## Verb-initial grammars: A multilingual/parallel perspective ## ESRC Project RES-000-23-0505 ## Oxford University ## Charles Randriamasimanana ## Malagasy lexicon: ## Malagasy Roots without a passive meaning: ESRC-OX-05-CR303. ## These are roots without a passive meaning: K to Z. ## Unlike roots with a passive meaning (a closed class), roots without a passive meaning represent ## an open-ended class and will usually take an affix, i.e. a prefix, a suffix or both. kaikitra ## N 'bite'; ## Root kaikitra 'bite'; manaikitra ## 'to bite'; ## transitive manaikitra m+an+(k)aikitra 'pres-prf.an-root.kaikitra; ## 'to bite'; kaikero ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bitten-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative kaikero stem.kaiker+o '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bitten-by.you'; kaikerina ## '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-bitten' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-bitten'; ## passive 1 indicative kaikerina stem.kaiker+ina '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-bitten' or '(s.one/ ## sth-is)-being-bitten'; nokaikerina ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-bitten'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative nokaikerina no+kaiker+ina ## 'past.passive-stem.kaiker-suffix.ina''was-bitten'; hokaikerina ## 'will.be-bitten'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hokaikerina ho+kaiker+ina 'future.passive-stem.kaiker- ## suffix.ina''will.be-bitten'; anaikero ## '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-bitten-by.you' or '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-bite'; ## passive 2 imperative anaikero an+(k)aiker+o 'prf.an-stem.kaiker-by.you''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be- ## bitten-by.you' or '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-bite'; anaikerana ## '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-usually-bitten' or '(a-portion-of-sth-is)-being-bitten'; ## passive 2 indicative anaikerana an+(k)aiker+ana 'pref.an-stem.kaiker-suffix.ana' ## '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-usually-bitten' or '(a-portion-of-sth-is)-being-bitten'; nanaikerana ## '(a-portion-of-sth)-was-bitten' or 'sth/INSTRUMENT)-was-used-to-bite'; ## passive 2 past tense indicative nanaikerana n+an+(k)aiker+ana 'past.active-prf.an-stem.kaiker-suffix.ana' ## '(a-portion-of-sth)-was-bitten''sth/INSTRUMENT)-was-used-to-bite'; hanaikerana ## '(a-portion-of-sth)-will.be-bitten' or 'sth/INSTRUMENT)-will.be-used-to-bite'; ## passive 2 future tense indicative hanaikerana h+an+(k)aiker+ana 'future.active- ## prf.an-stem.kaiker-suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-sth)-will.be-bitten' or 'sth/INSTRUMENT)-will.be-used-to-bite'; voakaikitra ## '(who/which-has-been)-successfully-bitten' or ''(who/which-has-been)-accidentally-bitten'; ## Root kaikitra 'bite'; voakaikitra voa+kaikitra 'transitive.perfective-root.kaikitra' ## '(who/which-has-been)-successfully-bitten' or ''(who/which-has-been)-accidentally-bitten'; fanaikerana ## 'the action of biting'; ## fanaikerana f+an+(k)aiker+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.an-stem.kaiker-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanaikitra ## 'someone who usually bites'; ## mpanaikitra mp+an+(k)aikitra 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.kaikitra''someone who usually bites'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; karama ## N 'pay'; ## Root karama 'pay'; manarama ## 'to pay a salary to s.one'; ## transitive manarama m+an+(k)arama 'pres-prf.an-root.karama''to pay a salary to s.one'; mikarama ## 'to earn a salary'; ## intransitive mikarama m+i+karama 'pres-prf.i-root.karama''to earn a salary'; karamao ## '(let-s.one)-be-paid-a-salary-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative karamao stem.karama+o '(let-s.one)-be-paid-a-salary-by.you'; karamaina ## '(the-one-who)-be-usually-paid-a-salary' or '(the-one-who-is)-being-paid-a-salary'; ## passive 1 indicative karamaina stem.karama+ina 'karama-suffix.ina''(the-one-who)-be- ## usually-paid-a-salary' or '(the-one-who-is)-being-paid-a-salary'; nokaramaina ## 'was-paid-a-salary'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative nokaramaina no+karama+ina 'past.passive-stem.karama- ## suffix.ina''was-paid-a-salary'; hokaramaina ## 'will.be-paid-a-salary'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hokaramaina ho+karama+ina 'future.passive ## -stem.karama-suffix.ina''will.be-paid-a-salary'; ikaramao ## (let-a-Location-Oblique-be-where)-you-earn-a-salary'; ## alternative passive 1 imperative ikaramao i+karama+o 'prf.i-stem.karama-by.you' ## '(let-a-Location-Oblique-be-where)-you-earn-a-salary'; ikaramana ## '(a-Location-Oblique-be-where)-s.one-earns-a-salary'; ## passive 1 indicative ikaramana i+karama+ana 'prf.i-stem.karama-suffix.ana' ## '(a-Location-Oblique-be-where)-s.one-earns-a-salary'; nikaramana ## '(a-Location-Oblique-be-where)-s.one-earnt-a-salary'; ## passive 1 past indicative nikaramana n+i+karama+ana ## 'past.active-prf.i-stem.karama-suffix.ana''(a-Location-Oblique-be-where) ## -s.one-earnt-a-salary'; hikaramana ## '(a-Location-Oblique-be-where)-s.one-will.earn-a-salary'; ## passive 1 future indicative hikaramana h+i+karama+ana ## 'future.active-prf.i-stem.karama-suffix.ana''(a-Location-Oblique-be-where) ## -s.one-will.earn-a-salary'; anakaramao ## '(for-this)-be.paid-by.you-a-salary'; ## passive 2 imperative anakaramao ana+karama+o prf.ana-stem.karama-by.you' ## '(for-this)-be.paid-by.you-a-salary'; anakaramana ## '(for-this)-be-usually-paid-a-salary' or '(for-this-is)-being-paid-a-salary'; ## passive 2 indicative anakaramana ana+karama+ana 'prf.ana-stem.karama-suffix.ana '(for-this)- ## be-usually-paid-a-salary' or '(for-this-is)-being-paid-a-salary'; nanakaramana ## '(for-this)-was-usually-paid-a-salary'; ## passive 2 past indicative nanakaramana n+ana+karama+ana 'past.active-prf.ana-stem.karama- ## suffix.ana '(for-this)-was-usually-paid-a-salary'; hanakaramana ## '(for-this)-will-be-paid-a-salary'; ## passive 2 future indicative hanakaramana h+ana+karama+ana 'future.active-prf.ana-stem.karama- ## suffix.ana '(for-this)-will-be-paid-a-salary'; voakarama ## Root karama 'pay'; voakarama voa+karama 'transitive.perfective-root.karama' ## 'has-been-paid-a-salary'; fikaramana ## 'the action of working for a salary'; ## fikaramana f+i+karama+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.karama-suffix.ana' ## 'the action of working for a salary'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; mpikarama ## 'the one who habitually works for a salary'; ## mpikarama mp+i+karama 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root,karama''the one habitually who works for a salary'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; ketsa ## N 'rice plants'; ## Root ketsa 'rice plants'; manetsa ## 'to transplant rice'; ## transitive manetsa m+an+root.(k)etsa 'to transplant rice'; ketsao ## '(let-sth/s.where)-be-planted-on'; ## passive 1 imperative ketsao stem.ketsa+o '(let-sth/s.where)-be-planted-on'; ketsana ## '(where-is)-usually-planted' or '(where-it-is-)-being-planted'; ## passive 1 indicative ketsana ketsa+ana 'stem.ketsana-suffix.ana''(where- ## is)-usually-planted' or '(where-it-is-)-being-planted'; noketsana ## '(where)-was-planted' or '(where-it-is-)-being-planted'; ## passive 1 indicative noketsana no+ketsa+ana 'passive.past-stem.ketsana-suffix.ana''(where-) ## was-planted-punctually'; anetsao ## '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-to-plant-rice'; ## passive 2 imperative anetsao an+(k)etsa+o '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-to-plant- ## rice'; anetsana ## '(instrument)-be-habitually-used-to-plant-rice' or '(instrument-is)-being-used-to-plant-rice'; ## passive 2 indicative anetsana an+(k)etsa+ana '(instrument)-be-habitually-used-to-plant-rice' or ## '(instrument-is)-being-used-to-plant-rice'; fanetsana ## 'the action of planting rice'; ## fanetsana f+an+(k)etsa+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.ketsa-suffix.ana''the action of ## planting rice'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanetsa ## 'someone who usually plants rice'; ## mpanetsa mp+an+(k)etsa 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.ketsa''someone who usually plants rice'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; korontana ## N 'turmoil'; ## Root korontana 'turmoil'; manakorontana ## 'to throw into turmoil'; ## active voice transitive manakorontana m+ana+korontana 'pres-prf- ## turmoil''to throw into turmoil'; mikorontana ## 'to be in a state of turmoil'; ## active voice intransitive mikorontana m+i+root.korontana 'to be ## in a state of turmoil'; korotano korontany ## '(let-sth)-be-thrown-into-turmoil-by.you' ## passive 1 imperative korotano stem.korotan+o '(let-sth)-be-thrown-into-turmoil-by.you' or ## korontany korontan+y '(let-sth)-be-thrown-into-turmoil-by.you'; korontanina ## 'usually-thrown-into-turmoil' or '(s.one/sth)-being-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil'; ## passive 1 indicative korontanina stem.korontan+ina 'usually-thrown-into-turmoil' or ## '(s.one/sth)-being-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil'; nokorontanina ## 'was-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil-in-a-deliberate-and-thorough-manner'; ## alternatively nokorontanina no+korontan+ina 'past.pass-stem.korontan-suffix.ina' ## 'was-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil-in-a-deliberate-and-thorough-manner'; hokorontanina ## 'will.be-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil-in-a-deliberate-and-thorough-manner'; ## hokorontanina ho+korontan+ina 'future.pass-stem.korontan-suffix.ina''will.be-thrown- ## into-a-state-of-turmoil-in-a-deliberate-and-thorough-manner'; akorontano akorontany ## '(let-sth)-be-thrown-into-turmoil-by.you-initially' ## another possibility for passive 1 imperative akorontano a+korotan+o 'pref-stem.korontan+o' ## '(let-sth)-be-thrown-into-turmoil-by.you-initially' or akorontany a+korontan+y ## 'pref-be-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil-by.you-with-only-the-inital-impulse-provided'; akorontana ## '(sth)-be-thrown-into-turmoil-by.you-initially' ; ## passive 1 indicative akorontana a+root.korontana 'pref-be-thrown-into-a-state-of-turmoil ## -by.s.one-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'. Nokorontanin'i Jaona ilay mpangalatra. ## No- korotan- ina i Jaona ilay mpangalatra. ## past.pass-in-turmoil/disturbance-suff.ina D.sg John DX.sg thief ## "The (p.m.) thief was deliberately