces' or '(sth)-is-being-torn-up-to-pieces'; norotehina # 'was-deliberately-torn-up-to-pieces'; # norotehina nu+ruteh+ina 'past.pass-stem.ruteh-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-torn-up-to-pieces'; androteho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-deliberately-torn-up-to-pieces' or # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-deliberately-tear-up'; # passive 2 imperative androteho an+d+ruteh+u 'prefix.an-ep.d # -stem.ruteh-suffix.u''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-deliberately-torn-up # -to-pieces'; androtehana # 'the instrument/manner/place/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be # -deliberately-torn-up-to-pieces'; passive 2 indicative androtehana # an+d+ruteh+ana 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.ruteh-suffix.ana''the instrument/ # manner/place/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-deliberately # -torn-up-to-pieces'; maharotika # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-shredded' with the circumstance in focus; # Root rotika '(be)-shredded'; maharotika m+aha+rutika 'pres-aha-be-shredded' # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-shredded' with the circumstance in focus; this is # CAUSAL causative prefix aha; fandrotehana # 'the action of tearing up'; # fandrotehana f+an+d+ruteh+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.d-stem.ruteh # -suffix.ana''the action of tearing up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; rovitra # Adj '(be)-torn-up'; mandrovitra # 'to tear up'; # Root rovitra /ruvitra/'(be)-torn-up'; active voice mandrovitra # m+an+d+rovitra 'pres-prefix.an-ep.d-root.ruvitra''to tear up'; # this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; rovito # '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative rovito ruvit+u 'stem.ruvit-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; rovitina # '(that-which-is)-usually-torn-up' or '(that-which-is-being)-torn-up'; # passive 1 indicative rovitina ruvit+ina 'stem.rovit-suffix.ina' # '(that-which-is-being)-torn-up'; norovitina # '(that-which)-was-deliberately-torn-up'; # norovitina nu+ruvit+ina 'past.pass-stem.ruvit-suffix.ina' # '(that-which)-was-deliberately-torn-up'; androvito # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you' or '(let-the-manner/time... # -at-which-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; passive 2 imperative androvito # an+d+ruvit+u 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.ruvit-suffix.u''(let-a-portion-of-sth) # -be-torn-up' or '(the-manner/time/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-torn-up'; androvitana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-torn-up' or '(the-manner/time/circumstances-under # -which-sth)-be-torn-up'; passive 2 indicative androvitana an+d+ruvit+ana # 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.ruvit-suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-sth)-be-torn-up' # or '(the-manner/time/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-torn-up'; maharovitra # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-torn-up' with the relevant circumstance in focus; # Root rovitra '(be)-torn-up'; maharovitra m+aha+ruvitra 'pres-aha-ruvitra' # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-torn-up' with the relevant circumstance in focus; # this is CAUSAL prefix aha; voarovitra # 'was-able-to-be-torn-up' or '(s.one)-managed-to-tear-up-sth'; # Root rovitra '(be)-torn-up'; voarovitra voa+ruvitra 'transitive.perfective # -root.ruvitra''was-able-to-be-torn-up' or '(s.one)-managed-to-tear-up-sth' # with AGENT in the genitive; alternative ACCIDENTAL interpretation possible. Voarovitr'i Jeanne ilay taratasy. # voa-rovitra i Jeanne ilay taratasy. # perf-torn-up-by D.sg Jeanne DX.sg letter # 'Jeanne managed to tear up the (previous mention) letter' or 'Jeanne # accidentally tore the (p.m.) letter.' fandrovitana # 'the action of tearing up'; # fandrovitana f+an+d+ruvit+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-ep.r-stem.ruvit # -suffix.ana''the action of tearing up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; simba # Adj '(be)-destroyed/damaged'; manimba # 'to destroy/damage deliberately'; # Root simba '(be)-destroyed'; active voice manimba m+an+root.(s)imba # 'pres-prf.an-root.simba' > m+an+imba 'to destroy or damage deliberately'; # this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; simbao # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-destroyed/damaged-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative simbao simba+u 'stem.simba-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be # -deliberately-destroyed/damaged-by.you'; simbana # '(that-which-is)-usually-destroyed/damaged' or '(that-which-is)-being # -destroyed/damaged'; passive 1 indicative simbana simb(a)+ana 'stem.simba # -suffix.ana''(that-to-which-is)-usually-given-destruction/damage' or # '(that-is)-being-given-destruction/damage'; nosimbana # 'was-destroyed/damaged-deliberately'; # nosimbana nu+simb(a)+ana 'past.pass-stem.simba-suffix ana''was-given # -destruction/damage-deliberately'; animbao # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-destroyed-by.you' or '(let-an-instrument) # -be-used-by.you-to-destroy-deliberately'; passive 2 imperative animbao # an+(s)imba+u 'prf.an-stem.simba-suffix.u' > an+imba+u '(let-a-portion-of-sth) # -be-destroyed/damaged-by.you' or '(let-an-instrument-be-used-by.you) # -to-destroy/damaged-deliberately'; animbana # '(the-instrument-used)-to-destroy/damage' or '(the-manner/circumstances-under # -which-sth)-be-destroyed/damaged-deliberately'; passive 2 indicative animbana # an+(s)imb(a)+ana 'prefix.an-stem.simba-suffix.ana' > an+imb+ana '(the-instrument # -used)-to-destroy/damage' or '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be # -destroyed/damaged-deliberately'; mahasimba # '(the-reason-why-sth)-is-destroyed' the focus being on the reason why; # Root simba 'be)-destroyed/damaged'; mahasimba m+aha+simba 'pres-prf.aha # -root.simba'(the-reason-why-sth)-is-destroyed' the focus being on the reason # why; this is CAUSAL causative prefix aha; fanimbana # 'the (usual) act of destroying/damaging'; # fanimbana f+an+(s)imb(a)+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.simba-suffix.ana' > # f+an+imb+ana 'the act of destroying/damaging'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; fahasimbana # 'the state of having been damaged'; # fahasimbana f+aha+simb(a)+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.simba-suffix.ana' # 'the state of having been damaged'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy', but this time with default prefix aha. sitrana # Adj '(be)-cured'; manasitrana # 'to cure'; # Root sitrana '(be)-cured'; active voice manasitrana # m+ana+sitrana 'pres-prefix.ana-root.sitrana''to cure'; # this is CAUSAL causative ana; sitrano # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-cured-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative sitrano sitran+u 'stem.sitran-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-cured-by.you'; sitranina # '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-cured' or '(the-one-who-is) # -usually-cured'; passive 1 indicative sitranina sitran+ina # 'stem.sitran-suffix.ina''(the-one/that-which-is)-being-cured' # or '(the-one-who-is)-usually-cured'; nositranina # 'was-deliberately-cured'; # nositranina nu+sitran+ina'past.pass-stem.sitran-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-cured'; anasitrano # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-cure'; # passive 2 imperative anasitrano ana+sitran+u 'prf.ana-stem.sitran # -suffix.u''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances-under-which-sth) # -be-used-by.you-to-cure'; anasitranana # '(the-instrument/manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used # -to-deliberately-cure'; passive 2 indicative anasitranana # ana+sitran+ana 'prefix.ana-stem.sitran-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/ # manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-to-deliberately-cure'; mahasitrana # 'which can cause (s.one/sth) to be cured'; # Root sitrana '(be)-cured'; mahasitrana m+aha+sitrana 'pres-prefix.aha # -root.sitrana''to cause (s.one/sth) to be cured' or 'which can cause # (s.one/sth) to be cured'; no passive 1 imperative form for mahasitrana; # no passive 2 form for mahasitrana; this is CAUSAL prefix aha; fanasitranana # 'the act of curing'; # fanasitranana f+ana-sitran+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.ana-stem.sitran # -suffix.ana''the act of curing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; fahasitranana # 'the state of having been cured'; # fahasitranana f+aha+sitran+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.stem.sitran # -suffix.ana''the state of having been cured'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy', but this time with default AHA. tadidy # V '(be)-remembered'; mitadidy # 'to remember'; # Root tadidy /tadidi/ '(be)-remembered'; active voice mitadidy # m+i+tadidi 'pres-prf.i-root.tadidi''to remember'; tadidio # '(let-sth)-be-remembered-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative tadidio tadidi+u 'stem.tadidi-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-remembered-by.you'; tadidina # passive 1 indicative tadidina tadid(i)+ina 'stem.tadidi-suffix.ina' # '(sth)to-be-usually-remembered' or '(which-s)-being-remembered'; itadidio # '(let-an-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-remember'; # passive 2 imperative itadidio i+tadidi+u 'prefix.i-stem.tadidi # -suffix.u''(let-an-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-remember'; itadidiana # '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-used-to-remember'; # passive 2 indicative itadidiana i+tadidi+ana 'prf.i-stem.tadidi # -suffix.ana''(sth/INSTRUMENT)-used-to-remember'; mahatadidy # 'is-able-to-remember' or 'can-remember'; # Root tadidy '(be)-remembered'; mahatadidy m+aha+tadidy 'pres-prf.aha # -root.tadidy''is-able-to-remember' or # 'can-remember'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; fitadidiana # 'the act of remembering, memory'; # fitadidiana f+i+tadidi+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.tadidi # -suffix.ana''the act of remembering, memory'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; tao # N 'preparations'; manao # 'to do'; # Root tao /tau/ 'preparations'; active voice manao # m+an+(t)au 'pres-prf.an-root.tau' > m+an+au 'to do'; ataovy # '(let-sth)-be-done-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ataovy a+tau+v+i 'a.passive-stem.tauv # -suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-done-by.you'; atao # '(is)-being-done' or '(that-which-is)-usually-done'; # passive 1 indicative atao a+tau 'a.passive-root.tau''is-done'; anaovy # '(let-a-certain-amount-of-sth)-be-done' or '(the-manner/time/ # instrument...-sth)-be-done-with'; passive 2 imperative anaovy # an+(t)au+v+i 'prefix.an-stem.tauv-suffix.i' > an+auv+i # '(let-a-certain-amount-of-sth)-be-done' or '(the-manner/ # time/instrument...