# Verb-initial grammars: A multilingual/parallel perspective # ESRC Project RES-000-23-0505 # Oxford University # Charles Randriamasimanana # Malagasy lexicon: # Malagasy Roots without a passive meaning: ESRC-OX-05-CR302. # These are roots without a passive meaning: A to H. # Unlike roots with a passive meaning (a closed class), roots without a passive meaning represent # an open-ended class and will usually take an affix, i.e. a prefix, a suffix or both. akatra # Root 'ascension' # Root akatra 'ascension'; manakatra # 'to reach'; # transitive verb manakatra m+an+akatra 'pres-an-root.akatra''to reach'; miakatra # 'to ascend'; # intransitive verb miakatra m+i+akatra 'pres-i-root.akatra''to ascend'; akaro # '(let-sth)-be-lifted-by.you' # passive 1 imperative akaro stem.akar+o '(let-sth)-be-lifted-by.you'; akarina # '(sth)-usually-be-lifted' or '(sth-is-being-lifted'; # passive 1 indicative akarina stem.akar+ina '(sth)-usually-be-lifted' or '(sth-is-being-lifted'; mampiakatra #'to lift (sth)'; # corresponding to the MANIPULATIVE causative mampiakatra m+amp+i+akatra 'pres-caus-i-root.akatra' #'to lift (sth)'; mampakatra # 'to marry'; # mampakatra m+amp+akatra 'pres-caus-akatra''to marry'; ampiakaro # '(let-sth)-be-lifted-by.you'; # causative passive 1 imperative for mampiakatra ampiakaro amp+i+akaro 'caus-prf-stem.akar(o)': # (let-sth)-be-lifted-by.you'; ampiakarina # '(sth-be)-usually-lifted' or '(sth-is)-being-lifted'; # causative passive 1 indicative for mampiakatra ampiakarina amp+i+akar+ina 'caus-prf-stem.akar-ina' #'(sth-be)-lifted'; ampakarina # '(is-being)-taken-as-a-spouse'; # causative passive 1 for mampakatra ampakarina amp+akar+ina '(is-being)-taken-as-a-spouse'; anakaro # '(let-an-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-reach'; # passive 2 imperative for manakatra anakaro an+stem.akar+o '(let-an-instrument)-be-used-by.you- # to-reach'; anakarana # (sth/INSTRUMENT)-to-be-used-to-reach'; # passive 2 indicative for manakatra anakarana an+akar+ana 'prf-stem.akar-ana'(sth)-to-be- # used-to-reach'; ampiakarana # '(the-instrument-used)-to-lift something'; # causative passive 2 indicative ampiakarana amp+i+akar+ana 'caus-prf-stem.akar-ana' # '(the-instrument-used)-to-lift something'; ampakarana # '(the circumstances-in-which-s.one)-to-be-taken-as-a-spouse'; # causative passive 2 for mampakatra ampakarana # amp+akar+ana '(the circumstances-in-which-s.one)-to-be-taken-as-a-spouse'; tafakatra # '(has-been)-able-to-go-upstairs'; # tafakatra tafa+akatra 'intransitive.perfective.tafa-root.akatra'(has-been)-able-to-go-upstairs'; fampakarana # 'the action of taking upstairs, the action of espousing'; # fampakarana f+amp+akar+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.amp-stem.akar-suffix.ana'; fiakarana # 'the action of going up, ascension'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the secondary prefix amp; # fiakarana f+i+akar+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.i-stem.akar+suffix.ana''ascension'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the primary prefix I. anatra # N 'advice'; # Root anatra 'advice'; mananatra # 'to advise'; # transitive active mananatra m+an+root.anatra 'to advise'; anaro # '(let-s.one)-be-advised-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative anaro stem.anar+o 'anar-by.you''(let-s.one)-be-advised-by.you'; anarina # '(the-one-who)-be-usually-advised-with-only-the initial-step-implemented' # or '(the-one-who-is)-being-advised with-only-the initial-step-implemented'; # passive 1 indicative anarina a+anar+ina 'prf.a-anar-suffix.ina''(the-one-who)-be-usually # -advised-with-only-the initial-step-implemented' or '(the-one-who-is)-being-advised with-only- # the initial-step-implemented'--with simplification of sequence a+anar > anar; nanarina # '(the-one-who)-was-advised'; # passive 1 past indicative nanarina n+(a)+anar+ina 'past.active-(prf.a)-stem.anar-suffix.ina' # note the virtual presence of the prefix a and the form n for past tense; hanarina # '(the-one-who)-will-be-advised'; # passive 1 future indicative hanarina h+(a)+anar+ina 'future.active-(prf.a)-stem.anar-suffix.ina' # note the virtual presence of the prefix a and the form h for future tense; ananaro # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-advise'; # passive 2 imperative ananaro an+anar+o 'prf.an-stem.anar-by.you''(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-advise'; ananarana # '(that-which)-be-used-to-advise'; # passive 2 indicative ananarana an+anar+ana 'prf.an-stem.anar-suffix.ana''(that-which)-be-used- # to advise'; nananarana # '(sth)-was-used-by.you-to-advise'; # passive 2 past tense indicative nananarana n+an+anar+ana 'past.active-prf.an-stem.anar-suffix.ana' # '(that-which)-was-used-to advise'; hananarana # '(sth)-will-be-used-by.you-to-advise'; # passive 2 future tense indicative hananarana h+an+anar+ana 'future.active-prf.an-stem.anar-suffix.ana' # '(that-which)-will.be-used-to advise'. mianatra # 'to learn'; # Root anatra 'advice'; transitive or intransitive mianatra m+i+anatra 'pres-prf.i-root.anatra''to learn'; ianaro # '(let-sth)-be-learnt-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ianaro i+anar+o 'prf.i-stem.anar-by.you''(let-sth)-be-learnt-by.you'; ianarana # '(that-which)-be-usually-learnt' or '(that-which-is)-being-learned' # passive 1 indicative ianarana i+anar+ana 'prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana''(that-which)-be- # usually-learnt' or '(that-which-is)-being-learned'; nianarana # 'was-learned'; # passive 1 past indicative nianarana n+i+anar+ana 'past.active-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana' # 'was-learned'; hianarana # 'will.be-learned'; # passive 1 future indicative hianarana h+i+anar+ana 'future.active-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana' # 'will.be-learned'; mampianatra # 'to teach'; # complex form mampianatra m+amp+i+anatra 'pres-prf.amp-prf-i-root.anatra''to teach'; ampianaro # '(let-s.one)-be-taught-by.you'; # complex causative passive 1 imperative ampianaro amp+i+anar+o 'prf.amp-prf.i-stem.anar-by.you' # '(let-s.one)-be-taught-by.you'; ampianarina # '(the-ones-who/that-which)-be-usually-taught' or '(the-one/s-who/that-which-is)-being-taught'; # complex causative passive 1 indicative ampianarina amp+i+anar+ina 'prf.amp-prf.i-anar-suffix.ina' # '(the-ones-who/that-which)-be-usually-taught' or '(the-one/s-who/that-which-is)-being-taught'; nampianarina # 'was-usually-taught' or 'was-being-taught'; # complex causative passive 1 past tense indicative nampianarina n+amp+i+anar+ina 'past.active- # prf.amp-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ina''was-usually-taught' or 'was-being-taught'; hampianarina # 'will.be-usually-taught'; # complex causative passive 1 future tense indicative hampianarina h+amp+i+anar+ina 'future.active # -prf.amp-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ina''will.be-usually-taught'; ampianarana # '(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-usually-taught' or '(the-instrument/circumstances # under-which-sth)-is-being-taught';complex causative passive 2 indicative ampianarana amp+i+anar+ana # 'prf.amp-prf.i-anar-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-usually-taught' or # '(the-instrument/circumstances-sth)-is-being-taught'; nampianarana # 'was-used-to-teach'; # complex causative passive 2 past tense indicative nampianarana n+amp+i+anar+ana 'past.active- # prf.amp-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana''was-used-to-teach'; hampianarana # 'will.be-used-to-teach'; # complex causative passive 2 future tense indicative hampianarana h+amp+i+anar+ana 'future.active # -prf.amp-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana''will.be-used-to-teach'; fianarana # 'school' # fianarana f+i+anar+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana''school'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fianatra # 'the usual action/manner of learning'; # fianatra f+i+anatra 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-root.anatra''the usual action/manner of learning'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; fampianarana # 'teaching' # fampianarana f+amp+i+anar+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.amp-prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.ana''teaching'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the secondary prefix amp; mpianatra # 'student'; # mpianatra mp+i+anatra 'pref.mp-prf.i-root.anatra''student'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; mpampianatra # 'teacher'; # mpampianatra mp+amp+i+anatra 'pref.mp-causative.pref.amp-pref.i-root.anatra''teacher'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; didy # N 'cut'; # Root didy 'cut'; mandidy # 'to cut'; # transitive mandidy m+an+root.didy 'to cut'; mididy # '(to-be-usually)-cut'; # intransitive mididy m+i+root.didy '(to-be-usually)-cut'; didio # (let-sth)-be-cut-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative didio stem.didi+o '(let-sth)-be-cut-by.you'; passive 1 indicative pronunciation # [di.di.na] / didi + ina /, but spelling = didiana! didiana # '(be-usually/habitually)-cut-up' or '(is)-being-cut-up; nodidiana # 'was-cut-up'; # Passive 1 past tense indicative nodidiana 'past.passive-stem.didi-suffix.ana''was-cut-up, deliberately # and punctually'; hodidiana # 'will.be-cut-up'; # passive 1 future tense indicative hodidiana 'future.passive-stem.didi-suffix.ana''will.be-cut-up'; andidio # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-by.you' or '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-cut'; # passive 2 imperative andidio an+didi+o 'prf.an-stem.didi-by.you''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-by.you' # or '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-cut'; andidiana # (that-from-which-a-portion)-be-cut' or'(the-instrument/manner/circumstance-under-which-sth)-be-cut'; # passive 2 indicative andidiana an+didi+ana 'prf.an-stem.didi-suffix.ana'(that-from-which-a-portion)-be-cut' # or '(the-instrument/manner/circumstance-under-which-sth)-be-cut'; adidy # '(instrument/electric.knife)-be-used-to-cut'; # Alternative a.passive: adidy a+didy 'a.passive-root.didy'(instrument/electric.knife)-be-used-to-cut'; # this form cannot be used to describe the action of cutting with a non-electric knife! voadidy # '(has-been)-cut'; # voadidy voa+didy 'transitive.perfective.voa-root.didy''(has-been)-cut'; fandidiana # 'surgical operation'; # fandidiana f+an+didi+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.didi-suffix.ana''surgical operation'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpandidy # 'surgeon'; # mpandidy mp+an+didy 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.didy''surgeon'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; dinika # N 'consultation'; # Root dinika 'consultation'; mandinika # 'to examine'; # transitive or intransitive mandinika m+an+root.dinika 'to examine'; midinika # 'to hold talks'; # intransitive midinika m+i+dinika 'pres-prf.i-root.dinika''to hold talks'; diniho # '(let-sth)-be-examined-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative diniho stem.dinih+o '(let-sth)-be-examined-by.you'; dinihina # '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-examined' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is) # -being-examined'; passive 1 indicative dinihina dinih+ina 'stem.dinih-suffix.ina' # '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-examined' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is) # -being-examined'; nodinihina # '(the-one-who/that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-examined'; # passive 1 indicative nodinihina no+dinih+ina 'pref.no-stem.dinih-suffix.ina' # '(the-one-who/that-which)-was-deliberately & punctuallu-examined'; andiniho # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-examine'; # passive 2 imperative andiniho an+dinih+o 'prf.an-stem.dinih-by.you''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/ # circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-examine'; andinihana # '(sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-to-examine'; # passive 2 indicative andinihana an+dinih+ana 'prf.an-stem.dinih-suffix.ana''(sth/INSTRUMENT/ # circumstances)-be-used-to-examine'; nifampidinika # 'to hold discussions'; # nifampidinika n+if+amp+i+dinika 'past.tense-reciprocal.if-pref.amp-pref.i-root.dinika' # 'to hold discussions'; voadinika # '(has-been)-discussed'; # voadinika voa+dinika 'transitive.perfective.voa-root.dinika''(has-been)-discussed'; fandinihana # 'examination, analysis'; # fandinihana f+an+dinih+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.dinih-suffix.ana''examination'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fandinika # 'the usual action/manner of examining'; # fandinika f+an+dinika 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-root.dinika''the usual action/manner of # examining'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form involved here; mpandinika # 'analyst, observer'; # mpandinika mp+an+dinika 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.dinika''analyst, observer'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; dio # Root 'cleanliness'; # Root dio 'cleanliness'; mandio # 'to clean up'; # transitive or intransitive mandio m+an+root.dio 'to clean up'; midio # "to clean oneself up'; # intransitive midio m+i+root.dio "to clean oneself up'; diovy # '(let-(s.one/sth)-be-cleaned-up-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative diovy stem.diov+y 'dio-epenthetic.v-by.you''(let-(s.one/sth)-be # -cleaned-up-by.you'; diovina # '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-cleaned-up' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-cleaned-up'; # passive 1 indicative diovina stem.diov+ina 'dio-epenthetic.v-suffix.ina''(s.one/ # sth)-be-usually-cleaned-up' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-cleaned-up'; nodiovina # '(s.one/sth)-was-deliberately & punctually--cleaned-up'; # passive 1 indicative nodiovina no+diov+ina 'passive.past-stem.diov-suffix.ina' # '(s.one/sth)-was-deliberately & punctually-cleaned-up'; andiovy # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-clean-up'; # passive 2 imperative andiovy an+diov+y 'prf.an-stem.diov-by.you''(let-sth/ # INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-clean-up'; andiovana # (intrument-with/circumstances-in-which-sth)-is-usually-cleaned-up' or '(instrument # -with/circumstances-in-which-sth-is)-being-cleaned-up'; # passive 2 indicative andiovana an+diov+ana 'pref.an-stem.diov-suffix.ana''(intrument-with/ # circumstances-in-which-sth)-is-usually-cleaned-up' or '(instrument-with/circumstances-in- # which-sth-is)-being-cleaned-up'; voadio # '(the-one-who/that-which)-has-been-successfully-cleaned'; # Root dio 'cleanliness'; voadio voa+dio 'transitive.perfective-root.dio''(the-one-who/that- # which)-has-been-successfully-cleaned'; fahadiovana # 'cleanliness' # fahadiovana f+aha+dio+v+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.aha-stem.diov-suffix.ana'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AHA; fandiovana # 'the action of cleaning up'; # fandiovana f+an+dio+v+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.an-stem.diov-suffix.ana''the action # of cleaning'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; madio # 'clean'; # madio ma+dio 'pref.ma-root.dio''clean'; doboka # N 'loud noise'; # Root doboka 'loud noise'; mandoboka # 'to make a loud noise'; # transitive mandoboka m+an+root.doboka 'to make a loud noise'; dobohy # '(let-sth)-be-used-to-make-a-loud-noise'; # passive 1 imperative dobohy stem.doboh+y '(let-sth)-be-used-to-make-a-loud-noise'; dobohina # '(that-who/which-be-usually)-made-a-loud-noise-out-of' or '(that-who/which-is-being)- # made-a-loud-noise-out-of'; dobohina 'stem.doboh-suffix.ina'; nodobohina # '(that-who/which-was-deliberately & punctually)-made-a-loud-noise-out-of'; # nodobohina 'passive.past-stem.doboh-suffix.ina'; adobohy # '(let-sth)-be-used-to-make-a-loud-noise'; # passive 1 imperative alternative adobohy adoboh+y '(let-sth)-be-used-to-make-a-loud-noise'; adoboka # '(that-which)-be-usually/habitually-used-to-make-a-loud-noise' or # '(that-which-is)-being-used-to-make-a-loud-noise'; # passive 1 indicative adoboka a+doboka 'a.passive-root.doboka''(that-which)-be-usually/ # habitually-used-to-make-a-loud-noise' or'(that-which-is)-being-used-to-make-a-loud-noise'; andobohana # '(the-instrument-used)-to-make-a-loud-nouse'; # andobohana an+doboh+ana 'pref.an-stem.doboh-suffix.ana'; fandobohana # 'the action of making a loud noise'; # fandobohana f+an+doboh+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.an-stem.doboh-suffix.ana''the action of making a # loud noise'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN; fandrika # N 'trap'; # Root fandrika 'trap'; mamandrika # 'to trap'; # transitive mamandrika m+a(n>m)+root.(f)andrika 'to trap'; fandriho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-trapped-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative fandriho stem.fandrih+o '(let-s.one/sth)-be-trapped-by.you'; fandrihana # '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-trapped' or '(the-one-who/that-which- # is)-being-trapped'; # passive 1 indicative fandrihana fandrih+ana 'stem.fandrih-suffix.ana''(the-one-who/ # that-which)-be-usually-trapped' or '(the-one-who/that-which- # is)-being-trapped'; nofandrihana # '(the-one-who/that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-trapped'; # passive 1 indicative nofandrihana no+fandrih+ana 'passive.past.no-stem.fandrih-suffix.ana' # '(the-one-who/that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-trapped'; amandriho # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-trap'; # passive 2 imperative amandriho a(n>m)+stem.(f)andrih+o '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circum- # stances)-be-used-by.you-to-trap'; amandrihana # '(sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-to-trap'; # passive 2 indicative amandrihana a(n>m)+stem.(f)andrih+ana 'prf.an-stem.fandrih-suffix.ana' # '(sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-to-trap'; voafandrika # '(who/which)-has-been-successfully-trapped'; # Root fandrika 'trap'; voafandrika voa+root.fandrika 'transitive.perfective-fandrika' # '(who/which)-has-been-successfully-trapped'; famandrihana # subscription'; # famandrihana f+a(n>m)+(f)andrih+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.fandrih-suffix.ana' #'the trapping'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamandrika # 'subscriber'; # mpamandrika mp+a(n>m)+(f)andrika 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.fandrika''subscriber'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; fantsika # N 'nail'; # Root fantsika 'nail'; mamantsika # 'to nail'; # transitive mamantsika m+a(n>m)+(f)antsika 'pres-pref.an-root.fantsika''to nail'; fantsiho # '(let-sth)-be-nailed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative fantsiho fantsih+o 'stem.fantsih-by.you''(let-sth)-be-nailed-by.you'; fantsihana # '(that-which)-be-usually-nailed' or '(that-which-is)-being-nailed'; # passive 1 indicative fantsihana fantsih+ana 'stem.fantsih-suffix.ana''(that-which)-be-usually-nailed' # or '(that-which-is)-being-nailed'; nofantsihana # '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-nailed'; # passive 1 indicative fantsihana nofantsih+ana 'passive.past-stem.fantsih-suffix.ana' # '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-nailed'; amantsiho # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-nail'; # passive 2 immperative amantsiho an+(f)antsih+o 'prf.an-stem.fantsih-by.you''(let-sth/ # INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-nail'; voafantsika # '(which-has-been)-successfully-nailed'; # Root fantsika 'nail'; voafantsika voa+root.fantsika 'transitive.perfective-fantsika''(which-has- # been)-successfully-nailed'; famatsihana # 'the (usual) action of nailing'; # famantsihana f+a(n>m)+(f)antsih+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.fatsih-suffix.ana''the action of nailing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; faritra # N 'limit'; # Root faritra 'limit'; mamaritra # 'to limit'; # transitive mamaritra m+a(n>m)+(f)aritra 'pres-prefix.an-root.faritra''to limit'; mifaritra # 'to-be-well-delimited'; # intransitive mifaritra m+i+faritra 'to-be-well-delimited'; farito # '(let-sth)-be-delimited-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative farito stem.farit+o '(let-sth)-be-delimited-by.you'; faritana # '(sth)-be-usually-delimited' or '(sth-is)-being-delimited'; # passive 1 indicative faritana farit+ana 'stem.farit-suffix.ana''(sth)-be-usually-delimited' # or '(sth-is)-being-delimited'; nofaritana # '(sth)-was-deliberately & punctually-delimited'; # passive 1 indicative nofaritana no+farit+ana 'passive.past-stem.farit-suffix.ana' # '(sth)-was-deliberately & punctually-delimited'; amarito # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-delimit'; # passive 2 imperative amarito a(n>m)+(f)arit+o 'prf.an-stem.farit-by.you' # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-delimit'; voafaritra # '(sth)-has-been-successfully-delimited'; # Root faritra 'limit'; voafaritra