disturbed by John'. Nakorotan'i Jaona ny entana. ## N- a- korontana i Jaona ny entana ## past-prf-in-turmoil/disturbance D.sg John Det.unspec luggage ## 'The luggage was in a state of disorder as a result of John's doing'. fikorontanana ## 'turmoil'; ## fikorontanana f+i+korontan+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.korontan-suffix.ana''turmoil'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fanakorontanana ## 'the action of causing a turmoil'; ## fanakorontanana f+ana+korontan+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.ana-stem.korontan-suffix.ana' ## 'the action of causing a turmoil'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix ANA and the stem form; mpanakorontana ## 'the one who usually creates a turmoil'; ## mpanakorontana mp+ana+korontana 'prefix.mp-prefix.ana-root.korontana''the one who usually ## creates a turmoil'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; lentika ## Root 'sinking'; ## Root lentika 'sinking'; mandentika ## 'to cause to sink'; ## transitive mandentika m+an+lentika 'pres-prf.an-root.lentika' ## 'to sink'; milentika ## 'to sink'; ## intransitive milentika m+i+lentika 'pres-prf.i-root.lentika''to sink'; alenteho ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-submerged-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative alenteho a+lenteh+o 'a.passive-stem.lenteh-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)- ## be-submerged-by.you'; alentika ## '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-submerged' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-submerged'; ## passive 1 indicative alentika a+lentika 'prf.a-root.lentika' ## '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-submerged' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-submerged'; nalentika ## 'was-caused-to-submerge'; ## past tense indicative nalentika n+a+lentika 'past.active-prf.a-root.lentika''was-caused-to-submerge'; halentika ## 'will.be-caused-to--submerge'; ## future tense indicative halentika h+a+lentika 'future.active-prf.a-root.lentika''will.be ## caused-to--submerge'; andenteho ## '(let-sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-cause-to-submerge'; ## passive 2 imperative andenteho an+lenteh+o 'prf.an-stem.lenteh-by.you' ## '(let-sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-cause-to-submerge'; andentehana ## '(sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-be-used-to-cause-to-submerge'; ## passive 2 indicative andentehana an+lenteh+ana 'prf.an-stem.lenteh-suffix.ana''(sth/circumstances- ## under-which-sth)-be-used-to-cause-to-submerge'; nandentehana ## '(sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-was-used-to-cause-to-submerge'; ## passive 2 indicative nandentehana n+an+lenteh+ana 'past.active-prf.an-stem.lenteh-suffix.ana' ## '(sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-was-used-to-cause-to-submerge'; handentehana ## '(sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.be-used-to-cause-to-submerge'; ## passive 2 indicative handentehana h+an+lenteh+ana 'future.active-prf.an-stem.lenteh-suffix.ana' ## '(sth/circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.be-used-to-cause-to-submerge'; voalentika ## 'has-been-successfully-sunk-(by-s.one)'; ## Root lentika 'sinking'; voalentika voa+lentika 'transitive.perfective-root.lentika' ## 'has-been-successfully-sunk-(by-s.one)'; tafalentika ## '(who/which)-has-managed-to-sink-on-its-own' or '(which)-has-accidentally-been-sunk'; ## tafalentika tafa+lentika 'intransitive-perfective-root.lentika'(who/which)-has-managed-to-sink- ## on-its-own' or '(which)-has-accidentally-been-sunk'; fandentehana ## 'the action of causing to sink'; ## fandentehana f+an+lenteh+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.lenteh-suffix.ana''the action of ## causing to sink'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; filentehana ## 'the action of sinking'; ## filentehana f+i+lenteh+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.lenteh-suffix.ana''the action of sinking'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; mpandentika ## 'the one who usually causes to sink'; ## mpandentika mp+an+lentika 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.lentika 'the one who usually causes to sink'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; loko ## N 'paint, colour'; ## Root loko 'paint, colour'; mandoko ## to paint'; ## transitive mandoko m+an+loko 'pres-prf.an-root.loko''to paint'; miloko ## '(to-be)-usually-painted'; ## intransitive miloko m+i+loko 'pres-prf.i-root.loko''(to-be)-usually-painted'; lokoy ## '(let-sth)-be-painted-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative lokoy stem.loko+y '(let-sth)-be-painted-by.you'; lokoana ## '(that-which)-be-usually-painted' or '(that-which-is)-being-painted'; ## passive 1 indicative lokoana loko+ana 'stem.loko-suffix.ana''(that-which)-be-usually-painted' ## or '(that-which-is)-being-painted'; nolokoana ## '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-painted'; ## passive 1 indicative nolokoana no+loko+ana 'passive.past-stem.loko-suffix.ana''(that-which) ## -was-deliberately & punctually-painted'; andokoy ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-paint'; ## passive 2 imperative andokoy an+loko+y 'prf.an-stem.loko-by.you''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances)-be- ## used-by.you-to-paint'; andokoana ## '(sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances-under-which)-be.usually.painted' or '(sth/INSTRUMENT/ ## circumstances-under-which-is)-being.painted' ; ## passive 2 indicative andokoana an+loko+ana 'prf.an-stem.loko-suffix.ana' ## '(sth/INSTRUMENT/circumstances-under-which)-be.painted'; voaloko ## '(which-has)-been-successfully-painted'; ## Root loko 'paint, colour'; voaloko voa+loko 'transitive.perfective-root.loko''(which-has)-been- ## successfully-painted'; fandokoana ## 'the action of painting'; ## fandokoana f+an+loko+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.loko-suffix.ana''the action of painting'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpandoko ## 'painter'; ## mpandoko mp+an+loko 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.loko''painter'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; lositra ## Root 'flight, desertion'; ## Root lositra 'flight, desertion'; mandositra ## 'to flee'; ## intransitive mandositra m+an+(l>d)ositra 'pres-prf.an-root.lositra''to flee'; ## no passive 1 imperative; andosiro ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/LOCATION/circumstances)-be-fled-away-from-by.you'; ## passive 2 imperative andosiro an+(l>d)osir+o 'prf.an-stem.dosir-by.you''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT/ ## LOCATION/circumstances)-be-fled-away-from-by.you'; andosirana ## '(sth/INSTRUMENT/LOCATION/circumstances)-be-usually-fled-away-from' or '(sth/INSTRUMENT/ ## LOCATION/circumstances-is)-being-fled-away-from'; ## passive 2 indicative andosirana 'an+(l>d)osir+ana 'prefix.an-stem.dosir-suffix.ana''(sth/INSTRUMENT/ ## LOCATION/circumstances)-be-usually-fled-away-from' or '(sth/INSTRUMENT/LOCATION/circumstances-is) ## -being-fled-away-from'; fandosirana ## 'the action of fleeing or deserting'; ## fandosirana f+an+(l>d)osir+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.dosir-suffix.ana''the action of fleeing ## or deserting'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpandositra ## 'someone who flees away'; ## mpandositra mp+an+(l>d)ositra 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.lositra''someone who flees away'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; nenina ## N 'regrets'; ## Root nenina 'regrets'; manenina ## 'to regret'; ## manenina m+an+root.nenina 'to regret'; aneneno ## '(let-sth)-be-regretted-by.you'; ## passive 2 imperative aneneno an+stem.(n)enen+o'(let-sth)-be-regretted-by.you'; anenenana ## '(that-which-is)-regretted'; ## passive 2 indicative anenenana an+(n)enen+ana 'prf.an-stem.nenen-suffix.ana'(that-which-is)-regretted'; fanenenana ## 'the act of contrition'; ## fanenenana f+an+(n)enen+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.nenen-suffix.ana''the act of contrition'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; petraka ## N 'deposit'; ## Root petraka 'deposit'; mametraka ## 'to put, to deposit'; ## active voice transitive mametraka m+a(n>m)+(p)etraka 'pres-prf-root.petraka' ##'to put, to deposit'; mipetraka ## 'to sit'; ## active voice intransitive mipetraka m+i+petraka 'pres-prf-root.petraka 'to sit'; apetraho petraho ## '(let-sth)-be-sat-upon-by.you'; ## rare passive 1 imperative petraho petrah+o '(let-sth)-be-sat-upon-by.you' or alternatively apetraho ## a+petrah+o 'a.passive-stem.petrah-suff.o'; no passive 1 indicative based on petraho; apetraka ## '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-habitually-left-behind-with-only-the-inital-impulse-provided' or ## '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-left-behind-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; ## passive 1 indicative based on a.passive = apetraka a+petraka '(the-one-who/that-which-is)- ## habitually-left-behind-with-only-the-inital-impulse-provided' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is) ## -being-left-behind-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; ametraho ## '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-left-behind' or '(let-s.one)-be-left-sth-behind'; ## passive 2 imperative ametraho a(n>m)+(p)etrah+o 'prf.an-stem.petrah-by.you''(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be ## -left-behind' or '(let-s.one)-be-left-sth-behind'; ametrahana ## '(the-one-with-whom/the-place-where-sth)-has-been-left-behind' or '(a-portion-of-sth)-has-been- ## left-behind'; ## passive 2 indicative ametrahana a(n>m)+(p)etrah+ana 'pref.an-stem.petrah-suffix.ana' ## '(the-one-with-whom/the-place-where-sth)-has-been-left-behind' or '(a-portion-of-sth)-has-been- ## left-behind'; ipetraho ## '(let-a-location-be-where)-you-be.seated'; ## alternative passive 2 ipetraho with prefix i = ipetraho i+petrah+o 'prf.i-stem.petrah-by.you' ## '(let-a-location-be-where)-you-be.seated'; ipetrahana ## '(the-place-where)-usually-s.one-be.seated'; ## corresponding passive 2 indicative ipetrahana i+petrah+ana 'prf.i-stem.petrah-suffix.ana' ## '(the-place-where)-usually-s.one-be.seated'; mahapetraka ## '(be)-capable-of-sitting'; ## Root petraka 'deposit, sit'; mahapetraka m+aha+petraka 'pres-pref.aha-sit''(be)-capable-of-sitting'; voapetraka ## '(the-one-who/that-which)-has-been-successfully-deposited-(by-someone.else)'; ## voapetraka voa+petraka 