-sth)-be-done-with'; anaovana # '(that-which/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-do' or '(the-circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-used-to-do'; passive 2 indicative anaovana # an+(t)ao+v+ana 'prefix.an-stem.taov-suffix.ana' > an+auv+ana # '(that-which/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-do' or '(the-circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-used-to-do'; fanao # 'that which is habitually done'; # fanao f+an+(t)au 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.tau' > f+an+ao # 'that which is habitually done'; fanaovana # 'the (usual) act of doing'; # fanaovana f+an+(t)auv+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.tauv # -suffix.ana' > f+an+auv+ana 'the (usual) act of doing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN; mpanao # 'doer'; # mpanao mp+an+(t)au 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.tau' > mp+an+au 'doer'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; fitaovana # 'instrument, tool'; # fitaovana f+i+tau+v+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.tauv-suffix.ana' # 'instrument, tool'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I. tapaka # V '(be)-cut-off'; manapaka # 'to cut off'; # Root tapaka '(be)-cut-off'; active voice manapaka m+an+(t)apaka # 'pres-prefix.an-root.tapaka' > m+an+apaka 'to cut off'; this is # MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; tapaho # '(let-sth/THEME)-be-deliberately-cut-off-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative tapaho tapah+u 'stem.tapa(k>h)-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-cut-off-by.you'; tapahina # '(sth-is/THEME)-being-cut-off' or '(sth-is)-usually-cut-off'; # passive 1 indicative tapahina tapah+ina 'stem.tapah-suffix.ina' # '(sth-is)-being-cut-off' or '(sth-is)-usually-cut-off'; notapahina # 'was-deliberately-cut-off'; # notapahina nu+tapah+ina 'past.pass-stem.tapah-suff.ina''was- # deliberately-cut-off'; anapaho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-off-by.you' or '(the-manner/ # instrument/time-at-which-sth)-be-cut-off-by.you'; # passive 2 imperative anapaho an+(t)apah+u 'prefix.an-stem.tapah # -suffix.u' > an+apah+u 'prf-be-cut-off-by.you''(let-a-portion-of # -sth)-be-cut-off-by.you'or '(the-manner/instrument/time-at-which # -sth)-be-cut-off-by.you'; anapahana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-off' or (sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to # -cut-off'; passive 2 indicative anapahana an+(t)apah+ana 'prf.an # -stem.tapah-suffix.ana' > an+apah+ana '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-off' # or (sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-to-cut-off'; mahatapaka # 'to be able to cut off' or with the relevant circumstance in focus # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-cut-off'; Root tapaka '(be)-cut-off'; # mahatapaka m+aha+tapaka 'pres-aha-root.tapaka''to be able to cut off' # or with the relevant circumstance in focus '(the-reason-why-sth)-be # -cut-off'; voatapaka # 'was-able-to-be-cut-off' or 'managed to be cut off' # Root tapaka '(be)-cut-off'; voatapaka voa+tapaka 'transitive.perf- # tapaka'was-able-to-be-cut-off' or 'managed to be cut off' with AGENT # in the genitive. tazana # V '(be)-seen'; # Root tazana 'be-seen'; active voice mitazana m+i+tazana # 'pres-prf.i-tazana''to look for'; tazano # passive 1 imperative tazano tazan+u 'stem.tazan-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-looked-for-by.you'; tazanina # '(s.one/sth/THEME)-be-usually-looked-at' or 's.one/sth-is) # -being-looked-at'; passive 1 indicative tazanina tazan+ina # 'stem.tazan-suffix.ina''(s.one/sth)-be-usually # -looked-at' or 's.one/sth-is)-being-looked-at'; notazanina # 'was-deliberately-looked-for'; # notazanina nu+tazan+ina 'past.pass-stem.tazan-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-looked-for'; itazano # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT-be-used)-to-look-at-sth'; # passive 2 imperative itazano i+tazan+u 'prf.i-stem.tazan # -suffix.u''(let-sth-be-used)-to-look-at-sth'; itazanana # '(INSTRUMENT/manner-in-which sth)-be-looked-at' or # '(the-time/circumstances-under-which sth)-be-looked-at'; # passive 2 indicative itazanana i+tazan+ana 'prf.i-stem.tazan # -suffix.ana''(INSTRUMENT/manner-in-which sth)-be-looked-at' or # '(the-time/circumstances-under-which sth)-be-looked-at'; mahatazana # Root tazana 'be-seen'; mahatazana m+aha+tazana 'pres-aha-be-seen' # '(from-where-sth)-can-be-seen'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; fitazanana # 'the (habitual) act of looking'; # fitazanana f+i+tazan+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.tazan # -suffix.ana''the (habitual) act of looking'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; mpitazana # 'looker-on'; # mpitazana mp+i+tazana 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.tazana''looker-on'; teraka # V '(was)-born'; miteraka # 'to give birth'; # Root teraka '(be)-born'; active voice miteraka m+i+teraka # 'pres-prf.i-root.teraka 'to give birth'; # passive 1 imperative = none; ateraka # 'born of'; # ateraka a+teraka 'passive.prefix.a-root.teraka''born of'; iteraho # '(let-the-person-with-whom)-be-given-birth-to-by.you'; # passive 2 imperative iteraho i+terah+u 'prefix.i-stem.terah # -suffix.u''(let-the-person-with-whom)-be-given-birth-to-by.you'; iterahana # '(the-time-when-s.one)-be-given-birth-to'; # passive 2 indicative iterahana i+terah+ana 'prefix.i-stem.terah # -suffix.ana''(the-time/circumstances-under-which-s.one) # -be-given-birth-to'; fiterahana # 'the act of giving birth'; # fiterahana f+i+terah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.terah # -suffix.ana''the act of giving birth'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; mpiteraka # 'one who gives birth'; # mpiteraka mp+i+teraka 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.teraka' # 'one who gives birth'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; tia # V '(be)-loved' or 'to love'; tia # 'to like, to love'; # Root tia '(be)-loved'; active voice tia 'to like, to love'; Tia an'ilay akanjo i Jeanne. # Tia an' ilay akanjo i Jeanne. # love acc DX.sg robe D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne loves the (previous mention) robe" tia # 'to be liked, to be loved'; # Root tia '(be)-loved'; root passive tia 'to be liked, to be loved'; Tian'i Jeanne ilay akanjo. # Tia-n' i Jeanne ilay akanjo. # be-loved-ep.na D.sg Jeanne D.sg robe # "The (p.m.) robe is