voa+faritra 'transitive.perfective-root.faritra''(sth)-has-been- # successfully-delimited'; famaritana # 'delimitation'; # famaritana f+a(n>m)+(f)arit+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.farit-suffix.ana''delimitation'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamaritra # 'delimiter'; # mpamaritra mp+a(n>m)+(f)aritra 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.faritra''delimiter'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; faty # N 'corpse'; ## Root faty 'corpse'; mahafaty # 'dangerous'; # mahafaty m+aha+faty 'pres-causative.prf.aha-root.faty''dangerous'; fahafatesana # 'death'; # fahafatesana f+aha+fati+s+ana 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-stem.fates-suffix.ana''death', # where syllabification yields fa.ha.fa.ti.sa.na > fa.ha.fa.tis.a.na > fa.ha.fa.tes.a.na > # fa.ha.fa.te.sa.na with vowel lowering with a closed syllable like tis; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the default prefix AHA; ahafatesana # '(the circumstances-under-which-s.one)-dies'; # ahafatesana aha+fati+s+ana 'prefix.aha-stem.fates-suffix.ana''(the circumstances- # under-which-s.one)-dies'; nahafatesana # '(the circumstances-under-which-s.one)-died'; # nahafatesana aha+fati+s+ana 'past.tense-prefix.aha-stem.fates-suffix.ana''(the circumstances- # under-which-s.one)-died'; gaina # Root 'disappointed'; # Root gaina 'disappointed'; mangaina # 'to be disappointed'; # intransitive mangaina m+an+gaina 'to be disappointed'; no passive 1 imperative; # no passive 2 imperative. halatra # N 'theft'; # Root halatra 'theft'; mangalatra # 'to steal'; # transitive or intransitive mangalatra m+an+root.(h>g)alatra 'to steal'; angalaro # '(let-sth)-be-stolen-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative angalaro an+(h>g)alar+o 'prf.an-stem.halar-by.you''(let-sth)-be-stolen-by.you'; angalarina # '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-stolen' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-stolen'; # passive 1 indicative angalarina an+(h>g)alar+ina 'prf.an-stem.galar-suffix.ina''(the-one-who/that- # which)-be-usually-stolen' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-stolen'; nangalarina # 'was stolen'; # passive 1 past tense indicative nangalarina n+an+(h>g)alar+ina 'past.tense.active-prf.an-stem.galar # -suffix.ina'; hangalarina # 'wille-be-stolen'; # passive 1 future # tense indicative hangalarina h+an+(h>g)alar+ina 'future.tense.active-prf.an-stem.galar-suffix.ina'; angalarana # '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-stolen' or 'the-manner/circumstances-in-which-sth)-be-stolen'; # passive 2 indicative angalarana an+(h>g)alar+ana 'prf.an-stem.galar-suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-sth)- # be-stolen' or 'the-manner/circumstances-in-which-sth)-be-stolen'; nangalarana # 'was-used-to-steal'; # passive 2 past indicative nangalarana n+an+(h>g)alar+ana 'past.tense.active-prf.an.DURATIVE-halar # -suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-sth)-was-stolen' or 'the-manner/circumstances-in-which-sth)-was-stolen'; hangalarana # 'will-be-used-tosteal['; # passive 2 future indicative hangalarana h+an+(h>g)alar+ana 'future.tense.active-prf.an.DURATIVE- # galar-suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-sth)- will.be-stolen' or 'the-manner/circumstances-in-which-sth) # -will.be-stolen'; fangalarana # 'the (usual) action of stealing'; # fangalarana f+an+(h>g)alar+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.halar-suffix.ana''the (usual) action of stealing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpangalatra # 'thief'; # mpangalatra mp+an+(h>g)alatra 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.halatra''thief'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; harona # Root 'searching'; # Root harona 'searching'; mangarona # 'to search with an instrument'; # transitive mangarona m+an+(h>g)arona 'to search with an instrument'; harony # '(let-sth)-be-searched-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative harony stem.haron+y 'haron-by.you''(let-sth)-be-searched-by.you'; haronina # '(that-which)-be-usually-searched' or 'that-which-is)-being-searched'; # passive 1 indicative haronina haron+ina 'stem.haron-suffix.ina''(that-which)-be-usually- # searched' or 'that-which-is)-being-searched'; angarony # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-search'; # passive 2 imperative angarony an+(h>g)aron+y > an+stem.garon+y 'prefix.an- # garon-by.you''(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-search'; angaronana # '(that-which)-be-usually-used-to-search' or '(that-which-is)-being-used-to-search'; # passive 2 indicative angaronana an+(h>g)aron+ana > an+garon+ana 'prf.an-stem.garon-suffix.ana' # '(that-which)-be-usually-used-to-search' or '(that-which-is)-being-used-to-search'; voaharona # '(which)-bas-been-successfully-searched'; # Root harona 'searching'; voaharona voa+root.harona 'transitive.perfective-harona''(which)- # bas-been-successfully-searched'; fangaronana # 'the (usual) action of searching, probing'; # fangaronana f+an+(h>g)aron+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.haron-suffix.ana''the action of searching, probing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpangarona # 'the individual who does the probing'(with a negative connotation); # mpangarona mp+an+(h>g)arona .pref.mp-pref.an-root.harona''the individual who does the probing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hataka # Root 'request' # Root hataka 'request'; mangataka # 'to request'; # transitive mangataka m+an+root.(h>g)ataka 'to request'; angataho # '(let-sth)-be-requested-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative angataho an+(h>g)atah+o 'prf.an-stem.gatah-by.you''(let-sth) # -be-requested-by.you'; angatahina # '(that-which)-be-usually-requested' or'(that-which-is)-being-requested'; # passive 1 indicative angatahina an+(h>g)atah+ina 'prf.an-stem.gatah-suffix.ina' # '(that-which)-be-usually-requested' or '(that-which-is)-being-requested'; angataho # '(let-sth)-be-requested-by.you'; # passive 2 imperative angataho an+(h>g)atah+o 'prf.an-stem.gatah-o''(let-sth)-be # -requested-by.you'; angatahana # '(the-manner/circumstances-in-which-sth)-be-usually-requested' or (the- # manner/circumstances-in-which-sth-is)-being-requested'; # passive 2 indicative angatahana an+(h>g)atah+ana 'prf.ana-stem.gatah-suffix.ana' # '(the-manner/circumstances # -in-which-sth)-be-usually-requested' or (the-manner/circumstances-in-which # -sth-is)-being-requested'; fangatahana # 'request'; # fangatahana f+an+(h>g)atah+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.gatah-suffix.ana''request'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpangataka # 'beggar'; # mpangataka mp+an+(h>g)ataka 'pref.mp-pref.an-stem.gataka''beggar'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hemotra # Root 'retreat'; # Root hemotra 'retreat'; manemotra # 'to put off'; # transitive manemotra m+an+root.(h)emotra 'to put off'; hemory # '(let-sth)-be-put-off-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hemory hemor+y 'stem.hemor-by.you''(let-sth)-be-put-off-by.you'; hemorina # '(date-sth)-be-usually-put-off' or '(date-sth-is)-being-put-off'; # passive 1 indicative hemorina hemor+ina 'stem.hemor-suffix.ina''(date)-be-usually-put-off' # or '(date-sth-is)-being-put-off'; ahemory # '(let-sth)-be-put-off'; # alternative passive 1 imperative ahemory a+hemor+y 'a.passive-stem.hemor-by.you' # 'take-initial-step-to-put-off'; ahemotra # '(date-sth)-be-usually-put-off' or '(date-sth-is)-being-put-off'; # alternative passive 1 indicative ahemotra a+hemotra'a.passive-root.hemotra''(date)-be- # usually-put-off' or '(date-sth-is)-being-put-off'; anemory # '(let-sth)-be-used-to-put-off'; # passive 2 imperative anemory an+(h)emor+y 'prf.an-stem.hemor-by.you' '(let-sth)-be-used-to-put-off'; anemorana # '(sth)-be-usually-used-to-put-off' or '(sth-is)-being-used-to-put-off'; # passive 2 indicative anemorana an+(h)emor+ana 'prf.an-stem.hemor-suffix.ana'(sth)-be- # usually-used-to-put-off' or '(sth-is)-being-used-to-put-off'. mihemotra # 'to retreat'; # Root hemotra 'retreat'; intransitive mihemotra m+i+hemotra 'pres-prf.i-root.hemotra' # 'to retreat'; fihemorana # 'the action of stepping backwards'; # fihemorana f+i+hemor+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.i-stem.hemor-suffix.ana''the action of # stepping backwards'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fanemorana # 'the action of putting something off'; # fanemorana f+an+(h)emor+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.hemor-suffix.ana''the action # of putting off'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; henjana # Adj 'stretched' # Root henjana 'stretched'; manenjana # 'to stretch'; # transitive manenjana m+an+root.(h)enjana 'to stretch'; henjano # '(let-sth)-be-stretched-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative henjano henjan+o 'stem.henjan-by.you''(let-sth)-be-stretched-by.you'; henjanina # '(that-which)-be-usually-stretched' or '(that-which-is)-being-stretched'; # passive 1 indicative henjanina henjan+ina 'stem.henjan-suffix.ina''(that-which)-be-usually # -stretched' or '(that-which-is)-being-stretched'; nohenjanina # 'was-stretched'; # alternative passive 1 indicative nohenjanina no+henjan+ina # 'past.passive.nonDURATIVE-stem.henjan-suffix.ina''was-stretched'; ahenjano # '(let-sth)-be-stretched-by-you-at-least-the-initial-step'; # alternative passive 1 imperative ahenjano a+henjan+o 'a.passive-stem.henjan-by.you' # '(let-sth)-be-stretched-by-you-at-least-the-initial-step'; ahenjana # '(that-which)-be-usually-stretched-at-least-the-initial-step' # or '(that-which-is)-being-stretched-at-least-the-initial-step'; # alternative passive 1 indicative ahenjana a+henjana #'a.passive-root.henjana''(that-which)-be-usually-stretched-at-least-the-initial-step' # or '(that-which-is)-being-stretched-at-least-the-initial-step'; anenjano # '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-stretch'; # passive 2 imperative anenjano an+(h)enjan+o 'prf.an-stem.(h)enjan-by.you' # '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-stretch'; anenjanana # '(that-which/instrument)-be-usually-used-to-stretch'; # passive 2 indicative anenjanana an+(h)enjan+ana 'prf.an-stem.(h)enjan-suffix.ana' # '(that-which/instrument)-be-usually-used-to-stretch'; nanenjanana # '(that-which/instrument)-was-used-to-stretch'; # alternative passive 2 indicative past tense nanenjanana n+an+stem.(h)enjan+ana # 'past.active.voice-prf.an-stem.(h)enjan-suffix.ana' # '(that-which/instrument)-was-used-to-stretch'; mihenjana # 'to stretch'; # Root henjana 'stretched'; intransitive mihenjana m+i+henjana 'pres-prf.i-root.henjana' # 'to stretch'; voahenjana # '(which-has-been)-successfully-stretched'; # voahenjana voa+henjana 'transitive.perfective-root.henjana''(which-has-been)- # successfully-stretched'; fihenjanana # 'the action of getting harsher, harder'; # fihenjanana f+i+henjan+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.i-stem.henjan-suffix.ana' # 'the action of getting harsher'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fanenjanana # 'the action of stretching'; # fanenjanana f+an+(h)enjan+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.henjan-suffix.ana''to stretch'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; hetsika # N 'action'; # Root hetsika 'action'; manetsika # 'to move (sth)'; # transitive manetsika m+an+root.(h)etsika 'to move (sth)'; hetseho # '(let-sth)-be-moved-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hetseho hets(i>e)(k>h)+o 'stem.hetseh-by.you''(let-sth)-be-moved-by.you'; hetsehina # '(sth)-be-usually-moved' or '(sth-is)-being-moved'; # passive 1 indicative hetsehina hetseh+ina 'stem.hetseh+suffix.ina''(sth)-be-usually-moved' or # '(sth-is)-being-moved'; nohetsehina # 'was-deliberately & punctually (but thoroughly)-moved'; # past tense passive indicative nohetsehina no+hetseh+ina 'past.passive-stem.hetseh-suffix.ina' # 'was-deliberately-moved & was thoroughly affected'; hohetsehina # 'will.be-deliberately-moved'; # future tense passive indicative hohetsehina ho+hetseh+ina 'future.passive-stem.hetseh # -suffix.ina''will.be-deliberately-moved'; anetseho # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-move'; # passive 2 imperative anetseho an+(h)etseh+o 'prf.an-stem.(h)etseh-by.you''(let-sth)-be-used # -by.you-to-move'; anetsehana # '(the-instrument)-be-used-to-move'; # passive 2 indicative anetsehana an+(h)etseh+ana 'prf.an-stem.(h)etseh-suffix.ana''(the-instrument) # -be-used-to-move'; nanetsehana # '(the-instrument)-was-used-to-move'; # past tense indicative nanetsehana n+an+(h)etseh+ana 'past.active-prf.an-stem.(h)etseh-suffix.ana' # '(the-instrument)-was-used-to-move'; hanetsehana # '(the-instrument)-will.be-used-to-move'; # future tense indicative hanetsehana h+an+(h)etseh+ana 'future.active-prf.an-stem.(h)etseh-suffix.ana' # '(the-instrument)-will.be-used-to-move'; mihetsika # 'to move'; # Root hetsika 'action'; intrans mihetsika m+i+root.hetsika 'to move'; ahetsika # '(that-which-is)-usually/habitually-moved-at-least-the-initial-step'; # passive 1 indicative ahetsika a+hetsika 'prf.a.passive-root.hetsika''(that-which-is)-usually/ # habitually-moved'; nahetsika # 'was-moved'; # past tense indicative nahetsika n+a+hetsika 'past.active-prf.a-root.hetsika''was-moved'; hahetsika # 'will.be-moved'; # future tense indicative hahetsika h+a+hetsika 'future.active-prf.a-root.hetsika''will.be-moved'; ihetseho # (let-sth)-be.used-by.you-to-move'; # passive 2 imperative ihetseho i+hetseh+o 'prf.i-stem.hetseh-by.you'(let-sth)-be.used- by.you-to-move'; ihetsehana # '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-to-move'; # passive 2 indicative ihetsehana i+hetseh+ana 'prf.i-stem.hetseh-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances- # under-which-sth)-be-used-to-move'; nihetsehana # '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-was-used-to-move'; # past tense indicative nihetsehana n+i+hetseh+ana 'past.active-prf.i-stem.hetseh-suffix.ana' # '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-was-used-to-move'; hihetsehana # '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.be-used-to-move'; # future tense indicative hihetsehana h+i+hetseh+ana # 'future.active-prf.i-stem.hetseh-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.be-used-to-move'; mahahetsika # '(be)-capable-of-moving'; # Root hetsika 'action'; mahahetsika m+aha+root.hetsika 'pres-prf.aha-hetsika''(be)-capable-of-moving'; voahetsika # 'was-managed-to-be-moved' or 'was-inadvertently/accidentally-moved'; # voahetsika voa+hetsika 'transitive.perfective-root.hetsika''was-managed-to-be-moved' or # 'was-inadvertently/accidentally-moved'; tafahetsika # 'was-able-to-move-on-its-own'; # tafahetsika tafa+hetsika 'intransitive.perfective-root.hetsika'''was-able-to-move-on-its-own'; fihetsika # '(habitual) action'; # fihetsika f+i+hetsika 'prf.f-prf.i-root.hetsika''(habitual) action'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix I; fanetsehana # 'the action of stirring up, of moving'; # fanetsehana f+an+(he)tseh+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.hetseh-suffix.ana''the action of stirring up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; hety # N 'scissors'; # Root hety 'scissors'; manety # 'to cut with scissors'; # transitive manety m+an+root.(h)ety 'to cut with scissors'; hetezo # '(let.s.one/sth)-be-given-a-haircut-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hetezo het(i>e)+z+o 'stem.hetez-by.you''(let.s.one/sth)-be-given # -a-haircut-by.you'; hetezana # '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-given-a-haircut' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-given-a-haircut'; # passive 1 indicative hetezana het(i>e)+z+ana 'stem.hetez-suffix.ana''(s.one/sth)- # be-usually-given-a-haircut' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-given-a-haircut'; nohetezana # '(s.one/sth)-was-given-a-haircut'; # alternative passive 1 indicative nohetezana no+het(i>e)+z+ana 'past.passive-stem.hetez # -suffix.ana'(s.one/sth)-was-given-a-haircut'; anetezo # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-with scissors'; # passive 2 imperative anetezo an+(h)et(i>e)+z+o 'prf.an-stem.hetez-by.you' # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-with scissors'; anetezana # '(that-which)-be-usually-partly-cut-with-scissors' or '(that-which-is)-being- # cut-with-scissors'; passive 2 indicative anetezana an+(h)et(i>e)+z+ana 'prf.an-stem.hetez # -suffix.ana''(that-which)-be-usually-partly-cut-with-scissors' or # '(that-which-is)-being-cut-with-scissors'; mihety # 'to (usually) have a haircut'; # Root hety 'scissors'; intrans mihety m+i+hety 'pres-prf.i-root.hety''to (usually) have a haircut'; voahety # '(sth)-has-been-successfully-cut-with-scissors'; # voahety voa+hety 'transitive.perfective-root.hety''(sth)-has-been-successfully-cut-with- # scissors'; fihetezana # 'the manner or usual place of getting a haircut'; # fihetezana f+i+hetez+ana 'prf.f-prf.i-stem.hetez-suffix.ana' # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fanetezana # 'the action of giving a haircut'; # fanetezana f+an+(h)etez+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.hetez-suffix.ana''the action of giving a haircut'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanety # 'hair-cutter'; # mpanety mp+an+(h)ety 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.hety''hair-cutter'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hidy # N 'lock'; # Rood hidy 'lock'; manidy # 'to lock up'; # transitive manidy m+an+root.(h)idy 'to lock up'; hidio # '(let-sth)-be-locked-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hidio stem.hidi+o 'hidi-by.you''(let-sth)-be-locked-by.you'; hidiana # '(that-which)-be-usually-locked-up' or '(that-which-is)-being-locked-up'; # passive 1 indicative hidiana = pronounce as hi.di.na 'hidi+ina''stem.hidi-suffix.ina' # '(that-which)-be-usually-locked-up' or '(that-which-is)-being-locked-up'; anidio # '(let-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-lock-up'; # passive 2 imperative anidio an+(h)idi+o 'prf.an-stem.hidi-by.you''(let-instrument)-be # -used-by.you-to-lock-up'; anidiana # '(the-instrument/circumstances-under-which)-be-locked-up'; # passive 2 indicative anidiana an+(h)idi+ana 'prf.an-stem.hidi-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/ # circumstances-under-which)-be-locked-up'; fanidiana # 'the action of locking up'; # fanidiana f+an+(h)di+ana 'nominaliser.f-prf.an-stem.hidi-suffix.ana''the action of locking up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanidy # 'someone who (usually) closes (doors and windows)'; # mpanidy mp+an+(h)idy 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.hidy''someone who (usually) closes doors and windows'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hintsana # Root 'shaking'; # Root hintsana 'shaking'; manintsana # 'to shake off'; # transitive manintsana m+an+root.(h)intsana 'to shake off'; mihintsana # intransitive mihintsana m+i+root.hintsana 'to fall off'; ahintsano # '(let-sth)-be-shaken-off-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ahintsano a+hintsan+o 'a.passive-stem.hintsan-by.you'(let-sth)-be-shaken-off-by.you'; ahintsana # '(that-which) be-usually-shaken-off' or '(that-which-is)-being-shaken-off'; # passive 1 indicative ahintsana a+root.hintsana > ahintsana '(that-which) be-usually-shaken-off' or # '(that-which-is)-being-shaken-off'; anintsano # '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-shaken-off' or '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-shake-off'; # passive 2 imperative anintsano an+stem.(h)intsan+o '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-shaken-off' or # '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-shake-off'; anintsanana # '(sth/instrument)-be-used-to-shake-off' or '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-shaken-off'; # passive 2 indicative anintsanana an+(h)intsan+ana 'prf.an-stem.hintsan-suffix.ana''(sth/ # instrument)-be-used-to-shake-off' or '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-shaken-off'; fanintsanana # 'the action of shaking up'; # fanintsanana f+an+(h)intsan+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.hintsan+suffix.ana''the action of shaking up'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; hitsaka # Root 'treading upon'; # Root hitsaka 'treading upon'; manitsaka # 'to tread upon'; # transitive manitsaka m+an+root.(h)itsaka 'pres-pref.an-root.hitsaka''to tread upon'; hitsaho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-tread-upon-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hitsaho stem.hitsah+o 'hitsa(k>h)-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)-be-tread-upon-by.you'; hitsahina # '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-trodden-upon' or'(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being # -trodden-upon'; passive 1 indicative hitsahina hitsah+ina 'stem.hitsah+suffix.ina''(the-one-who/ # that-which)-be-usually-trodden-upon' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-trodden-upon'; nitsahana # '(the-one-who/that-which)-was-trodden-upon'; # passive 1 past tense indicative nitsahana no+(h)itsah+ana 'past.passive-stem.(h)itsah-suffix.ana' # '(the-one-who/that-which)-was-trodden-upon'; hitsahana # '(the-one-who/that-which)-will.be-trodden-upon'; # passive 1 future tense indicative hitsahana ho+(h)itsah+ana 'future.passive-stem.(h)itsah-suffix.ana' #'(the-one-who/that-which)-will.be-trodden-upon'; anitsaho # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-tread-upon'; # passive 2 imperative anitsaho an+(h)itsah+o prf.an-stem.(h)itsah-by.you''(let-sth)-be-used-by.you- # to-tread-upon'; anitsahana # '(that-which)-be-used-to-tread-upon'; # passive 2 indicative anitsahana an+(h)itsah+ana 'prf.an-stem.(h)itsah-suffix.ana''(that-which)-be # -used-to-tread-upon'; ahitsaka # '(be)-hidden'[innovation]; # alternative passive 1 indicative ahitsaka a+hitsaka 'a.passive-root.hitsaka''(be)-hidden'[innovation]; voahitsaka # '(who/which)-has-been-successfully/accidentally-trodden-upon'. # Root hitsaka 'treading upon'; voahitsaka voa+hitsaka 'trans.perfective-root.hitsaka''(who/which)- # has-been-successfully/accidentally-trodden-upon'; fanitsahana # 'the action of treading'; # fanitsahana f+an+(h)itsah+ana 'prf.f-prf.an-stem.hitsah-suffix.ana''action of treading'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanitsaka # 'someone who (usually) treads upon'; # mpanitsaka mp+an+(h)itsaka 'pref.mp-pref.an-root.hitsaka''someone who (usually) treads upon'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hoatra # Root 'that-which-surpasses'; manoatra # 'to surpass, to exceed'; # Root hoatra 'that-which-surpasses'; transitive manoatra m+an+(h)oatra 'to surpass, to exceed'; mihoatra # 'to exceed'; # intransitive mihoatra m+i+hoatra 'pres-prf.i-root.hoatra''to exceed'; ihoaro ihoary # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-surpassed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ihoaro i+hoa(tr>r)+o or ihoary i+hoa(tr>r)+y 'prf.i-stem.hoar-by.you''(let-s.one/sth) # -be-surpassed-by.you'; ihoarana # '(s.one/sth)-be-surpassed'; # passive 1 indicative ihoarana i+hoa(tr>r)+ana 'prefix.i-stem.hoar-suffix.ana' '(sth)-be-made-to surpass'; fihoarana # 'the action of surpassing'; # fihoarana f+i+hoar+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.hoar-suffix.ana''the action of surpassing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; hodina # Root 'turn around'; # Root hodina 'turn around'; manodina # 'to turn sth around'; # transitive manodina m+an+root.(h)odina 'to turn sth around'; mihodina # intransitive mihodina m+i+hodina 'pres-pref.i-root.hodina''to turn round'; ahodino # '(let-sth)-be-turned-around-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative ahodino a+hodin+o 'a.passive-stem.hodin-by.you''(let-sth) # -be-turned-around-by.you'; ahodina # '(that-which)-be-usually-turned-around' or '(that-which-is)-being-turned-around'; # passive 1 indicative ahodina a+hodina 'prf.a-root.hodina''(that-which)-be-usually-turned # -around' or'(that-which-is)-being-turned-around'; anodino # '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-turn-around'; # passive 2 imperative anodino an+(h)odin+o 'prf.an-stem.hodin-by.you''(let-sth/instrument) # -be-used-by.you-to-turn-around'; anodinana # '(sth/instrument)-be-used-to-turn-sth-around'; # passive 2 indicative anodinana an+(h)odin+ana 'prf.ana-stem.hodin-suffix.ana''(sth/ # instrument)-be-used-to-turn-around'; voahodina # '(which)-has-been-successfully-turned-around'; # Root hodina 'turn around'; voahodina voa+hodina 'transitive.perfective-root.hodina''(which)- # has-been-successfully-turned-around'; tafahodina # '(who/which)-has-successfully/inadvertently-turned-around-on-its-own'; # tafahodina tafa+hodina 'intransitive.perfective-root.hodina''(who/which)-has-successfully # -turned-around-on-its-own'; fanodinana # 'the (habitual) action of turning sth around'; # fanodinana f+an+(h)odin+ana 'nominaliser.f-prefix.an-stem.hodin-suffix.ana''the action of # turning sth around'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; hodidina # Root 'tour, contour, surrounding'; # Root hodidina 'tour, contour, surrounding'; manodidina # 'to surround'; # transitive manodidina m+an+(h)odidina 'pres-pref.an-root.hodidina''to surround'; mihodidina # 'to be surrounded'; # intransitive mihodidina m+i+hodidina 'pres-pref.i-root.hodidina'to be surrounded'; hodidino # '(let-sone/sth)-be surrounded-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hodidino stem.hodidin+o '(let-s.one/sth)-be surrounded-by.you'; hodidinina # '(who/which-is)-surrounded'; # hodidinina hodidin+ina 'stem.hodidin+suffix.ina''(who/which-is)-surrounded'; ahodidina # '(that-which-is)-used-to-surround'; # alternative passive 1 ahodidina a.passive+root.hodidina '(that-which-is)-used-to-surround'; voadidina # '(has-been-successfully)-surrounded'; # voadidina voa+(h)odidina 'transitive.perfective-root.hodidina''(has-been-successfully)-surrounded'; # voa+(h)odidina > vo.o.di.di.na > vo.di.di.na where voa = /vo/ after h-drop and simplification of # vo+o to vo.; fihodidinana # 'the action of going around'; # fihodidina f+i+hodidin+na 'nominaliser.f-prefix.i-stem.hodidin-suff.ana''the action of going around'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; hofa # N 'rent'; # Root hofa 'rent'; manofa # 'to rent sth'; # transitive manofa m+an+(h)ofa 'pres-pref.an-root.hofa''to rent sth'; mampanofa # 'to rent sth out'; # mampanofa m+amp+an+(h)ofa 'pres-causative.prefix.amp-prefix.an-root.hofa''to rent sth out'; mihofa # '(to-be-usually)-rented'; # intransitive mihofa m+i+hofa 'pres-pref.i-root.hofa''(to-be-usually)-rented'; hofay hofao # '(let-sth)-be-rented-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hofay hofa+y or hofao stem.hofa+o '(let-sth)-be-rented-by.you'; hofaina hofana # '(that-which-is)-usually-rented' or '(that-which-is)-being-rented'; # passive 1 indicative hofaina hofa+ina 'stem.hofa-suffix.ina' or hofana hofa+ana 'stem.hofa+suffix.ana' # (that-which-is)-usually-rented' or '(that-which-is)-being-rented'; nohofaina nohofana # '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-rented'; # passive 1 indicative nohofaina no+hofa+ina 'passive.past-stem.hofa-suffix.ina' or nohofana # no+hofa+ana 'passive.past-hofa+suffix.ana''(that-which)-was-rented'; ahofao # (let-sth)-be-rented.out-by.you'; # alternative passive 1 imperative ahofao a+hofa+o 'a.passive-stem.hofa-by.you''(let-sth)-be-rented.out-by.you'; ahofa # '(that-which-is)-usually-rented.out' or '(that-which-is-being-rented.out'; # alternative passive 1 indicative ahofa a+hofa 'a.passive-root.hofa''(that-which-is)-usually-rented.out' # or '(that-which-is-being-rented.out'; anofao anofay # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/CIRCUMSTANCES)-be-used.by.you-to-rent'; # passive 2 imperative anofao an+(h)ofa+o 'prf.an-stem.hofa-by.you' or anofay an+(h)ofa+y 'prf.an-stem.hofa-by.you' # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/CIRCUMSTANCES)-be-used.by.you-to-rent'; anofana # '(the-circumstances)-usually.used-to-rent'; # passive 2 indicative anofao an+(h)ofa+ana 'prf.an-stem.hofa-suffix.ana' # an+(h)ofa+ana 'prf.an-stem.hofa-suffix.ana''(let-sth/the-circumstances)-usually.used-to-rent'; voahofa # '(has-been)-successfully-rented'; # voahofa voa+hofa 'transitive.perfective-root.hofa''(has-been)-successfully-rented'; fanofana # 'the (usual) action of renting sth'; # fanofana f+an+(h)ofa+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.an-stem.hofa-suffix.ana' 'the (usual) action of renting sth'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanofa # 'renter'; # mpanofa mp+an+(h)ofa 'prefix.mp-pref.an-root.hofa''renter'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; mpampanofa # 'one who (usually) rents sth out'; # mpampanofa mp+an+(h)ofa 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.hofa''one who (usually) rents sth out'; hosotra # N 'anointment'; # Root hosotra 'anointment'; manosotra # 'to anoint'; # transitive manosotra m+an+root.(h)osotra 'to anoint'; mihosotra # '(to-be)-anointed/covered-with'; # intransitive mihosotra m+i+hosotra 'pres-pref.i-root.hosotra''(to-be)-anointed/covered-with'; hosory # '(let-s.one/sth/PATIENT)-be-anointed-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hosory hosor+y 'stem.hosor-by.you''(let-s.one/sth/PATIENT)-be-anointed-by.you'; hosorana # '(s.one/sth/PATIENT)-usually-be-anointed' or '(s.one/sth/PATIENT-is)-being-anointed'; # passive 1 indicative hosorana hosor+ana 'stem.hosor-suffix.ana''(s.one/sth/PATIENT)-usually-be-anointed' # or '(s.one/sth/PATIENT-is)-being-anointed'; ahosotra # 'a.passive-hosotra''(that-which)-is-usually-rubbed-with, i.e. SOME LIQUID/OIL,...' or # '(INGREDIENT/that-which-is)-being-rubbed-with'; # alternative passive 1 indicative ahosotra a+hosotra 'a.passive-root.hosotra''(that-which)- # is-usually-rubbed-with, i.e. SOME LIQUID/OIL,...' or '(that-which-is)-being-rubbed-with'; anosory # passive 2 imperative anosory an+(h)osor+y 'prf.an-stem.hosor-by.you''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)- # be-actively-used-by.you-to-anoint'; anosorana # passive 2 indicative anosorana an+(h)sor+ana 'prf.an-stem.hosor-suffix.ana' # '(sth/instrument/circumstance)-be-used-to-anoint'; ihosory # '(let-LOCATION)-be-anointed-by.you'; # alternative passive 2 imperative ihosory i+hosor+y 'prf.i-stem.hosor-by.you''(let-LOCATION)-be-anointed-by.you'; ihosorana # '(LOCATION)-be-rubbed-with'; # passive 2 indicative ihosorana i+hosor+ana 'prf.i-stem.hosor-suffix.ana''(LOCATION)-be-rubbed-with'; Nohosoran'i Jeanne menaka ny tongony. # No- hosor-an' i Jeanne menaka ny tongo-(tra)/ny. # past.passive-hosor-suffix.ana.by D.sg Jeanne oil Det.unspec foot/feet-of-hers # 'Jeanne rubbed her foot/feet with oil'. Nahosotr'i Jeanne ny tongony ilay menaka. # N- a- hosotr' i Jeanne ny tongo-(tra)/ny ilay menaka. # past.active-prf.a.passive-hosotra-by D.sg Jeanne Det.unspec foot/feet-of-hers DX.sg oil # 'Jeanne rubbed the (previously mentioned) oil on her feet'. Nanosoran'i Jeanne menaka ny tongony ilay fitaovana. # N-an-(h)osor-an'i Jeanne menaka ny tongo-(tra)/ny ilay fitaovana. # 'Jeanne used the (previous mention) instrument to rub oil on her feet'. voahosotra # '(who/which)-has-been-successfully-rubbed-with"; # Root hosotra 'anointment'; voohositra voa+hositra 'transitive.perfective-root.hositra''(which)-has-been- # successfully-rubbed-with"; fihosorana # 'the action of getting anointed'; # fihosorana f+i+hosor+ana 'nominalizer.f-prf.i-stem.hosor-suffix.ana''the action of getting anointed'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fanosorana # 'the action of anointing'; # fanosorana f+an+(h)sor+ana 'nominalizer.f-prf.an-stem.hosor-suffix.ana''the action of anointing'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanosotra # 'someone who (usually) anoints'; # mpanosotra mp+an+(h)osotra 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.hosotra''someone who anoints'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; hosy # Root 'trampling' # Root hosy 'trampling'; manosy # 'to trample'; # transitive manosy m+an+root.(h)osy 'pres-prf.an-hosy''to trample'; mihosy # '(to-be-covered)-with-dirt-(from-trampling)'; # intransitive mihosy m+i+hosy 'pres-prf.i-root.hosy''(to-be-covered)-with-dirt-(from-trampling)'; hoseo # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-trampled-by.you'; # passive 1 imperative hoseo hose+o 'stem.hose-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)-be-trampled-by.you'; hosena # '(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-trampled' or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-trampled'; # passive 1 indicative hosena hose+ina 'stem.hose-suffix.ina''(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-trampled' # or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-trampled'; anoseo # '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-trample'; # passive 2 imperative anoseo an+(h)ose+o 'prf.an-stem.hose+by.you''(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-trample'; anosena # '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-used-to-trample'; # passive 2 indicative anosena an+(h)ose+ana 'prf.an-stem.hose-suffix.ana''(sth/INSTRUMENT)-used-to-trample'; voahosy # '(the-one/that-which)-has-been-successfully-trampled'; # Root hosy 'trampling'; voahosy voa+hosy 'transitive.perfective-root.hosy''(the-one/that-which)-has-been- # successfully-trampled'; fanosena # 'the action of trampling on s.one/sth'; # fanosena f+an+(h)ose+ana 'nominalized.f-pref.an-stem.hose-suff.ana''the action of trampling on s.one/sth'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fihosena # 'the action of trampling in mud'; # fihosena f+i+hose+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.hose-suffix.ana''the action of trampling in mud'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; hovitra # N 'shake'; # Root hovitra 'shake'; mangovitra # 'to shake, to tremble'; # intransitive mangovitra m+an+root.(h>g)ovitra 'to shake, to tremble'; no passive 1 imperative; # no passive 2 imperative. Mangovitry ny hatsiaka aho. # M- an- (h)ovitra/y ny hatsiaka aho. # pres-prf.an-hovitra-by/because-of det.unspec cold I # 'I shake because of the cold'. hozohozo # N 'weakness'; # Root hozohozo 'weakness'; mangozohozo # 'to be weak (from illness or old age)'; # intransitive mangozohozo m+an+root.(h>g)ozohozo 'to be weak (from illness or old age)'; mihozohozo # 'to be in a habitual state of being weak (from illness or old age)'; # intransitive mihozohozo m+i+root.hozohozo 'to be in a habitual state of being weak (from # illness or old age)'; no passive 1 imperative; no passive 2 imperative; fangozohozoana # 'physical symptoms of weakness, debility'; # fangozohozoana f+an+(h>g)ozohozo+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.hozohozo-suffix.ana''weakness, debility'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fihozohozoana # 'the state of being weak, debility'; # fihozohozoana f+i+hozohozo+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.hozohozo-suffix.ana''weakness, debility'; # this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the # on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form;