'transitive.perfective.prf-root.petraka'(the-one-who/that-which)-has-been- ## successfully-deposited-(by-someone.else)'; tafapetraka ## '(the-one/s-who)-have-accidentally-found-themselves-sitting' or 'have-managed-to-sit'; ## tafapetraka tafa+petraka 'intransitive.perfective.prf-root.petraka '(the-one/s-who)-have- ## accidentally-found-themselves-sitting' or 'have-managed-to-sit'; fametrahana ## 'the action of installing'; ## fametrahana f+a(n>m)+(p)etrah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.petrah-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fipetrahana ## 'the action of sitting or landing, buttocks'; ## fipetrahana f+i+petrah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.petrah-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fipetraka ## 'the habitual (abstract) action of sitting'; ## fipetraka f+i+petraka 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.petraka'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; posaka ## Root 'revelation'; ## Root posaka 'revelation'; mamosaka ## 'to reveal'; ## transitive mamosaka m+a(n>m)+(p)osaka 'pres-pref.an-root.posaka''to reveal'; miposaka ## 'to get revealed'; ## intransitive miposaka m+i+posaka 'pres-prefix.i-root.posaka''to get revealed'; aposaho ## '(let-sth)-be-revealed-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative aposaho a+posah+o 'a.passive-stem.posah-by.you' ## '(let-sth)-be-revealed-by.you'; aposaka ## '(sth)-be-usually-revealed' or '(sth-is)-being-revealed'; ## passive 1 indicative aposaka a+posaka 'a.passive-root.posaka '(sth)-be-usually ## -revealed' or '(sth-is)-being-revealed'; naposaka ## 'was-revealed-(the-tip-of-the-iceberg)'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative naposaka n+a+posaka 'past.active-prf.a-root.posaka' ## 'was-revealed-(the-tip-of-the-iceberg)'; haposaka ## 'will.be-revealed'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative haposaka h+a+posaka'future.active-prf.a-root.posaka' ## 'will.be-revealed'; voaposaka ## '(which)-has-been-deliberately-revealed'; ## Root posaka 'revelation'; voaposaka voa+posaka 'transitive.perfective-root.posaka' ## '(which)-has-been-deliberately-revealed'; tafaposaka ## 'accidentally revealed'; ## tafaposaka tafa+posaka 'intransitive-perfective-posaka''(which)-has-been-accidentally-revealed'; famosahana ## 'the action of revealing'; ## famosahana f+a(n>m)+(p)osah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.posah-suffix.ana''the action of revealing'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fanaposahana ## 'the action of (deliberately) revealing'; ## fanaposahana f+ana+posah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.ana-stem.posah-suffix.ana''the action of revealing'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix ANA and the stem form; fiposahana ## 'apparition'; ## fiposahana f+i+posah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.posah-suffix.ana''apparition'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fiposaka ## 'rise' ## fiposaka f+i+posaka 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.posaka''rise'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; resaka ## N 'conversation' ## Root resaka 'conversation'; miresaka ## 'to speak, to talk'; ## intransitive miresaka m+i+root.resaka 'to speak, to talk'; resaho ## (let-sth)-be-deliberately-talked-about-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative resaho stem.resah+o (let-sth)-be-deliberately-talked-about-by.you'; resahina ## '(sth)-be-usually-talked-about''(sth-is)-being-talked-about; ## passive 1 indicative resahina stem.resah+ina '(sth)-be-usually-talked-about''(sth-is)-being-talked-about; noresahina ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-talked-about'; ## noresahina no+resah+ina 'past.pass-stem.resah-suffix.ina'was-deliberately-talked-about'; horesahina ## 'will.be-deliberately-talked-about'; ## horesahina ho+resah+ina 'future.pass-stem.resah-ina'will.be-deliberately-talked-about'; iresaho ## '(let-s.one)-be-talked-to-by.you' or '(go and)-talk-to-s.one'; ## passive 2 imperative iresaho i+resah+o 'prefix.i-stem.resah-by.you''(let-s.one)-be-talked-to-by.you' ## or '(go and)-talk-to-s.one'; iresahana ## '(to-s.one)-be-usually-talked-to' or '(to-s.one)-is-being-talked-to'. ## passive 2 indicative iresahana i+resah+ana '(to-s.one)-to-be-usually-talked-to' or ## '(to-s.one)-is-being-talked-to'; niresahana ## '(s.one/BENEFICIARY)-was-usually-talked-to' or '(s.one/BENEFICIARY)-was-being-talked-to'. ## passive 2 indicative niresahana n+i+resah+ana 'past.active-prefix.i-stem.resah-suffix.ana' ## (to-s.one)-was-usually-talked-to' or '(to-s.one)-was-being-talked-to'; hiresahana ## '(s.one/BENEFICIARY)-will.be-usually-talked-to' or '(s.one/BENEFICIARY)-will-b-talked-to'. ## passive 2 indicative hiresahana h+i+resah+ana 'future.active-prefix.i-stem.resah-suffix.ana' ## (to-s.one)-will.be-usually-talked-to' or '(to-s.one)-will-be-talked-to'; mifampiresaka ## "to talk to each other'; ## mifampiresaka m+if+amp+i+resaka 'pres-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.amp-prefix.i-root.resaka'; firesahana ## 'the act of conversing'; ## firesahana f+i+resah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.resah-suffix.ana''the act of conversing'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; firesaka ## 'the habitual manner of conversing'; ## firesaka f+i+resaka 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.resaka''the habitual manner of conversing'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; mpiresaka ## 'conversationalist'; ## mpiresaka mp+i+resaka 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.resaka''conversationalist'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; sasa ## N 'wash'; ## Root sasa 'wash'; manasa ## 'to wash'; ## active voice transitive manasa m+an+(s)asa 'pres-prf.an-root.sasa' 'to wash'; misasa ## 'to wash (oneself)'; ## active voice intransitive misasa m+i+sasa 'pres-prf.i-root.sasa'to wash (oneself)'; sasao ## '(let-sth)-be-washed-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative sasao stem.sasa+o '(let-sth)-be-washed-by.you'; sasana ## '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-washed' or '(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-washed'; ## passive 1 indicative sasana stem.sasa+ana '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-washed' or ## '(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-washed'; nosasana ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-washed'; ## passive 1 indicative nosasana no+sasa+ana 'past.pass-stem.sasa-suffix.ina''was-washed'; hosasana ## 'will.be-washed'; ## passive 1 indicative hosasana ho+sasa+ana 'future.pass-stem.sasa-suffix.ina''will.be-washed'; anasao ## '(let-a-portion-of-something)-be washed' or '(let-sth)-be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash' ## passive 2 imperative anasao an+(s)asa+o 'pref.an-stem.sasa-by.you''(let-a-portion-of-something)- ## be washed' or '(let-sth)-be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash'; anasana ## '(a-portion-of-something)-be washed' or '(sth)-be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash' ## passive 2 indicative anasana an+(s)asa+ana 'pref.an-stem.sasa-suffix.ana''(a-portion-of-something)- ## be washed' or '(sth)-be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash'; nanasana ## '(a-portion-of-something)-was-washed' or '(sth)-was-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash' ## passive 2 indicative nanasana n+an+(s)asa+ana 'past.active-pref.an-stem.sasa-suffix.ana' ## '(a-portion-of-something)-was washed' or '(sth)-was-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash'; hanasana ## '(a-portion-of-something)-will.be-washed' or '(sth)-will.be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash' ## passive 2 indicative hanasana h+an+(s)asa+ana 'future.active-pref.an-stem.sasa-suffix.ana' ## '(a-portion-of-something)-will.be-washed' or '(sth)-will.be-used-to-deliberately/thoroughly-wash'; mahasasa ## '(be-capable-of)-washing'; ## Root sasa 'wash'; mahasasa m+aha+sasa 'pres-prf.aha-root.sasa''(be-capable-of)-washing'; voasasa ## '(who/which)-have-been-successfully-washed'; ## voa+sasa 'transitive.perfective-root.sasa''(who/which)-have-been-successfully-washed'; fanasana ## 'the action of washing sth'; ## fanasana f+an+(s)asa+ana 'nominalizer.f-pref.an-stem.sasa-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fisasana ## 'the manner of washing, the place where washing usually takes place'; ## fisasana f+i+sasa+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.sasa-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fisasa ## 'the (usual) manner of washing'; ## fisasa f+i+sasa 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.sasa 'the (usual) manner of washing'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; mpanasa ## 'one who usually does washing'; ## mpanasa mp+an+(s)asa 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.sasa 'one who usually does washing'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; tery ## Adj 'tight'; ## Root tery 'tight'; manery ## 'to force'; ## active voice transitive manery m+an+(t)ery 'pres-prf.an-root.(t)ery''to force'; tereo ## '(let-sth)-be-made-tight-by.you' or '(let-s.one)-be-forced-by.you-(to-do-sth); ## passive 1 imperative tereo teri > tere + o '(let-sth)-be-made-tight-by.you' or ## '(let-s.one)-be-forced-by.you-(to-do-sth); terena ## '(that-which)-be-usually-made-tight/forced' or '(which/who-is)-being-made-tight/forced' ## passive 1 indicative terena tere + ina 'stem.tere-suffix.ina''(that-which)-be-usually-made- ## tight/forced' or '(which/who-is)-being-made-tight/forced'; noterena ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-made-tight/forced'; ## passive 1 indicative noterena no+tere+ina 'past.passive.nonDURATIVE-stem.tere-suffix.ina' ## 'was-made-tight/forced'; hoterena ## 'will.be-made-tight/forced'; ## passive 1 indicative hoterena ho+tere+ina 'future.passive.nonDURATIVE-stem.tere-suffix.ina' ## 'will.be-made-tight/forced'; anereo ## '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-to-tighten-up' or '(let-sth)-be-tightened-up-to-some-extent'; ## passive 2 imperative anereo an+(t)ere+o 'prf.an-stem.tere-by.you''(let-sth/instrument)-be-used- ## to-tighten-up' or '(let-sth)-be-tightened-up-to-some-extent'; anerena ## '(that-which/instrument)-be-usually-used-to-tighten-up' or '(sth-is)-being-tightened-up-to-some-extent'; ## passive 2 indicative anerena an+(t)ere+ana 'prf.an-stem.(t)ere-suffix.ana''(that-which/instrument) ## -be-usually-used-to-tighten-up' or '(sth-is)-being-tightened-up-to-some-extent'; nanerena ## '(that-which/instrument)-was-used-to-tighten-up'; ## alternative passive 2 indicative nanerena n+an+(t)ere+ana 'past.active-prf.an- ## stem.(t)ere-suffix.ana'(that-which/instrument)-was-used-to-tighten-up'; mitery ## 'to milk (cows)'; ## Root tery 'tight'; alternative transitive mitery m+i+tery 'pres-prf.i-root.tery' ## 'to milk (cows)'; fanerena ## 'coercion'; ## fanerena f+an+(t)ere+(a)na 'nominalizer.f-stem.tere-suffix.ana'''coercion'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; toetra ## N 'state, condition, behaviour'; ## Root toetra 'state, condition, behaviour'; mitoetra ## 'to live, to stay at'; ## intransitive verb mitoetra m+i+toetra 'pres-prf.i-root.toetra 'to live'; atoero ## out of use nowadays; ## passive 1 imperative atoero 'prefix.a+stem.toer+o is out of use; itoero ## (let-a-place/LOCATION)-be-where-you-stay'; ## passive 2 imperative itoero i+toer+o 'prf.i-stem.toer-by.you'(let-a-place/LOCATION)-be-where-you-stay'; itoerana ## '(the-place-where/LOCATION)-s.one-be-usually-at'; ## passive 2 indicative itoerana 'prefix.i+stem.toer+suffix.ana '(the-place-where/LOCATION)-s.one-be-usually-at'; nitoerana ## '(the-place-where/LOCATION)-s.one-was-at'; ## passive 2 indicative nitoerana 'past.active-prefix.i+stem.toer+suffix.ana '(the-place-where/LOCATION) ## -s.one-was-at'; hitoerana ## '(the-place-where/LOCATION)-s.one-will.be-at'; ## passive 2 indicative hitoerana 'future.active-prefix.i+stem.toer+suffix.ana '(the-place-where/LOCATION) ## -s.one-will.be-at'; fitoerana ## 'the action of living somewhere, dwelling, seat'; ## fitoerana f+i+toer+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.toer-suffix.ana''the action of living somewhere, ## dwelling, seat'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; tondra ## Root 'steering'; ## Root tondra 'steering'; mitondra ## 'to carry, to bring, to steer'; ## transitive mitondra m+i+tondra pres-prf.i-root.tondra 'to carry, to bring, to steer'; ento ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-brought-by.you'; ## (irregular: suppletion) passive 1 imperative ento ent+o '(let-s.one/sth)-be-brought-by.you'; entina ## '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-brought'or '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-brought'; ## passive 1 indicative entina ent+ina 'ent-suffix.ina''(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-brought' ## or '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-brought'; nentina ## 'was-brought'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative nentina n+ent+ina 'past.passive-ent-suffix.ina''was-brought'; hoentina ## 'will.be-brought'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hoentina ho+ent+ina ## 'future.passive-ent-suffix.ina''will.be-brought'; itondrao itondray ## '(Let-beneficiary-Oblique)-be-brought-sth-by.you'; ## passive 2 imperative itondrao/itondray i+tondra+o or i+tondra+y 'prf.i-stem.tondra-by.you' ## '(Let-beneficiary-Oblique)-be-brought-sth-by.you'; itondrana ## '(Beneficiary-Oblique)-be-usually-brought-sth' or '(Beneficiary-Oblique ## -is)-being-brought-sth'; ## passive 2 indicative itondrana i+tondra+ana'prf.i-stem.tondra-suffix.ana''(Beneficiary-Oblique)- ## be-usually-brought-sth' or '(Beneficiary-Oblique-is)-being-brought-sth'; nitondrana ## '(Beneficiary-Oblique)-was-brought-sth'; ## passive 2 past tense indicative nitondrana n+i+tondra+ana 'past.active ## -prf.i-stem.tondra-suffix.ana''(Beneficiary-Oblique)-was-brought-sth'; hitondrana ## passive 2 future tense indicative hitondrana h+i+tondra+ana 'future.active-prf.i-stem.tondra- ## suffix.ana''(Beneficiary-Oblique)-will.be-brought-sth'; fitondrana ## 'the action of carrying, the action of steering, authorities'; ## fitondrana f+i+tondra+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.tondra+suffix.ana''the action of ## carrying, the action of steering, authorities'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fitondra ## 'the habitual manner with which is steered'; ## fitondra f+i+tondra 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.tondra' ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; mpitondra ## 'leader'; ## mpitondra mp+i+tondra 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.tondra''leader'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; tsaingoka ## N '(the-one-who-has)-long-fingers'; ## Root tsaingoka '(the-one-who-has)-long-fingers'; manaingoka ## 'to nimbly take away'; ## active voice transitive manaingoka m+an+(ts)aingoka 'pres-prefix.an-root.tsaingoka''to nimbly take away'; mitsaingoka ## 'to take pieces of sth'; ## mitsaingoka m+i+tsaingoka 'pres-prefix.i-root.tsaingoka''to take pieces of sth'; tsaingohy ## '(let-little-pieces-of-sth)-be-nimbly-taken-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative tsaingohy stem.tsaingoh+y '(let-little-pieces-of-sth)-be- ## nimbly-taken-by.you'; tsaingohina ## '(that-which-is)-usually-nimbly-taken' or '(that-which-is)-being-nimbly-taken'; ## passive 1 indicative tsaingohina tsaingoh+ina stem.tsaingoh-suffix.ina '(that-which-is) ## -usually-nimbly-taken' or '(that-which-is)-being-nimbly-taken'; notsaingohina ## 'was-nimbly, deliberately & punctually-taken'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative notsaingohina no+tsaingoh+ina ## 'past.passive-stem.tsaingoh-suffix.ina''was-nimbly-taken'; hotsaingohina ## 'will.be-nimbly-taken'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hotsaingohina ho+tsaingoh+ina 'future.passive- ## stem.tsaingoh-suffix.ina''will.be-nimbly-taken'; voatsaingoka ## 'which-has-been-successfully & nimbly-taken'; ## Root tsaingoka '(the-one-who-has)-long-fingers'; voatsaingoka voa+tsaingoka ## transitive.perfective-root.tsaingoka 'which-has-been-successfully & nimbly-taken'; fitsaingohana ## 'the action of nimbly taking away'; ## fitsaingohana f+i+tsaingoh+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.tsaingoh-suffix.ana''the action ## of nimbly taking away'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fitsaingoka # 'the habitual manner of nimbly taking away'; ## fitsaingoka f+i+tsaingoka 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.tsaingoka'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; mpitsaingoka ## 'one who usually and nimbly takes away'; ## mpitsaingoka mp+i+tsaingoka 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.tsaingoka''one who usually and ## nimbly takes away'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form; tsangana ## N 'height'; ## Root tsangana 'height'; manangana ## 'to erect'; ## transitive manangana m+an+(ts)angana 'pres-prf.an-root.tsangana''to erect'; mitsangana ## 'to stand up'; ## intransitive mitsangana m+i+root.tsangana 'to stand up'; atsangano ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-erected-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative atsangano a+tsangan+o 'a.passive-stem.tsagan-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)-be-erected-by.you'; atsangana ## '(who/that-which)-be-usually-erected' or '(who/that-which-is)-being-erected'; ## passive 1 indicative atsangana a+tsangana 'a.passive-root.tsangana''(who/that-which)-be ## -usually-erected' or '(who/that-which-is)-being-erected'; natsangana ## '(who/that-which)-was-erected'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative natsangana n+a+tsangana 'past.active-prf.a-root.tsangana' ## '(who/that-which)-was-erected'; hatsangana ## '(who/that-which)-will.be-erected'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hatsangana h+a+tsangana 'future.active-prf.a-root.tsangana' ## '(who/that-which)-will.be-erected'; anangano ## '(let-sth/instrument/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-erect'; ## passive 2 imperative anangano an+(ts)angan+o 'prf.an-stem.tsangan-by.you''(let-sth/instrument/ ## circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-erect'; ananganana ## '(let-sth/instrument/cirumstances)-be-used-to-erect'; ## passive 2 indicative ananganana an+(ts)angan+ana 'prf.an-stem.tsangan-suffix.ana' ## '(let-sth/instrument/cirumstances)-be-used-to-erect'; nananganana ## passive 2 past tense nananganana n+an+(ts)angan+ana 'past.active-prf.an-stem.tsangan-suffix.ana' ## '(sth/instrument/cirumstances)-was-used-to-erect'; hananganana ## passive 2 future tense hananganana h+an+(ts)angan+ana 'future.active-prf.an-stem.tsangan-suffix.ana' ## '(sth/instrument/cirumstances)-will.be-used-to-erect'; itsangano ## '(let-a-location)-be-where-you-be-erect'; ## alternative passive 2 imperative itsangano i+tsangan+o 'prf.i-stem.tsangan-by.you''(let-a-location)- ## be-where-you-be-erect'; itsanganana ## '(a-location)-where-be-erect'; ## alternative passive 2 indicative itsanganana i+tsangan+ana 'prf.i-stem.tsangan-suffix.ana' ## '(a-location)-where-be-erect'; nitsanganana ## '(where)-was-erect'; ## past tense passive 2 indicative nitsanganana n+i+tsangan+ana 'past.active-prf.i-stem.tsangan-suffix.ana' ## '(where)-was-erect'; hitsanganana ## '(where)-will.be-erect'; ## future tense passive 2 indicative hitsanganana h+i+tsangan+ana'future.active-prf.i-stem.tsangan ## -suffix.ana''(where)-will.be-erect'; mahatsangana ## 'be-capable-of-standing-up'; ## Root tsangana 'height'; mahatsangana m+aha+tsangana 'pres-prf.aha-root.tsangana''be- ## capable-of-standing-up'; voatsangana ## 'has-been-successfully-erected'; ## voatsangana voa+tsangana 'transitive.perfective-root.tsangana''has-been-successfully-erected'; tafatsangana ## 'has-been-able-to-stand-up-on-its-own' or 'have found themselves standing inadvertently' ## tafatsangana tafa+root.tsangana 'intransitive.perfective-inadvertently-standing-up'; fitsanganana ## 'the action of standing up'; ## fitsanganana f+i+tsangan+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.tsangan-suffix.ana''the action of standing up'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; fitsangana ## 'the habitual manner with which someone stands up'; ## fitsangana f+i+tsangana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.tsangana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; fananganana ## 'resurrection, adoption'; ## fananganana f+an+(ts)angan+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.angan-suffix.ana''resurrection, adoption'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpitsangana ## 'standee'; ## mpitsangana mp+i+tsangana 'prefix.mp-prefix.i-root.tsangana''standee'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix I; mpanangana ## 'one who resurrects, one who adopts'; ## mpanangana mp+an+(ts)angana 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.tsangana''one who resurrects, one who adopts'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; tsentsina ## N 'clogged up'; ## Root tsentsina 'clogged up'; manentsina ## 'to block'; ## active voice transitive manentsina m+an+root.(ts)entsina 'to block'; tsentseno ## '(let-sth)-be-blocked'; ## passive 1 imperative tsentseno stem.tsentsen+o "(let-sth)-be-blocked'; tsentsenana ## '(that-which-is)-usually/habitually-blocked' or '(that-which-is)-being-blocked'; ## passive 1 indicative tsentsenana tsentsen+ana ## '(that-which-is)-usually/habitually-blocked' or '(that-which-is)-being-blocked'; notsentsenana ## '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually but thoroughly-blocked'; ## passive 1 indicative notsentsenana no+tsentsen+ana ## '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually but thoroughly-blocked'; atsentsina ## '(that-which)-is-used-to-block'; ## alternative passive atsentsina a+tsentsina 'a.passive-root.tsentsina' '(that-which)-is- ## used-to-block'; anentseno ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-clog-up'; ## passive 2 imperative anentseno an+stem.(ts)entsen+o '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-clog-up'; anentsenana ## '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-clog-up'; ## passive 2 indicative anentsenana an+stem.(ts)entsen+ana '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-clog-up'; mahatsentsina ## '(the-reason-why-sth)-be-clogged-up' or (sth)-can-clog-up'; ## Root tsentsina 'clogged up'; mahatsentsina m+aha+tsentsina 'pres-prf.aha-root.tsentsina''(the-reason- ## why-sth)-be-clogged-up' or '(sth)-can-clog-up'; ## no passive voice at all; voatsentsina ## '(sth)-has-been-successfully-clogged-up'; ## voatsentsina voa+tsentsina 'transitive.perfective-root.tsentina''(sth)-has-been-successfully-clogged-up'; fanentsenana ## 'the action of clogging-up'; ## fanentsenana f+an+(ts)entse+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.tsentsen.suff.ana''the action of clogging-up'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; tsipaka ## N 'kick' ## Root tsipaka 'kick'; manipaka ## 'to kick, to reject'; ## transitive manipaka m+an+root.(ts)ipaka 'to kick, to reject'; tsipaho ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-rejected-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative tsipaho stem.tsipah+o '(let-s.one/sth)-be-rejected-by.you'; tsipahina ## '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-rejected' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-rejected'; ## passive 1 indicative tsipahina tsipah+ina 'stem.tsipah-suffix.ina''(s.one/sth)-be- ## usually-rejected' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-rejected'; notsipahina ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-rejected'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative notsipahina no+tsipah+ina 'past.passive-stem.tsipah ## -suffix.ina''was-deliberately & punctually-rejected'; hotsipahina ## 'will.be-rejected'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hotsipahina ho+tsipah+ina ## 'future.passive-stem.tsipah-suffix.ina''will.be-rejected'; anipaho ## '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-reject'; ## passive 2 imperative anipaho an+(ts)ipah+o 'prf.an-stem.tsipah-by.you''(let-sth/ ## instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-reject'; anipahana ## '(sth/circumstances)-be-used-to-reject'; ## passive 2 indicative anipahana an+(ts)ipah+ana 'prf.an-stem.tsipah-suffix.ana''(sth/ ## circumstances)-be-used-to-reject'; nanipahana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-was-used-to-reject'; ## passive 2 past tense indicative nanipahana n+an+(ts)ipah+ana 'past.active- ## prf.an-stem.tsipah-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-was-used-to-reject'; hanipahana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.be-used-to-reject'; ## passive 2 future tense indicative hanipahana h+an+(ts)ipah+ana 'future.active- ## prf.an-stem.tsipah-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.be-used-to-reject'; mitsipaka ## 'to give a kick'(old meaning); nowadays optionally transitive 'to reject'; ## Root tsipaka 'kick'; intransitive mitsipaka m+i+tsipaka 'pres-prf.i-root.tsipaka ## 'to give a kick'(old meaning); nowadays optionally transitive 'to reject'; itsipaho ## '(let-the-manner)-be-used-by.you-to-reject'; ## passive 2 imperative itsipaho i+tsipah+o 'prf.i-stem.tsipah-by.you''(let-the-manner)-be-used- ## by.you-to-reject'; itsipahana ## '(the-manner/circumstance)-be-used-to-reject'; ## passive 2 indicative itsipahana i+tsipah+ana 'prf.i-stem.tsipah-suffix.ana''(the-manner/ ## circumstance)-be-used-to-reject'; nitsipahana ## passive 2 past tense indicative nitsipahana n+i+tsipah+ana 'past.active-prf.i-stem.tsipah ## -suffix.ana''(the-manner-sth)-was-rejected'; hitsipahana ## '(the-manner-sth)-will.be-rejected'; ## passive 2 future indicative hitsipahana h+i+tsipah+ana 'future.active- ## prf.i-stem.tsipah-suffix.ana''(the-manner-sth)-will.be-rejected'; voatsipaka ## 'has-been-successfully-rejected'; ## voatsipaka voa+tsipaka ## transitive-perfective-root.tsipaka 'has-been-successfully-rejected'; fanipahana ## 'rejection'; ## fanipahana f+an+(ts)ipah+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.tsipah-suffix.ana''rejection'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; tsipika ## N 'underline'; ## Root tsipika 'underline'; manipika ## 'to underline'; ## transitive manipika m+an+root.(ts)ipika 'to underline'; tsipiho ## '(let-sth)-be-underlined-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative tsipiho stem.tsipih+o '(let-sth)-be-underlined-by.you'; tsipihina ## '(which-is)-usually-underlined'or '(which-is)-being-underlined'; ## passive 1 indicative tsipihina tsipih+ina 'stem.tsipih-suffix.ina''(which-is)-usually-underlined' ## or '(which-is)-being-underlined'; notsiphihina ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-underlined'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative notsipihina no+tsipih+ina 'past.passive-stem.tsipih-suffix.ina' ## 'was-underlined'; hotsiphihina ## 'will.be-underlined'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hotsiphihina ho+tsipih+ina 'future.passive-stem.tsipih-suffix.ina' ## 'will.be-underlined'; anipiho ## '(let-sth/an-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-underline'; ## passive 2 imperative anipiho an+(ts)ipih+o 'prf.an-stem.tsipih-by.you''(let-sth/an-instrument) ## -be-used-by.you-to-underline'; anipihana ## 'sth/an-instrument) ## -be-usually-used-to-underline'; ## passive 2 indicative anipihana an+(ts)ipih+ana 'prf.an-stem.tsipih-suffix.ana''sth/an-instrument) ## -be-usually-used-to-underline'; nanipihana ## 'was-used-to-underline'; ## passive 2 past tense indicative nanipihana n+an+(ts)ipih+ana 'past.active-prf.an-stem.tsipih- ## suffix.ana''was-used-to-underline'; hanipihana ## 'will.be-used-to-underline'; ## passive 2 future tense indicative hanipihana h+an+(ts)ipih+ana 'future.active- ## prf.an-stem.tsipih-suffix.ana''will.be-used-to-underline'; mitsipika ## '(be)-underlined'; ## Root tsipika 'underline'; intransitive mitsipika m+i+root.tsipika '(be)-underlined'; voatsipika ## voatsipika voa+tsipika 'transitive.perfective-root.tsipika''has-been-underlined'; fitsipika ## 'rule, regulation'; ## fitsipika f+i+tsipika 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-root.tsipika''rule, regulation'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the root form; fanipika ## 'the manner of underlining'; ## fanipika f+an+(ts)ipika 'nominalizer.f-pefix.an-root.tsipika 'the manner of underlining'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the root form; valy ## N 'answer'; ## Root valy 'answer'; mamaly ## 'to answer'; ## transitive mamaly m+a(n>m)+root.(v)aly 'pres-prf.an-valy''to answer'; mivaly ## '(which)-receives-an-answer'; ## intransitive mivaly m+i+root.valy '(which)-receives-an-answer'; valio ## '(let-sth)-be answered-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative valio stem.vali+o '(let-sth)-be answered-by.you'; avaly ## '(that which is)-usually-used-to-answer'; ## avaly a+valy 'a.passive-root.valy''(that which is)-usually-used-to-answer'; valiana ## '(that-which)-be-habitually-answered' or '(that-which-is)-being-answered'; ## passive 1 indicative valiana vali+ana 'stem.vali-suffix.ana''(that-which)- ## be-habitually-answered' or '(that-which-is)-being-answered'; novaliana ## '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-answered'; ## passive 1 indicative novaliana no+vali+ana 'passive.past-stem.vali-suffix.ana''(that-which)- ## was-deliberately & punctually-answered'; amalio ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-to-answer'; ## passive 2 imperative amalio a(n>m)+(v)ali+o 'prefix.an-stem.vali-by.you'(let-sth)-be-used-to-answer'; amaliana ## '(that-which-is)-used-to-answer'; ## passive 2 indicative amaliana a(n>m)+(v)ali+ana 'prf.an-stem.vali-suffix.ana''(that-which-is) ## -used-to-answer'; mahavaly ## 'be-capable-of-answering'; ## Root valy 'answer'; mahavaly m+aha+valy 'pres-prf.aha-root.valy''be-capable-of-answering'; voavaly ## '(that-which)-has-been-successfully-answered'; ## voavaly voa+valy 'transitive.perfective-root.valy'(that-which)-has-been-successfully-answered'; mifamaly ## 'to have an altercation'; ## mifamaly m+if+a(n>m)+(v)aly 'pres-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.an-root.valy''to have an altercation'; famaliana ## 'the action of answering'; ## famaliana f+a(n>m)+(v)ali+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.vali-suffix.ana''the action of answering'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fifamaliana ## 'an altercation'; ## fifamaliana f+if+a(n>m)+(v)ali+ana 'nominalizer.f-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.an-stem.vali-suffix.ana' ## 'an altercation'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the reciprocal -if- followed by prefix I and the stem form; mpamaly ## 'one who usually answers'; ## mpamaly mp+a(n>m)+(v)aly 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.valy''one who usually answers'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; vaha ## N 'untying'; ## Root vaha 'untying'; mamaha ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-untied'; ## mamaha m+a(n>m)+(v)aha 'pres-prefix.an-root.vaha''to untie'; vahao ## '(let-s.one/s.th)-be-untied-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative vahao stem.vaha+o '(let-s.one/ sth)-be-untied-by.you'; vahana ## '(that-which-is)-being-untied' or 'that-which-is)-usually-untied'; ## passive 1 indicative vahana stem.vaha+ana '(that-which-is)-being-untied' or 'that- ## which-is)-usually-untied'; novahana ## '(that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-untied'; ## passive 1 indicative novahana no+vaha+ina 'passive.past-stem.vaha-suffix.ina' ## (that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-untied'; amahao ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-untie'; ## passive 2 imperative amahao a(n>m)+(v)aha+o 'prf.an-stem.vaha-by.you'; amahana ## '(that-which/INSTRUMENT)-is-used-to-untie'; ## passive 2 indicative amahana an+vaha+ana 'prf.an-stem.vaha-suffix.ana''(that-which)-is-used-to-untie'; mahavaha ## 'can untie, unlock'; ## mahavaha m+aha+vaha 'pres-prefix.aha-root.vaha''can untie, unlock'; voavaha ## 'has-been-successfully-untied, unlocked'; ## voavaha voa+vaha 'transitive.perfective-root.vaha''has-been-successfully-untied, unlocked'; famahana ## 'the action of untying, unlocking'; ## famahana f+a(n>m)+(v)aha+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.vaha-suffix.ana''the action of untying'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamaha ## 'one who usually unties, unlocks'; ## mpamaha mp+a(n>m)+(v)aha 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.vaha''one who usually unties'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; valona ## N 'fold'; ## Root valona 'fold'; mamalona ## 'to fold up'; ## active voice transitive mamalona m+a(n>m)+root.(v)alona 'to fold up'; mivalona ## 'to be folded up'; ## intransitive mivalona m+i+valona 'pres-prefix.i-root.valona''to be folded up'; avalony ## '(let-sth)-be-folded-up-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative avalony a+valon+y 'a.pass-root.valo(na)-by.you''(let-sth)-be-folded-up-by.you'; avalona ## '(that-which-is)-usually-folded'or '(that-which-is)-being-folded'; ## passive 1 indicative avalona a+root.valona '(that-which-is)-usually-folded' ## or '(that-which-is)-being-folded'; amalony ## '(let-sth/circumstances)-be-used-fold-(sth)'; ## passive 2 imperative amalony a(n>m)+(v)alon+y 'prf.an-stem.valon-by.you''(let-sth/circumstances)-be ## -used-fold-(sth)'; amalonana ## '(that-which/circumstance)-be-used-to-fold'; ## passive 2 indicative amalonana a(n>m)+(v)alon+ana 'prf.an-stem.valon-suffix.ana '(that-which/circumstance) ## -be-used-to-fold'; mahavalona ## 'to be capable of folding'; ## Root valona 'fold'; mahavalona m+aha+valona 'pres-prf.aha-root.valona''to be capable of folding'; voavalona ## '(which-has-been)-successfully-folded'; ## voavalona voa+root.valona 'transitive.perfective-be-folded''(which-has-been)-successfully-folded'; famalonana ## 'the action of folding up'; ## famalonana f+a(n>m)+(v)alon+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.valona-suff.ana''the action of folding up'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; vantana ## Root 'straight line' ## Root vantana 'straight line'; mamantana ## 'to deliberately go straight towards'; ## intransitive mamantana m+a(n>m)+(v)antana 'pres-prf.an-root.vantana''to go straight towards'; mivantana ## 'to go straight towards'; ## intransitive mivantana m+i+vantana 'pres-prefix.i-root.vantana''to go straight towards'; ivantano ## '(be)-gone-straight-to-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative ivantano i+vantan+o 'prefix.i-stem.vantan-by.you''(be)-gone-straight-to-by.you'; vantano ## '(be)-gone-straight-to-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative alternative vantano stem.vatan+o '(be)-gone-straight-to-by.you'; vantanina ## passive 1 indicative vantanina vantan+ina '(be)-gone-straight-to-suffix.ina''(where-s.one)-usually ## -goes-straight-to' or '(where-one)-is-going-straight-to'; ivantanana ## passive 2 indicative ivantanana i+vantan+ana 'prefix.i-stem.vantan-suffix.ana''(where/LOCATION-s.one) ## -usually-goes-straight-to' or '(where/LOCATION-one)-is-going-straight-to'; amantano ## nowadays not used; ## passive 2 imperative amantano an+vantan+o 'prf.an-go-straight-to-by.you'; ## passive 2 indicative amantanana an+vantan+ana 'prf.an-go-straight-to-suffix.ana'(where-one)-goes-to'. amantanana ## '(where/LOCATION-s.one)-usually-goes-to' or '(where/LOCATION)-going-to'; ## amantanana a(n>m)+(v)antan+ana 'prefix.an-stem.vantan-suffix.ana''(where/LOCATION-s.one)-usually ## -goes-to' or '(where/LOCATION)-going-to'; famantanana ## 'the action of going straight to'; ## famantanana f+a(n>m)+(v)antan+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.vantan-suffix.ana''the action of ## going straight to'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fivantanana ## 'the process of going straight to'; ## fivantanana f+I+(v)antan+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.I-stem.vantan-suffix.ana''the action of ## going straight to'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; vazivazy ## N 'joke'; ## Root vazivazy 'joke'; mamazivazy ## 'to make jokes about'; ## transitive mamazivazy m+a(n>m)+root.(v)azivazy 'to make jokes about'; vazivazio ## '(let-THEME-be)-made.a.joke-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative vazivazio stem.vazivazi+o '(let-THEME-be)-made.a.joke-by.you'; vazivazina ## '(s.one/sth-be)-usually-made-fun-of' or '(s.one/sth)-being.made.fun.of'; ## passive 1 indicative vazivazina stem.vazivaz+ina'(s.one/sth-be)-usually-made-fun-of' ## or '(s.one/sth)-being.made.fun.of'; novazivazina ## '(s.one/sth)-was-deliberately & punctually-made-fun-of'; ## passive 1 indicative novazivazina no+vazivaz+ina'(s.one/sth)-was-deliberately & ## punctually-made-fun-of'; amazivazio ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be.used-by.you-to.make.fun.of'; ## passive 2 imperative amazivazio a(n>m)+(v)azivazi+o 'prf.an-be.made.fun.of-by.you''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT) ## -be.used-by.you-to.make.fun.of'; mahavazivazy ## 'can make jokes'; ## mahavazivazy m+aha+vazivazy 'pres-prefix.aha-root.vazivazy''can make jokes'; voavazivazy ## 'has-been-made-a-joke-about'; ## voavazivazy voa+vazivazy 'transitive.perfective-root.vazivazy''has-been-made-a-joke-about'; famazivaziana ## 'profanation'; ## famazivaziana f+a(n>m)+(v)azivazi+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.vazivazi-suffix.ana''profanation'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamazivazy ## 'profaner'; ## mpamazivazy mp+a(n>m)+(v)azivazy 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.vazivazy''profaner'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; vela ## Root 'leaving aside'; ## Root vela 'leaving aside'; mamela ## 'to leave, to allow''; ## transitive mamela m+a(n>m)+root.(v)ela 'to leave, to allow''; avelao ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-allowed-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative avelao a+vela+o 'prefix.a-root.vela-by.you''a.passive-be.left.aside/allowed-by.you'; avela ## '(the-one/that-which)-is-usually-left.aside/allowed' or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-left-aside/allowed'; ## passive 1 indicative avela a+vela 'prefix.a-root.vela''be.left.aside/allowed' ## '(the-one/that-which)-is-usually-left.aside/allowed' or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-left-aside/allowed'; amelao ## '(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be-left-aside/allowed-by.you'; ## passive 2 imperative amelao a(n>m)+(v)ela+o 'prf.an-stem.vela-by.you'(let-a-portion-of-sth)-be- ## left-aside/allowed-by.you'; amelana ## '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-left.aside/allowed-by.you'; ## passive 2 indicative amelana a(n>m)+(v)ela+ana 'prf.an-stem.vela-suffix.ana'(a-portion-of-sth)-be- ## left.aside/allowed-by.you'; voavela ## 'has been successfully left behind'; ## voavela voa+vela 'transitive.perfective-root.vela''has been successfully left behind'; tafavela ## 'has been inadvertently left behind'; ## tafavela tafa+vela 'intransitive.perfective-root.vela''has been inadvertently left behind'; famelana ## 'the action of leaving behind, of forgiving'; ## famelana f+a(n>m)+(v)ela+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.vela-suffix.ana''the action of leaving ## behind, of forgiving'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamela ## 'one who usually leaves sth behind'; ## mpamela mp+a(n>m)+(v)ela 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.vela''one who usually leaves sth behind'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; velatra ## N 'width'; ## Root velatra 'width'; mamelatra ## 'to cause to spread out'; ## transitive mamelatra m+a(n>m)+root.(v)elatra 'to cause to spread out'; mivelatra ## 'to spread out'; ## intransitive mivelatra m+i+velatra 'pres-prefix.i-root.velatra''to spread out'; velaro ## '(let.sth)-be.spread.out-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative velaro 'stem.velar+o '(let.sth)-be.spread.out-by.you'; velarina ## '(that-which)-is-usually-spread-out' or '(that-which)-is-being-spread-out'; ## passive 1 indicative velarina velar+ina 'stem.velar-suffix.ana' ## '(that-which)-is-usually-spread-out' or '(that-which)-is-being-spread-out'; novelarina ## 'was-spread-out'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative novelarina no+velar+ina 'past.passive.nonDURATIVE-velar ## -suffix.ina''was-spread-out'; hovelarina ## 'will-be-spread-out'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hovelarina ho+velar+ina 'future.passive.nonDURATIVE ## -stem.velar-suffix.ina''will-be-spread-out'; avelatra ## '(that-which)-is-usually-spread-out-with-only-the-inital-impulse ## -provided' or '(that-which)-is-being-spread-out-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; ## alternative passive 1 indicative avelatra a+velatra 'a.passive-root.velatra''be-spread'' ## (that-which)-is-usually-spread-out-with-only-the-inital-impulse-provided' or '(that-which) ## -is-being-spread-out-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; navelatra ## '(that-which)-was-usually-spread-out-with-only-the-inital-impulse ## -provided' or '(that-which)-was-being-spread-out-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; ## passive 1 alternative past tense navelatra n+a+velatra 'past.tense.active.voice-a.passive ## -root.velatra-with-only-the-inital-impulse-provided'; havelatra ## '(that-which)-will.be-usually-spread-out-with-only-the-inital-impulse ## -provided' or '(that-which)-will.be-spread-out-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; ## passive 1 alternative future tense havelatra h+a+velatra 'future.tense.active.voice-a.passive ## -root.velatra-with-only-the-inital-impulse-provided'; amelaro ## (let-Beneficiary-Oblique)-be-spread-out'; ## passive 2 imperative; amelaro a(n>m)+(v)elar+o 'prf.an.DURATIVE-stem.velar-by.you'(let-Beneficiary ## -Oblique)-be-spread-out'; amelarana ## '(Beneficiary-Oblique)-be-spread-out'; ## passive 2 indicative amelarana a(n>m)+(v)elar+ana 'prf.an.DURATIVE-stem.velar-suffix.ana' ## '(Beneficiary-Oblique)-be-spread-out'; namelarana ## '(Beneficiary-Oblique)-was-spread-out'; ## passive 2 past tense namelarana n+a(n>m)+(v)elar+ana'past.tense.active.voice.-prf.an.DURATIVE-stem. ## velar-suffix.ana'; hamelarana ## '(Beneficiary-Oblique)-will.be-spread-out'; ## passive 2 future tense hamelarana h+a(n>m)+(v)elar+ana 'future.tense.active.voice.-prf.an.DURATIVE- ## stem.velar-suffix.ana'; ivelarana ## '(sth/LOCATION)-be-spread-out'; ## ivelarana i+velar+ana 'prefix.i-stem.velar-suffix.ana''(sth/LOCATION)-be-spread-out'; mahavelatra ## 'to manage to spread'; ## Root velatra 'width'; mahavelatra m+aha+velatra 'pres-prf.aha-root.velatra''to manage to spread'; voavelatra ## '(which-has-been)-successfully-spread'; ## voavelatra voa+velatra 'transitive.perfective-root.velatra'(which-has-been)-successfully-spread'; famelarana ## 'the action of spreading out'; ## famelarana f+a(n>m)+(v)elar+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.velar-suffix.ana''the action of ## spreading out'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamelatra ## 'one who (usually) spreads sth out'; ## mpamelatra mp+a(n>m)+(ve)latra 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.velatra''one who (usually) spreads sth out'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; fivelarana ## 'blossoming'; ## fivelarana f+i+velar+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.velar-suffix.ana''blossoming'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; vely ## N 'beat'; ## Root vely 'beat'; mamely ## 'to beat s.one'; ## transitive mamely m+a(n>m)+root.(v)ely 'to beat s.one'; mifamely ## 'to beat each other'; ## mifamely m+if+an+(v)ely 'pres-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.an-root.vely''to beat each other'; mively ## 'to beat sth'; ## transitive mively m+i+root.vely 'to beat sth'; veleso ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-beaten-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative veleso stem.veles+o 'vele-epenthetic.s-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)-be-beaten-by.you'; velesina ## (who/that-which)-be-usually-beaten'or '(who/that-which-is)-being-beaten'; ## passive 1 indicative velesina stem.veles+ina 'stem.veles-suffix.ina''(who/that-which)-be- ## usually-beaten' or '(who/that-which-is)-being-beaten'; novelesina ## (who/that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-beaten'; ## passive 1 indicative novelesina no+veles+ina 'passive.past-stem.veles-suffix.ina' ## '(who/that-which)-was-deliberately & punctually-beaten'; amelezo ## '(let-instrument/circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-beaten'; ## passive 2 imperative amelezo a(n>m)+(v)elez+o 'prf.an-stem.velez-by.you'(let-instrument/ ## circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-beaten'; amelezana ## '(instrument/circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-beaten'; ## passive 2 indicative amelezana a(n>m)+(v)elez+ana 'prf.an-stem.velez-suffix.ana'; ## (instrument/circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-beaten'; ivelesana ivelezana ## '(instrument-used-)-to-beat'; ## alternative passive 2 indicative ivelesana i+veles/z+ana 'prf.i-stem.veles/z-suffix.ana' ## '(instrument-used-)-to-beat'; famelezana ## 'the action of beating'; ## famelezana f+a(n>m)+(v)ele+z+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.velez-suffix.ana''the action ## of beating'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fifamelezana ## 'the action of attacking each other'; ## fifamelezana f+if+a(n>m)+(v)ele+z+ana 'nominalizer.f-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.an-stem.velez ## -suffix.ana'; mpamely ## 'one who usually beats'; ## mpamely mp+a(n>m)+(v)ely 'prefix.mp-causative.prefix.an-root.vely''one who usually beats'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; fivelezana ## 'the action of beating rice'; ## fivelezana f+i+vele+z+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.velez-suffix.ana''the action of ## beating rice'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; vily ## Root 'steering, deviation'; ## Root vily 'deviation'; mamily ## 'to steer'; ## transitive mamily m+a(n>m)+(v)ily 'pres-prefix.an-root.vily''to steer'; mivily ## 'to change direction'; ## intransitive mivily m+i+vily 'pres-prefix.i-root.vily''to change direction'; avilio ## '(let-sth)-be-steered-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative avilio a+vili+o 'a.passive-stem.vili-by.you''(let-sth)-be-steered-by.you'; avily ## '(sth)-be-usually-steered' or '(that-which-is)-being-steered'; ## passive 1 indicative avily a+vily 'a.passive-root.vily''(sth)-be-usually-steered' or '(that-which) ## is)-being-steered'; amilio ## '(let-instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-steer'; ## passive 2 imperative amilio a(n>m)+(v)ili+o 'prf.an-stem.vili-by.you''(let-instrument) ## be-used-by.you-to-steer'; amiliana ## '(that-which/instrument)-be-used-to-steer'; ## passive 2 indicative amiliana a(n>m)+(v)ili+ana 'prf.an-stem.vili-suffix.ana' ## '(that-which/instrument)-be-used-to-steer'; ivilio ## '(LOCATION)-be-gone-to-by.you'; ## ivilio i+vili+o 'prefix.i-stem.vili-by.you''(LOCATION)-be-gone-to-by.you'; iviliana ## '(LOCATION)-be-usually-gone-to'; ## iviliana i+vili+ana 'prefix.i-stem.vili-suffix.ana''(LOCATION)-be-gone'; voavily ## 'has been successfully steered'; ## voavily voa+vily 'transitive.perfective-root.vily''has been successfully steered'; tafavily ## 'successfully manage to steer --adversative--' or 'has been inadvertently steered'; ## tafavily tafa+vily 'intransitive.perfective-root.vily''has been inadvertently steered'; familiana ## 'steering wheel'; ## familiana f+a(n>m)+(v)ili+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.vili-suffix.ana''steering wheel'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamily ## 'driver'; ## mpamily mp+a(n>m)+(v)ily 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-root.vily''driver'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; fiviliana ## 'curve'; ## fiviliana f+i+vili+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.vili-suffix.ana''curve'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; voatra ## N 'arrangement' ## Root voatra 'arrangement'; manamboatra mamboatra ## 'to repair'; ## transitive manamboatra m+an+a(n>m)+(v>b)oatra 'pres-causative.prefix.an-pref.an-root.voatra' ## mamboatra m+a(n>m)+(v>b)oatra 'pres-prefix.an-root.voatra''to repair'; amboaro amboary ## '(let-sth)-be-repaired-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative amboaro or amboary a(n>m)+(v > b)oar+o or a(n>m)+( v > b )oar+y ## stem.amboar+o or stem.amboar+y 'prf.an-boar-by.you''(let-sth)-be-repaired-by.you'; amboarina ## '(sth)-be-usually-repaired' or '(sth-is)-being-repaired'; ## passive 1 indicative amboarina a(n>m)+( v > b )oar+ina 'prf.an-boar-suffix.ina' ## stem.amboar+ina '(sth)-be-usually-repaired' or '(sth-is)-being-repaired'; namboarina ## 'was-repaired'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative namboarina n+a(n>m)+(v > b)oar+ina 'past.active-prf.an-stem.amboar-suffix.ina' ##'was-repaired'; hamboarina ## 'will.be-repaired'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hamboarina h+a(n>m)+( v > b )oar+ina ## 'future.active-prf.an-stem.amboar-suffix.ina'; anamboaro anamboary ## '(let-sth/instrument)-be-used-by.you-to-repair'; ## passive 2 imperative anamboaro or anamboary 'prefix.an-stem.amboar-by.you'; ## an+a(n>m)+(v>b)oar+o or an+a(n>m)+(v>b)oar+y 'prf.an-prf.an-stem.amboar-by.you''(let-sth/instrument)- ## be-used-by.you-to-repair'; anamboarana ## '(sth/instrument)-be-usually-used-to-repair' or '(is)-being-used-to-repair'; ## passive 2 indicative anamboarana an+a(n>m)+(v>b)oar+ana 'prefix.an-stem.amboar-suffix.ana' ## 'prf.an-prf.an-boar-suffix.ana''be-used-to-repair' or '(is)-being-used-to-repair'; nanamboarana ## '(sth/instrument)-was-used-to-repair'; ## passive 2 past indicative nanamboarana n+an+amboar+ana 'past-prefix.an-stem.amboar-suffix.ana' ## 'was-used-to-repair'; hanamboarana ## '(sth/instrument)-will.be-used-to-repair'; ## passive 2 future ## indicative hanamboarana h+an+amboar+ana 'future.active-prf.an-stem.amboar-suffix.ana' ## 'will.be-used-to-repair'; mifanamboatra ## 'to reach an understanding'; ## mifanamboatra m+if+an+a(n>m)+(v>b)oatra 'pres-reciprocal.if-prefix.an-pre.an-root.voatra' voamboatra ## '(which)-has-been-successfully-repaired'; ## Root voatra 'arrangement'; voamboatra voa+n+(v>b)oatra 'transitive.perfective- ## root.boatra''(which)-has-been-successfully-repaired'; mivoatra ## 'to be in good shape, repaired, in keeping with progress'; ## intransitive mivoatra m+i+voatra 'pres-prf.i-root.voatra''to be in good shape, repaired, ## in keeping with progress'; fanamboarana ## 'the action of repairing'; ## fanamboarana f+an+amboar+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.amboar-suffix.ana' ## '(sth/instrument)-be-usually-used-to-repair' or '(is)-being-used-to-repair'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fivoarana ## 'progress'; ## fivoarana f+i+voar+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.voar-suffix.ana''progress'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; mpanamboatra ## 'repairer'; ## mpanamboatra mp+an+amboatra 'prefix.mp+root.amboatra 'progress'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; fifanamboarana ## 'arrangements, agreement'; ## fifanamboarana f+if+an+amboar+ana 'nominalizer.f-reciprocal.if-causative.prefix.an-stem.amboar- ## suffix.ana'; voly ## N 'plant'; ## Root voly 'plant'; mamboly ## 'to plant; ## transitive mamboly m+a(n>m)+(v>b)oly 'pres-prf.an-root.voly''to plant; voleo ## '(let-sth)-be-planted-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative voleo stem.vole+o '(let-sth)-be-planted-by.you'; volena ## '(that-which)-be-usually-planted' or '(that-which-is)-being-planted'; ## passive 1 indicative volena stem.vole+ina 'vole-suffix.ina''(that-which)-be-usually-planted' ## or '(that-which-is)-being-planted'; novolena ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-planted'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative novolena ## no+vole+ina 'past.passive-stem.vole-suffix.ina''was-planted'; hovolena ## 'will.be-planted'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hovolena ho+vole+ina 'future.passive-stem.vole-suffix.ina''will.be-planted'; amboleo ## '(let-sth)-be-planted-by.you'; ## passive 2 imperative amboleo a(n>m)+( v > b )ole+o 'prf.an-bole-by.you'> ambole+o'(let- ## sth)-be-planted-by.you'; ambolena ## '(sth)-be-usually-planted' or '(sth-is)-being-planted'; ## passive 2 indicative ambolena a(n>m)+( v > b )ole+ina > ambole+ina 'stem.ambole-suffix.ina' ## '(sth)-be-usually-planted' or '(sth-is)-being-planted'; nambolena ## '(the-circumstances-under-which)-was-planted'; ## passive 2 past tense indicative nambolena n+a(n>m)+( v > b )ole+ana > n+ambole+ana 'past-ambole- ## suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which)-was-planted'; hambolena ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-will.be-planted'; ## passive 2 future tense indicative hambolena h+a(n>m)+( v > b )ole-suffix.ana > h+stem.ambole+ana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-will.be-planted'; mahavoly ## '(who/which)-can-plant'; ## Root voly 'plant'; mahavoly m+aha+voly 'pres-prf.aha-root.voly''(who/which)-can-plant'; voavoly ## '(which)-has-been-successfully-planted'; ## voavoly voa+voly 'transitive.perfective-root.voly''(which)-has-been-successfully-planted'; mivoly ## '(a-field-which-has-been)-planted'; ## intransitive mivoly m+i+voly 'pres-prf.i-root.voly'(a-field-which-has-been)-planted'; fambolena ## 'agriculture'; ## fambolena f+a(n>m)+( v > b )ole+ina > f+ambole+ina 'nominalizer.f-stem.ambole-suffix.ina'agriculture'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpamboly ## 'planter; ## mpamboly mp+a(n>m)+(v>b)oly > 'prefix.mp-amboly''planter; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; zaitra ## N 'sewing'; ## Root zaitra 'sewing'; manjaitra ## 'to sew'; ## transitive or intransitive manjaitra /m+an+d+zaitra/ 'pres-prf.an-epenthetic.d-zaitra''to sew'; zairo ## '(let-sth)-be-sewn-by-you'; ## passive 1 ## imperative zairo stem.zair+o '(let-sth)-be-sewn-by-you'; zairina ## '(sth-is)-usually/habitually-sewn' or '(sth-is)-being-sewn'; ## passive 1 indicative zairina stem.zair+ina '(sth-is)-usually/habitually-sewn' or '(sth-is)-being-sewn'; nozairina ## '(sth)-was-deliberately & punctually-sewn'; ## passive 1 indicative nozairina no+stem.zair+ina '(sth)-was-deliberately & punctually-sewn'; anjairo ## '(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-sew'; ## passive 2 imperative anjairo /an+d+zair+u/ '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-sew'; mahazaitra ## '(be)-capable-of-sewing'; ## Root zaitra 'sewing'; mahazaitra m+aha+zaitra 'pres-prf.aha-root.zaitra''(be)-capable-of-sewing'; voazaitra ## 'has-been-successfully-sewn'; ## voazaitra voa+zaitra 'transitive.perffective-root.zaitra''has-been-successfully-sewn'; fanjairana ## 'the action of sewing'; ## fanjairana /fandzairana/ f+an+zair+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-stem.zair-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; fanjaitra ## 'needle'; ## fanjaitra /fandzaitra/ f+an+d+zaitra 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-ep.d-root.zaitra''needle'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Stative Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the root form; # this is one of a number of exceptional forms, where a Stative Nominal designates # an INSTRUMENT; mpanjaitra ## 'fashion designer'; ## mpanjaitra /mpandzaitra/ mp+an+d+zaitra 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-ep.d-root.zaitra' ## 'fashion designer'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; zaka ## V 'which-can-be-supported/carried' ## Root zaka 'which-can-be-supported/carried'; manjaka ##'to reign'; ## intransitive manjaka / m+an+d+zaka/ 'to reign'; zakao ## '(let-s.one/sth)be-carried-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative zakao zaka+o '(let-s.one/sth)-be-deliberately-carried-by.you'; zakaina ## '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-deliberately-carried' or '(the-one-who/that-which- ## is)-being-deliberately-carried'; passive 1 indicative zakaina stem.zaka+suffix.ina ## '(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually-carried' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is)-being-carried'; nozakaina ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-carried'; ## alternative past tense indicative nozakaina no+zaka+ina 'past.passive-stem.zaka-suffix.ina''was- ## deliberately & punctually-carried'; hozakaina ## 'will.be-deliberately-carried'; ## future tense hozakaina ho+zaka+ina 'future.passive-stem.zaka-suffix.ina''will.be-deliberately-carried'; anjakao ## (let-the-circumstances-under-which)-be-reigned-over-by.you' ## passive 2 imperative anjakao /an+d+zaka+u/'prefix.an-epenthetic.d-stem.zaka-by.you' ## '(let-the-circumstances-under-which)-be-reigned-over-by.you'; anjakana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which)-be-reigned-over'; ## passive 2 indicative anjakana /an+d+zaka+ana/ 'prf.an-epenthetic.d-stem.zaka-suffix.ana' ## '(the-circumstances-under-which)-be-reigned-over'; nanjakana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which)-was-reigned-over'; ## alternative past tense indicative nanjakana /n+an+d+zaka+ana/ 'past.active-prf.an-epenthetic.d ## -stem.zaka-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which)-was-reigned-over'; hanjakana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which)-will.be-reigned-over'; ## future tense indicative hanjakana /h+an+d+zaka+ana/ 'future.active-prf.an-epenthetic.d ## -stem.zaka-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which)-will.be-reigned-over'; mahazaka ## '(be)-capable-of-supporting/carrying'; ## Root zaka 'which-can-be-supported/carried'; mahazaka m+aha+zaka 'pres-pref.aha-root.zaka' ## '(be)-capable-of-supporting/carrying'; mizaka ## 'to support, to carry'; ## transitive mizaka m+i+zaka 'pres-prf.i-root.zaka''to support, to carry'; izakao ## passive 1 imperative izakao i+zaka+o 'prf.i-stem.zaka-by.you''(let-sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-carry'; izakana ## '(sth/INSTRUMENT)-be-used-by.you-to-carry'; ## passive 2 indicative izakana i+zaka+ana 'prefix.i-stem.zaka-suffix.ana'; fanjakana ## 'kingdom, government'; ## fanjakana /fandzakana/ f+an+d+zaka+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-ep.d-stem.zaka-suffix.ana''kingdom'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanjaka ##'king, queen, sovereign'; ## mpanjaza /mpandzaka/ mp+an+d+zaka 'prefix.mp-prefix.an-ep.d-root.zaka''sovereign'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; fizakana tena ## 'self-government, independance'; ## fizakana tena f+i+zaka+ana self 'nominalizer.f-prefix.i-stem.zaka-suffix.ana''independance'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix I and the stem form; zanaka ## N 'progeny'; ## Root zanaka 'progeny'; manjanaka ## 'to colonise'; ## transitive manjanaka /m+an+d+zanaka/ 'pres-prf.an-epenthetic.d-root.zanaka''to colonise'; zanaho ## '(let-s.one/sth)-be-colonised-by.you'; ## passive 1 imperative zanaho stem.zanah+o 'zanah-by.you''(let-s.one/sth)- ## be-colonised-by.you'; zanahina ## '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-colonised' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-colonised'; ## passive 1 indicative zanahina zanah+ina 'stem.zanah+suffix.ina' ## '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-colonised' or '(s.one/sth-is)-being-colonised'; nozanahina ## 'was-deliberately & punctually-colonised'; ## passive 1 past tense indicative nozanahina no+zanah+ina 'past.passive-stem.zanah-suffix. ## ina''was-deliberately & punctually-colonised'; note the past tense form no & the ## impossibility of the a-passive prefix; hozanahina ## 'will.be-colonised'; ## passive 1 future tense indicative hozanahina ho+zanah+ina 'future.passive-stem.zanah-suffix. ## ina''will.be-colonised'; note the future tense form ho & absence of a prefix; hanjanaka ## 'will colonise'; ## active voice future indicative hanjanaka /h+an+d+zanaka/ 'fut-prf.an-epenthetic.d-root.zanaka' ## 'will colonise'; note the future tense h & presence of a prefix, i.e. an; anjanaho ## '(let-sth/circumstances)-be-used-by.you-to-colonise'; ## passive 2 imperative anjanaho /an+d+zanah+o/'prf.an-epenthetic.d-stem.janah-by.you'; anjanahana ## passive 2 indicative anjanahana /an+d+zanah+ana/'prf.an-epenthetic.d-stem.janah-suffix.ana'; nanjanahana ## '(the-circumstances-in-which-sth)-was-colonised'; ## passive 2 past tense indicative nanjanahana /n+an+d+zanah+ana/'past.active-prf.an- ## epenthetic.d-stem.janah-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-in-which-sth)-was-colonised'; hanjanahana ## '(the-circumstances-in-which-sth)-will.be-colonised'; ## passive 2 future tense indicative hanjanahana /h+an+d+zanah+ana/'future.active-prf.an- ## epenthetic.d-stem.janah-suffix.ana'''(the-circumstances-in-which-sth)-will.be-colonised'; fanjanahana ## 'the action of colonising'; ## fanjanahana /f+an+d+zanah+ana/'nominalizer.f-prf.an-epenthetic.d-stem.janah-suffix.ana'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form; mpanjanaka ## 'coloniser'; ## mpanjanaka /mp+an+d+zanaka/ 'pref.mp-prf.an-epenthetic.d-root.zanaka''coloniser'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'AGENT MP nominalizer' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the root form and the prefix AN; zary ## V 'existing, suitable'; ## Root zary 'existing, suitable'; manjary ## 'to become'; ## intransitive manjary /m+an+d+zary/ 'pres-prf.an-epenthetic.d-root.zary' ## 'to become'; no passive 1 imperative; no passive 2 imperative. zavona ## N 'fog'; ## Root zavona 'fog'; manjavona ## 'to disappear'; ## intransitive manjavona /m+an+d+zavona/ 'pres-prf.an-epenthetic.d-root.zavona' ## 'to disappear'; no passive 1 passive imperative; no passive 2 passive imperative; anjavonana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-usually-disappears'; ## passive 2 indicative anjavonana /an+d+zavona+ana/ 'pref.an-epenthetic.d-stem.javona-suffix.ana''(the- ## circumstances-under-which-sth)-usually-disappears'; nanjavonana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-disappeared'; ## past tense indicative nanjavonana /n+an+d+zavona+ana/'past.active-prf.an-epenthetic.d ## -stem.javona-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-disappeared'; hanjavonana ## '(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.disappear'; ## future tense indicative hanjavonana /h+an+d+zavona+ana/'future.active-prf.an-epenthetic.d ## -stem.javona-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)-will.disappear'; fanjavonana ## 'disappearance'; ## fanjavonana /fandzavonana/ f+an+d+zavona+ana 'nominalizer.f-prefix.an-ep.d-stem.javona+suffix.ana' ## 'disappearance'; ## this form corresponds to what will be labelled 'Action Nominalization' in the ## on-line document 'Nominals in Malagasy'; note the prefix AN and the stem form;