loved by Jeanne""Jeanne loves the (p.m.) robe"; tiavo # '(let-s.one)-be-loved'; # passive 1 imperative tiavo tia+v+o 'stem.tiav-suffix.o' # '(let-s.one)-be-loved'; tiavina # '(s.one)-be-usually-liked/loved'; # passive 1 indicative tiavina tia+v+ina 'stem.tiav-suffix.ina' # '(s.one)-be-usually-liked/loved'; tiana # '(s.one)-be-usually-liked/loved'; # alternative passive 1 indicative tiana tia+ina 'root.tiana-epenthetic.na' # '(be)-usually-liked/loved'; itiavana # '(the-manner/time/circumstances-under-which-s.one)-be-liked/loved'; # passive 2 indicative itiavana i+tia+v+ana 'prefix.i-stem.tiav # -suffix.ana''(the-manner/time/circumstances-under-which-s.one)-be # -liked/loved'; fitiavana # 'love for s.one/sth or love from s.one'; # fitiavana f+i+tia+v+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.tiav # -suffix.ana''love for s.one/sth or love from s.one'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; mpifankatia # 'lovers'; # mpifankatia mp+if+ank+a+tia 'prefix.mp-reciprocal.if-prefix.an # k-ep.a-root.tia''lovers'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; to # Adj '(be)-true, accepted'; mankato # 'to accept'; # Root to '(be)-true, accepted'; active voice = mankato m+ank+a+tu # 'pres-prf.ank-ep.a-root.tu'; 'to accept'; ankatoavy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-accepted-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ankatoavy ank+a+tuav+i 'prefix.ank-ep.a # -stem.tuav-suffix.i''(let-s.one/sth)-be-accepted-by.you'; ankatoavina # '(s.one/sth)-be-accepted'; # passive 1 indicative ankatoavina ank+a+tuav+ina 'prefix.ank-ep.a # -stem.tuav-suffix.ina'; ankatoavana # '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-is-accepted'; # passive 2 indicative ankatoavana ank+a+tuav+ana 'prefix.ank-ep.a # -stem.tuav-suffix.ana' # '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-is-accepted'; fankatoavana # 'the act of accepting, acceptance'; # fankatoavana f+ank+a+tuav+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.ank-ep.a-stem.tuav # suffix.ana''the act of accepting, acceptance'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix ank. tolaka # V 'embezzled, twisted'; manolaka # 'to embezzle, to twist'; # Root tolaka 'embezzled'; active voice = manolaka m+an+(t)ulaka # 'pres-prf.an-root.tulaka' > m+an+ulaka # 'to embezzle, to twist'; this is CAUSAL prefix an; atolaho # '(let-s.on/sth)-be-twisted-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative atolaho a+tulah+u 'a.passive-stem.tulah-suffix.u' # '(let-s.on/sth)-be-twisted-by.you'; atolaka # '(s.on/sth)-be-twisted'; # passive 1 indicative atolaka a+tulaka 'a.passive-root.tulaka' # '(s.on/sth)-be-twisted'; anolaho # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-twisted-by.you' or '(let-the-manner/ # time...sth)-be-used-by.you-to-twist'; passive 2 imperative anolaho # an+(t)ulah+u 'prefix.an-stem.tolah-suffix.o' > an+ulah+o # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-twisted' or '(the-manner/time/ # circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-twist'; anolahana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-twisted' or '(the-manner/time/circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-used-to-twist'; passive 2 indicative anolahana # an+(t)ulah+ana 'prefix.an-stem.tulah-suffix.ana' > an+ulah+ana; voatolaka # 'was-able-to-be-twisted' or '(s.one)-managed-to-twist'; # Root tolaka 'embezzled'; voatolaka voa+tulaka 'transitive.perfective.voa # -root.tulaka''was-able-to-be-twisted' or '(s.one)-managed-to-twist'; fanolahana # 'the act of twisting'; # fanolahana f+an+(t)ulah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.tulah-suffix.ana' # > f+an+ulah+ana 'the act of twisting'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; tonga # V '(have)-arrived'; tongava # '(you)-come'; # Root tonga '(have)-arrived' in the perfective aspect; active voice # imperative tongava tunga+v+a 'stem.tungav-ep.a''(you)-come!'; ahatonga # 'can bring, carry'; # ahatonga aha+tunga 'prefix.aha-root.tunga''can bring, carry'; # this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; ahatongavana # '(circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-(have)-arrived'; # ahatongavana aha+tungav+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.tungav # -suffix.ana''(circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-(have)-arrived'; # this is CAUSAL causative prefix aha with the circumstance-Oblique in focus; fahatongavana # 'arrival, the fact that someone/something has arrived'; # fahatongavana f+aha+tungav+ana 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-stem.tungav # -suffix.ana''arrival. the fact that someone has arrived'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' # in the on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix # AHA used here on stem tungav. tratra # V '(be)-caught'; mahatratra # 'to be able to reach'; # Root tratra '(be)-caught'; mahatratra m+aha+tratra 'pres-prefix.aha # -root.tratra''to be able to reach'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; ahatrarana # '(the circumstances under which someone/something) has been caught'; # ahatrarana aha+trar+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.trar-suffix.ana' 'the circum- # stances under which someone/something has been caught'; this is CAUSAL # prefix aha with the circumstance-Oblique in focus; tratraro # '(let-sth)-be-reached-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative tratraro tratrar+u 'stem.tratrar-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-reached-by.you'; tratrarina # '(that-which-is)-usually-deliberately-reached' or '(that-which-is) # -being-reached'; passive 1 indicative tratrarina tratrar+ina 'stem.tratrar # -suffix.ina''(that-which-is)-usually-deliberately-reached' or '(that-which # -is)-being-reached'; notratrarina # 'was-deliberately-reached'; # notratrarina nu+tratrar+ina 'past.pass-stem.tratrar-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-reached'; anatratraro # '(let-sth-be-used)-by.you-to-catch'; # passive 2 imperative anatratraro ana+tratrar+u 'prefix.ana-strem.tratrar # -suffix.u''(let-sth-be-used)-by.you-to-catch'; anatratrarana # '(the-instrument-used)-to-deliberately-catch'; # passive 2 indicative anatratrana ana+tratrar+ana 'prefix.ana-stem.tratrar # -suffix.ana''(the-instrument-used/circumstances-under-which)-to-deliberately # -catch'; fanatratrarana # 'the act of pursuing, of uncovering'; # fanatratrarana f+ana+tratrar+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.ana-stem.tratrar # -suffix.ana''the act of pursuing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; fahatratrarana # 'the fact that someone/something has been caught'; # fahatratrarana f+aha+tratrar+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.tratrar # -suffix.ana' 'the fact that someone/something has been caught'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA. triatra # Adj '(be)-with-a-split-in-it'; manatriatra # 'to-split/cut-sth-up''; # Root triatra 'with-a-split-in-it'; active voice manatriatra m+ana+triatra # 'pres-prefix.ana-root.triatra''pres-prf-triatra''to-split/cut-sth-up''; # this is MANIPULATIVE causative an; triaro # '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative triaro triar+u 'stem.triar-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; triarina # '(that-which)-is-habitually-torn-up' or '(sth)-is-being-torn-up'; # passive 1 indicative triarina triar+ina 'stem.triar-suffix.ina' # '(that-which)-is-habitually-torn-up' or '(sth)-is-being-torn-up'; notriarina # 'was-torn-up-(by-s.one)'; # notriarina nu+triar+ina 'past.pass-stem.triar-ina''was-torn-up-(by-s.one)'; itriarana # passive 2 indicative itriarana i+triar+ana 'prefix.i-stem.triar-suffix.ana' # '(that-which-is-used)-to-tear-sth-up-with'; mahatriatra # '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-with-a-split-in-it'; # Root triatra 'with-a-split-in-it'; mahatriatra m+aha+triatra # 'pres-aha-with-a-split-in-it''(the-reason-why-sth)-be-with-a-split-in-it' # with the circumstance-Oblique in focus; voatritra # 'was-able-to-be split-up' or 'managed-to-split-up'; alternative ACCIDENTAL # meaning possible; Root triatra 'with-a-split-in-it'; voatritra voa+triatra # 'transitive.perfective-root.triatra; 'was-successfully-split-up' or 'managed # -to-split-up'; alternative ACCIDENTAL meaning possible; tsapa # V '(be)-felt'; mitsapa # 'to touch, to feel'; # Root tsapa '(be)-felt'; active voice mitsapa m+i+tsapa #'pres-prefix.i-root.tsapa''to touch, to feel'; tsapao # '(let-sth)-be-touched-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative tsapao tsapa+u 'stem.tsapa-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-felt-by.you'; tsapaina # '(sth)-be-usually-touched' or '(sth-is)-being-touched'; # passive 1 indicative tsapaina tsapa+ina 'stem.tsapa-suffix.ina' # '(sth)-be-usually-touched' or '(sth-is)-being-touched'; notsapaina # 'was-deliberately-touched'; # notsapaina nu+tsapa+ina 'past.pass-stem.tsapa-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-touched'; itsapao # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-touch'; # passive 2 imperative itsapao i+tsapa+u 'prefix.i-stem.tsapa # -suffix.u''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-touch'; itsapana # '(the-instrument-used)-to-touch' or '(the-manner/circumstances # -under-which-sth)-be-deliberately-touched'; passive 2 indicative # itsapana i+tsap(a)+ana 'prefix.i-stem.tsapa-suffix.ana' or alternatively # 'prefix.i-stem.tsapa-suffix.ana''(the-instrument-used)-to-touch' or # '(the-manner/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-deliberately-touched'; mahatsapa # '(s.one)-can-touch/feel/see'; # Root tsapa '(be)-felt'; mahatsapa m+aha+tsapa 'pres-prf.aha-root.tsapa' # '(s.one)-can-touch/feel/see'; the above is the ABILITATIVE prefix aha; # no passive 1 imperative; no passive 2 imperative; however when circumstances # (manner, time and place) are in focus discontinuous prefix aha .... suffix ana # are both used; the latter is the CAUSAL prefix aha, with the circumstance # -Oblique in focus; voatsapa # 'was-able-to-be-examined' or 'was-successfully-examined'; # Root tsapa '(be)-felt'; voatsapa voa+tsapa 'transitive.perfective # -root.tsapa''was-able-to-be-examined' or 'was-successfully-examined'; fitsapana # 'the act of touching, examining, testing'; # fitsapana f+i+tsap(a)+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.tsapa-suffix.ana' # 'the act of touching, examining, testing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; fahatsapana # 'the act of realising that...' or 'the realisation that...'; # fahatsapana f+aha+tsap(a)+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.tsapa # -suffix.ana''the act of realising that...' or 'the realisation that...'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA. vaky # V '(be)-broken'; mamaky # 'to break, to chop, to read'; # Root vaky '(be)-broken'; active voice mamaky 'm+a(n>m)+(v)aki' #'pres-prefix.an-root.vaki' > m+am+aki 'to break, to chop, to read'; vakio # '(let-sth)-be-broken/chopped/read-up-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative vakio vaki+u 'stem.vaki-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-broken/chopped/read-up-by.you'; vakina # '(sth)-usually-broken/chopped/read-up' or '(sth-is)-being-broken/ # chopped/read-up'; passive 1 indicative vakina vak(i)+ina '(sth)-usually # -broken/chopped/read-up' or '(sth)-is-being-broken-up/chopped/read'; amakio # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-chopped/read-by.you' or '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT) # -be-used-by.you-to.chop/read'; passive 2 imperative amakio 'an+(v)aki+u' # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-chopped/read-by.you' > am+aki+u or # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to.chop/read'; amakiana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-usually-chopped/read' or '(sth/INSTRUMENT-is) # -being-used-to.chop/read'; passive 2 indicative amakiana an+(v)aki+ana # 'prf.an-stem.vaki-suffix.ana' > am+aki+ana '(a-portion-of-sth)-be # -usually-chopped/read' or '(sth/INSTRUMENT-is)-being-used-to.chop/read'; mahavaky # 'to be able to chop/read' or 'to manage to chop/read'; # Root vaky '(be)-broken'; mahavaky m+aha+vaky 'pres-prefix.aha-root.vaki' # 'to be able to chop/read' or 'to manage to chop/read'; this is ABILITATIVE aha; voavaky # 'was-able-to-be-broken/chopped/read' or 'managed-to-be-broken-up/chopped/read'; # Root vaky '(be)-broken'; voavaky voa+vaki 'transitive.perfective-root.vaki' # 'was-able-to-be-broken/chopped/read' or 'managed-to-be-broken-up/chopped/read' # vs vaky '(be)-broken-accidentally. Vakin'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # Vakin' i Paoly ny fitaratra. # Vaki-n' i Paoly ny fitaratra. # be-broken-ep.na D.sg Paul Det.unspec glasses # 'The glasses were accidentally broken by Paul'. famaky # 'axe'; # famaky f+a(n>m)+(v)aki 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.vaki' > # f+am+aky 'axe'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; this is one of a finite set of forms; # note the root form as opposed to a stem --typically used in an 'Action Nominal'; famaky # 'the usual manner of reading'; # famaky f+a(n>m)+(v)aki 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.vaki' > # f+am+aky 'the usual manner of reading'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; famaky # 'something which can usually be read'; # famaky f+a(n>m)+(v)aki 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.vaki' > # f+am+aky 'something which can usually be read'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; famakiana # 'the act of chopping or reading'; # famakiana f+a(n>m)+(v)aki+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.vaki # -suffix.ana' > f+am+aki+ana 'the act of chopping or reading'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the stem followed by a suffix; velona # Adj '(be)-alive'; mamelona # 'to nourish'; # Root velona '(be)-alive'; active voice = mamelona m+a(n>m)+(v)eluna # 'pres-prf.an-root.veluna' > m+am+eluna 'to nourish'; mivelona # 'to feed on'; # mivelona m+i+veluna 'pres-prf.i-root.veluna''to feed on'; velomy # '(let-sth)-be-switched-on-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative velomy velum+i 'stem.velum-suffix.i'(written y # word-finally)'(let-sth)-be-switched-on-by.you'; velomina # '(s.one or sth)-be-usually-nourished/started' or '(s.one or sth-is) # -being-nourished/started'; passive 1 indicative velomina velum+ina # 'stem.velom-suffix.ina''(s.one or sth)-be-usually-nourished/started' # or '(s.one or sth)-is-being-nourished/started'; novelomina # '(sth --like an engine)-was-started'; # nu+velum+ina 'past.passive-stem.velum-suffix.ina' '(sth --like # an engine)-was-started'; amelomy # '(the instrument/manner-with-which-something/INSTRUMENT)-to-be # -used-to-start'; passive 2 imperative amelomy a(n>m)+(v)elum+i # 'prefix.an-stem.velum-suffix.i' > am+elum+ana '(the instrument/ # manner-with-which-something)-to-be-started-with'; amelomana # '(the instrument/manner/time-at-which-sth)-be-used-to-start'; # passive 2 indicative amelomana a(n>m)+(v)elum+ana 'prefix.an- # stem.velum-suffix.ana' > am+elum+ana '(the instrument/manner/time # INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-start'; ivelomana # '(SOURCE-Oblique)-be-used-to-live or survive on'; # alternative passive 2 indicative ivelomana i+velum+ana 'prefix.i # -stem.velum-suffix.ana''(SOURCE-oblique)-be-used-to-live or survive on'; mahavelona # '(which)-can-keep-alive'; # Root velona 'alive'; mahavelona m+aha+veluna 'pres-prefix.aha-root.veluna' # '(which)-can-keep-alive'; fivelomana # 'source of revenue, income, manner of living'; # fivelomana f+i+velum+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.velum-suffix.ana' # 'source of revenue, income, manner of living'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I; mpamelona # 'the (usual) provider (of nourishment)'; # mpamelona mp+a(n>m)+(v)eluna 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.veluna' > # mp+am+eluna 'the (usual) provider (of nourishment)'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; very # Adj '(be)-lost'; mamery # 'to reduce into slavery'(rare); # Root very '(be)-lost'; (rare) active voice mamery m+a(n>m)+(v)eri # 'pres-prf.an-root.veri' > m+am+eri 'to reduce into slavery' # (rare); verezo # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-lost-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative verezo verez+u 'stem.verez-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-lost-by.you'; verezina # '(be)-usually-lost'; # (rare) passive 1 indicative verezina verez+ina 'stem.verez # -suffix.o''(be)-usually-lost'; amerezo # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-lost'; # (rare) passive 2 imperative amerezo a(n>m)+(v)erez+u 'prefix.an # -stem.verez-suffix.u' > am+ere+z+u'(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-lost'; mahavery # 'that-which-is-likely-to-cause-s.one/sth-to-be-lost'; # Root very '(be)-lost'; mahavery m+aha+veri 'pres-prefix.aha-root.veri' # 'that-which-is-likely-to-cause-s.one/sth-to-be-lost' with the relevant # circumstance in focus; to indicate the cause why something was lost the # relevant prefix is CAUSAL prefix aha with focus on the circumstance: Veri-n'i Jeanne ny entana. # Veri-n' i Jeanne ny entana # root.veri-ep.na D.sg Jeanne Det.unspec luggage # "The luggage was/has been accidentally lost by Jeanne""Jeanne (has) lost the luggage". Ny adalan'i Jeanne no nahavery ny entana. # Ny adala-n' i Jeanne no n-aha-very ny entana. # D.unpec foolishness-of D.sg Jeanne focus past-prf-very Det.unspec luggage # "It was because of Jeanne's foolishness that the luggage got lost"; ahaverezana # 'the cicumstances under which someone/something got lost'; # ahaverezana aha+ver(i>e)+z+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.verez-suffix.ana' # 'the cicumstances under which someone/something got lost'; fahaverezana # 'loss'; # fahaverezana f+aha+ver(i>e)+z+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.verez # -suffix.ana''loss'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA. vita # V '(has-been)-done'; mamita # 'to finish"; # Root vita '(be)-done'; active voice mamita m+a(n>m)+(v)ita # 'pres-prefix.an-root.vita' > m+am+ita 'to finish"; # this is MANIPULATIVE causative an; vitao # '(let-sth)-be-done-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative vitao vita+u 'stem.vita-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-done-by.you'; vitaina # '(be)-usually-done' or (is)-being-done'; # passive 1 indicative vitaina vita+ina 'stem.vita-suffix.ina' # '(be)-usually-done' or (is)-being-done'; novitaina # 'was-deliberatly-done'; # novitaina nu+vita+ina 'past.passive-stem.vita-suffix.ina'; amitao # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-do-sth' or '(let-sth/ # INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-do-sth'; passive 2 imperative amitao # a(n>m)+(v)ita+u 'refix.an-stem.vita-suffix.u' > am+ita+u # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-done'; amitana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-used-to-do-sth' or '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used # -to-do-sth'; passive 2 indicative amitana a(n>m)+(v)it(a)+ana 'prefix.an # -stem.vita-suffix.ana' > am+it(a)+ana '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-used-to-do-sth' # or '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-do-sth'; mahavita # 'to-be-able-to-do-sth'; # Root vita '(be)-done'; mahavita m+aha+vita 'pres-aha-root.vita' # 'to-be-able-to-do-sth'; this is ABILITATIVE # prefix aha; ahavitana # 'the circumstances under which something has been done'; # ahavitana aha+vit(a)+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.vita-suffix.ana' # 'the circumstances under which something has been done'; # this is CAUSAL prefix aha; fahavitana # 'the act of finishing'; # fahavitana f+aha+vit(a)+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.vita # -suffix.aha''the act of finishing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA. voa # V '(be)-hit'; # Root voa '(be)-hit'(adversative); no active voice verb; voaza # rare passive 1 imperative voaza vua+z+a 'root.vua-ep.z-ep.a' # '(May-sth)-happen-to-you'; ahavoazana # 'the circumstances under which something happened'; # to indicate a focus on the manner or time at which something happened, # use prefix aha aha+vua to describe an accidental event, i.e. aha+stem.vuaz+ana # to describe a non-accidental event in focus: this is CAUSAL prefix aha; Voan' aretina mifindra i Jeanne omaly. # Voa- na aretina mifindra i Jeanne omaly. # (Be)-hit-ep.na illness contagious D.sg Jeanne yesterday # "Jeanne came down with a contagious disease yesterday" Omaly no nahavoan' aretina mifindra an'i Jeanne. # Omaly no n-aha-voa-na aretina mifindra an' i Jeanne. # yesterday focus past-aha-voa-ep.na illness contagious acc D.sg Jeanne # "It was yesterday that Jeanne came down with a contagious disease". Voan'i Jeanne bala ilay mpangalatra omaly. # Voa- na i Jeanne bala ilay mpangalatra omaly. # (Be)-hit-ep.na D.sg Jeanne bullet DX.sg thief yesterday # "The thief was (successfully) hit by Jeanne with a bullet yesterday". Omaly no nahavoazan'i Jeanne bala ilay mpangalatra. # Omaly no n-aha-voaz-a-na i Jeanne bala ilay mpangalatra. # yesterday focus past-aha-stem.voaz-ep.a-ep.na-by D.sg Jeanne bullet DX.sg thief # "It was yesterday that Jeanne managed to hit the (previous mention) thief # with a bullet". mahavoa # 'to manage to hit'; # Root voa '(be)-hit'; mahavoa m+aha+vua 'pres-prefix.aha-root.vua' # 'to manage to hit'; this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; fahavoazana # 'misfortune'; # fahavoazana f+aha+vua+z+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.aha-stem.vuaz # -suffix.ana''misfortune'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA. voky # V '(be)-full-(from-eating'; mamoky # 'to misinform'; # Root voky '(be)-full-(from-eating)'; mamoky m+a(n>m)+(v)uki 'to misinform'> # m+am+uki 'pres-pref.an-root.vuki'; this is MANIPULATIVE causative an; vokiso # '(let-s.one)-be-misinformed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative vokiso vuki+s+u 'stem.vukis-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one)-be-misinformed-by.you'; vokisana # '(s.one)-is-usually-misinformed' or '(s.one)-is-being-misinformed'; # passive 1 indicative vokisana vukis+ana 'stem.vukis-suffix.ana' # '(s.one)-is-usually-misinformed' # or '(s.one)-is-being-misinformed'; novokisana # 'was-deliberately-misinformed'; # novokisana nu+vukis+ana 'past.passive-stem.vukis-suffix.ana' # 'was-deliberately-misinformed'; amokiso # '(let-sth-be-used)-by.you-to-deliberately-misinform'; # passive 2 imperative amokiso a(n>m)+(v)uki+s+u 'prefix.an-stem.vukis # -suffix.u' > am+uki+s+u '(let-sth-be-used) -by.you-to-deliberately # -misinform'; amokisana # '(the-means/circumstances-under-which-s.one)-be-deliberately-misinformed'; # passive 2 indicative amokisana a(n>m)+(v)uki+s+ana 'prefix.an-stem.vukis- # -suffix.ana' > am+uki+s+ana '(the-means/circumstances-under-which-s.one) # -be-deliberately-misinformed'; mahavoky # '(which)-can-cause-to-be-full'; # Root voky '(be)-full-(from-eating)'; mahavoky m+aha+vuki 'pres-aha-root.voki' # '(which)-can-cause-to-be-full'; this is CAUSAL prefix aha; voavoky # 'have-been-deliberately-misinformed' or 'have-managed to misinform' # Root voky '(be)-full-(from-eating)'; voavoky voa+vuki 'transitive.perfective # -root.vuki''have-been-deliberately-misinformed' or 'have-managed to misinform' # with AGENT in the genitive vs voky '(be)-fed-but-not-deliberately'. Voavokin'olona i Jeanne. # voa- voki-na olona i Jeanne # perf-full-ep.na persons D.sg Jeanne # "Jeanne was (deliberately) misinformed by some people'. Voky lainga i Jeanne. # Voky lainga i Jeanne. # be-full lies D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne was inadvertently fed lies'. fahavokisana # 'the state of being full'; # fahavokisana f+aha+vuki+s+ana 'nominaliserf-prefix.aha-stem.vukis # -suffix.ana''the state of being full'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA; famokisana # 'the deliberate act of misinforming'; # famokisana f+a(n>m)+(v)ukis+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.vukis # -suffix.ana' > f+am+ukis+ana 'the (deliberate) act of misinforming'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN. vory # V '(be)-assembled'; mamory # 'to assemble, to gather'; # Root vory '(be)-assembled'; active voice mamory m+a(n>m)+(v)uri # 'pres-prefix.an-root.vuri' > m+am+uri 'to assemble, to gather'; vorio # '(let-people-be)-assembled-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative vorio vuri+u 'stem.vuri-suffix.u' # '(let-be)-assembled-by.you'; vorina # '(are)-being-gathered' or '(are)-usually-assembled'; # passive 1 indicative vorina vuri+ina 'stem.vuri-suffix.ina' # '(are)-being-gathered' or '(are)-usually-assembled'; amorio # '(let-place/time/circumstances-under-which)-be-assembled-by.you'; # passive 2 imperative amorio a(n>m)+(v)uri+u 'prefix.an-stem.vuri # -suffix.ana' > am+uri+u; amoriana # '(the-place/time/circumstances-under-which)-be-assembled'; # passive 2 indicative amoriana a(n>m)+(v)uri+ana '(the-place/time/ # circumstances-under-which)-be-assembled' > am+uri+ana; mivory # 'to gather, to hold a meeting'; # intransitive active mivory m+i+vuri 'pres-prefix.i-root.vuri' # 'to gather, to hold a meeting'; ivorio # '(let-a-cause/LOCATION)-be-where-people-are-gathered-by.you'; # ivorio i+vori+u 'prefix.i-stem.vuri-suffix.u''(let-a-cause/LOCATION) # -be-where-people-are-gathered-by.you'; ivoriana # '(a-cause/LOCATION)-be-where-people-are-gathered'; # ivoriana i+vuri+ana 'prefix.i-stem.vuri-suffix.ana''(a-cause/LOCATION) # -be-where-people-are-gathered'; mahavory # 'to be able to gather'; # Root vory '(be)-assembled'; mahavory m+aha+root.vuri 'pres-aha-be-assembled # 'to be able to gather'; # this is ABILITATIVE prefix aha; voavory # 'have-been-successfully-gathered; # Root vory '(be)-assembled'; voavory voa+vuri 'transitive.perfective # -root.vuri' with AGENT in the genitive'have-been-successfully-gathered; tafavory # tafavory tafa+vuri 'intransitive.perfective-root.vuri-(probably-by-chance)'; Voavorin'i Jaona ny olona. # Voa-vori- n(a) i Jaona ny olona. # perf-assembled-ep.na D.sg John Det.unspec people # 'The (p.m.) people were able to be gathered by John''John managed to gather # the people'. Tafavory ny olona. # tafa-vory ny olona. # perf-assembled Det.unspec people # 'The (p.m.) people happened to be assembled'; fivoriana # 'meeting, gathering'; # fivoriana f+i+vuri+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.vuri-suffix.ana' # 'meeting, gathering'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; mpivory # 'participant in a meeting/gathering'; # mpivory mp+i+vuri 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.vuri' 'participant in a # meeting/gathering'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; zaka # '(be-able-to-be)-carried'; manjaka # 'to reign'; # Root zaka '(be-able-to-be)-carried'; active voice manjaka # m+an+(z>dz)aka 'pres-prefix.an-root.zaka' where d+z > j 'to reign'; # this is MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an; anjakao # 'let-people-be-over-whom-you-reign'; # passive 2 imperative anjakao an+d+zaka+u 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.zaka # -suffix.u' where d+z > j 'let-people-be-over-which-you-reign'; anjakana # 'people-be-over-whom-you-reign'; # passive 2 indicative anjakana an+d+zaka+ana 'prefix.an-ep.d-stem.zaka # -suffix.ana'where d+z > j 'let-people-be-over-whom-someone-reigns'; mizaka # 'to bear'; # active voice mizaka m+i+zaka 'pres-prefix.i-root.zaka 'to bear'; zakao # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-carried-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative zakao zaka+u 'stem.zaka-suffix.u''(let-sth) # -be-deliberately-carried-by.you'; zakaina # '(sth)-is-being-carried' or '(sth)-is-usually-carried'; # passive 1 indicative zakaina stem.zaka+ina '(sth)-is-being-carried' or # '(sth)-is-usually-carried'; nozakaina # 'was-deliberately-carried' PATIENT/THEME thoroughly AFFECTED; # nozakaina nu+zaka+ina 'past.passive-stem.zaka-suffix.ina''was-deliberately # -carried' with PATIENT/THEME thoroughly AFFECTED; mahazaka # 'to be able to carry'; # Root zaka '(be-able-to-be)-carried'; mahazaka m+aha+root.zaka 'pres-prf-be-carried' # 'to be able to carry'; aha = can, be able to do sth; no passive 1 imperative; # no passive 2 imperative; izakana # to indicate the time when sth was able to be carried, prefix i...suffix ana # yieding izakana i+zaka+ana 'prf.i-stem.zaka-suffix.ana '(the-time-when-sth) # -be-able-to-be-carried'; fizakana # 'the usual manner of bearing'; especially in fizakana tena 'self-government'; # fizakana f+i+zaka+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.zaka-suffix.ana'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I; mpanjaka # 'king, queen'; # mpanjaka mp+an+d+zaka 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-ep.d-root.zaka' where d+z > j # 'king, queen'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; fanjakana # 'government'; # fanjakana f+an+d+zaka+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.zaka-suffix.ana' # where d+z > j 'government'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN.