# Verb-initial grammars: A multilingual/parallel perspective # ESRC Project RES-000-23-0505 # Oxford University # Charles Randriamasimanana # Malagasy phonetics/phonology & morphology: # Malagasy Epenthesis: ESRC-OX-05-CR103. # Epenthesis is a widespread phenomenon involving stress assignment and syllable structure. # A. Epenthetic vowels to break up an illegal consonant cluster. # Epenthetic vowels = { i, a }; # B. Epenthetic consonant at right edge of root/stem to form a third syllable # (syllables involving prefixes being ignored): # Epenthetic consonants = { n, f, v, s, z}. # This results from the interaction of crucial constraints required by # stress assignment: In Malagasy (a) main stress falls on the penultimate syllable; # (b) the preferred syllable structure is CV; (c) and final syllables in { k, tr, n} # are extrasyllabic typically in words with 3 or more syllables. # Epenthetic vowels i and a: # Epenthetic vowel i: sitilo # 'fountain-pen'; # epenthetic i in French stylo /stilo/ > Malagasy sitilo; lavaky ny mpianatra # lavaky ny mpianatra, where i written y word-finally; # lava Det.unspec student(s) # 'hole(s)-of the student(s)' # root lavaka 'hole' # lava ny mpianatra, where <...> = extrasyllabic; # note that the genitive phrase 'ny mpianatra' is definite; # and that there is some kind of agreement between the vowel of # the definite article 'ny' and the ending of the headnoun 'lava' # which can be represented as 'k' since the final vowel a is devoiced; vokatry ny faritany # voka ny faritany, where i written y word-finally # produce-of the region; # root vokatra /vukatra/ 'produce' # voka ny faritany, where <...> = extrasyllabic; # note that the genitive phrase 'ny faritany' is definite; # and that there is some kind of agreement between the vowel of # the definite article 'ny' and the ending of the headnoun 'voka' # which can be represented as since the final vowel a is devoiced. # Epenthetic vowel a: apetraka mpianatra maro # a+petra mpianatra maro, where final a of verb is inserted; # a.passive-put-by student(s) several # '(who/which-is)-being-deposited by several students' # root apetra 'deposited', where <...> = extrasyllabic; # note that the verb 'apetraka' has more than 3 syllables; # also note that the genitive phrase 'mpianatra maro' is not definite; # note that the epenthetic vowel a is not devoiced; # the fact that the genitive phrase is not definite is announced by epenthetic a; atolotra mpianatra maro # a+tolo mpianatra maro, where final a of verb is inserted; # a.passive-handed-by student(s) several # Relevant meaning:'(who/which-is)-being-handed-over by several students' # root atolo 'handed over', where <...> = extrasyllabic; # note that the verb 'atolotra' /atulutra/ has more than 3 syllables; # also note that the genitive phrase 'mpianatra maro' is not definite; # note that the epenthetic vowel a is not devoiced; # the fact that the genitive phrase is not definite is announced by epenthetic a; hitana mpianatra maro # hita+n+a student(s) several # 'seen-by several students'; # root passive hita '(be)-seen'; # note that the root 'hita' has less than 3 syllables; hence epenthetic consonant n # as well as epenthetic vowel a in hita+n+a to form a third & final syllable; vitana mpianatra maro # vita+n+a mpianatra maro # '(be)-done-by several students'; # root passive vita '(be)-done'; # note that the root 'vita' has less than 3 syllables; hence epenthetic consonant n # as well as epenthetic vowel a in vita+n+a to form a third & final syllable. # Epenthetic consonants: # Left edge of root: # Epenthetic d rakotra # 'cover'; mandrakotra # 'to cover'; # root rakotra /rakutra/ 'cover', mandrakotra 'to cover', m+an+d+rakotra # 'pres-prefix.an-epenthetic.d-root.rakotra'; # note that a root verb usually describes a STATE or an ACCIDENTAL kind of EVENT; zavona # 'fog'; manjavona # 'to disappear'; # root zavona 'fog', manjavona /m+an+zavuna/ 'to disappear' > m+an+d+zavuna # 'pres-prefix.an-epenthetic.d-root.zavona'; # for further detail, see prefixation document. # Epenthetic consonant at right edge of stem to form a third syllable: # Epenthetic consonants = { n, f, v, s, z}. # This results from the interaction of crucial requirements of # stress assignment: In Malagasy (a) main stress falls on the penultimate; # (b) the preferred syllable structure is CV; (c) and final syllables in # { k, tr, n} are extrasyllabic in words with 3 or more syllables. # Epenthetic consonant n: teny # 'word'; teneno # '(let-s.one-be)-talked-to'; # root /teni/ written teny 'language, word'; passive 1 imperative # = teni+n+u > tene+n+u 'stem.tenen-suffix.u' teneno # '(let-s.one-be-given)-a-talking-to-by.you'; # note that the root 'teny' has less than 3 syllables and the epenthetic # consonant n creates a third preferred syllable CV along with the # passive 1 imperative suffix u written o 'by.you'; if this third syllable # was not created to the right of the stem 'tene' stress assignment will not # work as in this language, main stress falls on the penultimate, # i.e. the second syllable 'ne' of 'teneno'; # as a result of n-epenthesis, we now have a stem 'tenen(o)', which is different # from root 'teni'; with the latter, stress is on 'te', whereas with 'tenen(o)' # stress is on 'ne' and since this stem derives from passive imperative, it carries # with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; this will have consequences for incorporation # as outlined in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. lasa # 'gone'; fahalasanana # 'the fact that s.one is gone'; # fahalasanana f+aha+lasa+n+ana 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-stem.lasan- # suffix.ana', the root lasa 'gone' has less than three syllables; # when the suffix.ana is added, there is a stress shift from lá to sa; # the following unit is a vowel, i.e. a of suffix.ana and # the sequence a.a is broken up by epenthesis of n; # note that in fahalasanana, which comprises more than three syllables, # the final syllable is extrasyllabic for the purpose of # stress assignment; also note that for the purpose of epenthesis, # syllables involving prefixes are ignored; # as a result of n-epenthesis, we now have a stem 'lasan', which is different # from root 'lasa'; with the latter, stress is on 'la', whereas with stem 'lasan' # stress is on 'san'; however since this stem does not derive from a passive imperative, # it carries with it a [ - CONTROL ] feature; but then note that the CAUSAL causative # prefix 'aha' is obligatory if the suffix 'ana' is to appear in the sequence at all; lena # 'soaked'; lemo # '(let-s.one/sth-be)-soaked-by.you'; # root lena 'soaked'; passive 1 imperative lemo lem+u 'stem.lem-suffix.u' # (let-s.one/sth-be)-soaked-by.you'; # passive 1 indicative = lemana le.ma.na '(who/which-is-being)-soaked', # where the second and third syllables would be similar na.na if the second # syllable does not mutate to ma; note that the root 'lena' has less # than 3 syllables; # note obligatory mutation from n > m; # as a result of n > m mutation, we now have a stem 'lem(o)', which is different # from root 'lena'; because this is a monosyllable, stress stays with 'le' of stem 'lem(o)' # and since this stem derives from passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; # this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined in Malagasy syntax/semantics: # Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'lem'. tazona # 'holding'; tazony tazomy #'(let-s.one/sth-be)-held-by.you'; # root /tazuna/ written tazona 'holding'; passive 1 imperative = tazomy # 'tazum+i' or tazony 'tazun+i''stem.tazum/tazon-suffix.i' # '(let-s.one/sth-be)-held-by.you'; tazu+m+i or tazu+n+i with # either epenthetic m or n; # note that the root 'tazona' has exactly 3 syllables; # also note optional mutation from n > m; # as a result of n > m mutation, we now have a stem 'tazom(y)', which is different # from root 'tazona'; with root 'tazona', stress is with 'ta', whereas with stem 'tazom(y)' # stress is on 'zo' and since this stem derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tazom'. # Other words where the variant epenthetic consonant m is added: velona # '(be)-alive'; velomy # '(let-sth)-be-started-by.you'; # root /veluna/ written velo '(be)-alive', passive 1 imperative # velomy velum+i 'stem.velum-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-started-by.you'; # as a result of n > m mutation, we now have a stem 'velom(y)', which is different # from root 'velona'; with root 'velona', stress is with 've', whereas with stem 'velom(y)' # stress is on 'lo' and since this stem derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a MANNER-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'velom'. sarona # '(be)-covered, (be)-hidden' sarom # '(let-sth)-be-covered-by.you'; # root /saruna/ written saro '(be)-covered, (be)-hidden', saromy sarum+i # 'stem.sarum-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-covered-by.you'; # as a result of n > m mutation, we now have a stem 'sarom(y)', which is different # from root 'sarona'; with root 'sarona', stress is with 'sa', whereas with stem 'sarom(y)' # stress is on 'ro' and since this stem derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'ana...ana' around stem 'sarom'. tandrina # tandrina Noun 'attention'; tandremo # '(let-sth)-be-paid-attention-by.you'; # root tandri 'attention', tandri, passive 1 imperative tandremo # 'tandrem+u''stem.tandrem-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-paid-attention-by.you'; # as a result of n > m mutation, we now have a stem 'tandrem(o)', which is different # from root 'tandrina'; with root 'tandrina', stress is with 'tan', whereas with stem 'tandrem(o)' # stress is on 'ndre'; # Epenthetic consonant s: andry # '(which-can-be)-waited-for'; andraso # '(let-s.one/sth-be)-waited-for'; # root andri written andry 'wait' has less than 3 syllables; # passive 1 imperative = andraso andr+a+s+u 'stem.andr-ep.a-ep.s-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one/sth-be)-waited-for-by.you'; passive 1 indicative = andrasana # andr+a+s+ana 'stem.andr-ep.a-ep.s-suffix.ana' '(who/that-which-is)-being- # waited-for'; stress assignment: (i) syllabification a.ndra.sa.na (ii) extra- # syllabic a.ndra.sa (iii) stress penultimate andrása ; # since this stem 'andras(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'andras'. faty # 'corpse'; fahafatesana # 'death'; # root fati written faty 'corpse' with main stress on fá.ti as expected; # to derive the corresponding abstract nominal, construct relevant syllables # to the right of root fati via (a) epenthetic s and (b) suffixation of ana # yielding fá.ti.sa.na > fa.tes.a.na with re-syllabification & vowel-lowering; # now adding the relevant prefixes, we get fahafatesana f+aha+fate+s+ana # 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-stem.fate-ep.s-suffix.ana''death'; # since this stem 'fates' does not derive from a passive imperative, # it carries with it a [ - CONTROL ] feature; but then note that the CAUSAL causative # prefix 'aha' is obligatory if the suffix 'ana' is to appear in the sequence at all; fono # 'cover'; fonosy # '(let-sth-be)-covered-by.you'; # root /funu/ written fono 'cover' has less than 3 syllables; passive 1 # imperative = fonosy funu+s+i 'stem.funus-suffix.i' # '(let-sth-be)-covered-by.you'; passive 1 indicative fonosina # funu+s+ina 'root.funu-ep.s-suffix.ina''(which-is)-being-wrapped-up' # or'(which-is)-usually-wrapped-up'; # since this stem 'fonos(y)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fonos'. mafy # 'hard'; hamafiso # '(let-sth)-be-made-stronger-by.you'; # root mafi written mafy 'hard', passive 1 imperative hamafiso h+a+mafi+s+u # 'future.h-a.passive-stem.mafis-suffix-u''(let-sth)-be-made-stronger-by.you'; refy # 'measure'; refeso # '(let-sth-be)-measured'; # root refi written refy 'measure' has less than 3 syllables; # passive 1 imperative = refeso refi+ s+ u 'stem.refes-suffix.u' > # refe+s+u '(let-sth-be)-measured' after re-syllabification # and vowel lowering giving re.fes.i.na from re.fi.si.na. # since this verb stem 'refes(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'refes'. # Other words where the epenthetic consonant s is added: ray # '(root)grab'; raiso # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-accepted-by.you'; # root rai written ray, mandray m+an+d+ray 'pres-prf.an-ep.d-stem.rais', # raiso rai+s+u 'root.rai+ep.s+suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-received-by.you'; # since this stem 'rais(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'rais'. venty # 'substance, unity'; venteso # '(let-sth)-be-made-explicit-by.you'; # root venti written venty, miventy m+i+venty 'pres-prf.i-venty' # 'to make explicit', venteso venti+s+u > ventes+u 'ventes-suffix.o' # o pronounced 'u''(let-sth)-be-made-explicit-by.you'; maty # 'dead'; matesa # 'drop-dead'; # root mati written maty 'dead', matesa mati+s+a 'stem.mates-suffix.a' # > mates+a 'drop-dead'; lefa # '(root) flight, dispatch'; alefaso # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-sent-by.you'; # root lefa, alefa, a+lefa passive 1 indicative of lefa mandefa # m+an+(l>d)efa 'pres-prf.an-root.lefa' > m+an+defa 'to send'; # passive 1 imperative alefaso a+lefa+s+u 'a.passive-stem.lefas-suffix.u' # Note the marked version of A-Passive, which normally combines with a root and # usually NOT a stem, as is the case in this instance. # '(let-s.on/sth)-be-sent-by.you'; # since this stem 'lefas(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'lefas'. nofy # 'dream'; nofiso # '(let-sth)-be-dreamt-up-by.you'; # root nofi /nufi/ written nofy 'dream', passive 1 imperative nofiso # nofi+s+u 'stem.nofis-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-dreamt-by.you'; lomano # 'swimming'; ilomanosy # '(let-a-location)-be-where-you-swim'; # root lomano /lumanu/ 'swimming', passive 2 imperative ilomanosy # i+lumanu+s+i'stem.ilomanu-ep.s-suffix.i''(let-somewhere)-be- # where-you-swim'; # since this stem 'ilomanos(y)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'ilomanos'. endy # '(that-which-has-been)-fried'; endaso # '(let-sth)-be-fried-up-by.you'; # root endi written endy 'frying', passive 1 imperative endaso # enda+s+u '(let-sth)-be-fried-by.you'; # since this stem 'endas(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'endas'. vely # 'beating'; veleso # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-struck-by.you'; # root veli written vely vely 'hitting, strike', passive 1 imperative # veleso veli+s+u > veles+u 'veles-suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-hit-by.you.; voky # '(be)-full-(from eating)'; vokiso # '(let-s.one)-be-fed-by.you'; # root /vuki/ written voky 'full (from eating), passive 1 imperative vokiso # vukis+u 'stem.vokis-suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-fed-by.you'. # since this stem 'vokis(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a MANNER-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'vokis'. # Epenthetic consonant z: akaiky # 'near'; akaikezo # '(let-sth)-be-made-near-by.you'; # root akaiky 'near', passive 1 imperative akaikezo or akekezo akaiki+z+u or # akeki+z+u '(let-sth)-be-made-near-by.you'; note syllabification a.ka.i., # main stress assignment yields a.ká.i.; note dipththong formation in # a.kay.ki.zu > a.ke.ki.zu ; then vowel lowering in a.ke.kez.u giving # akaikézo or akekézu with stress on the penultimate, as expected; lehibé # 'big'; halebiazo # '(let-sth)-be-made-bigger-by.you'; # root lehibé 'big', note the main stress on the last syllable; # ignore all syllables to the left of the main stress and construct # a third syllable to the right of main stress: (a) through epenthetic # vowel a and (b) epenthetic consonant z be+a+z to yield passive 1 # imperative be.a.zu; with stress shift we get be.a.zu > bi.a.zu written # biazo; now standard Malagasy is an h-dropping variety and as a result # the sequence lehi > le(h)i; subsequently dipththong reduction # lei > ley > ee where a double vowel indicates vowel length; foha # 'wake-up'; fohazo # '(let-s.one-be)-woken-up'; # root /fuha/ written foha 'wake-up'; passive 1 imperative = fohazo # fuha+z+u '(let-s.one-be)-woken-up'; note that the stem has # less than 3 syllables; # since this stem 'fohaz(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a MANNER-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fohaz'. tohy # 'continuation'; tohizo # '(let-sth-be)-continued'; # root /tuhi/ written tohy 'continuation' has less than 3 syllables; # passive 1 imperative = tohizo tuhi+z+u '(let-sth-be)-continued' with # the epenthetic consonant z; again note that the root has less than 3 syllables; # since this stem 'tohiz(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a MANNER-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tohiz'. voa # 'hit'; fahavoazana # 'the fact that someone has been hit'; # root voa /vua/ 'hit', no passive 1 imperative; to indicate a focus on # manner or time at which something happened, use prefix aha aha+voa # to describe an accidental event: aha+voa+z+ana to describe a non- # accidental event in focus: fahavoazana f+aha+voa+z+ana # 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-prefective.voa-ep.z-suffix.ana'; # since this stem 'voaz' does not derive from a passive imperative, # it carries with it a [ - CONTROL ] feature; but then note that the CAUSAL causative # prefix 'aha' is obligatory if the suffix 'ana' is to appear in the sequence at all; # Other words where the epenthetic consonant z is added: fafy # 'sowing'; fafazo # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bombarded-by.you'; # root fafi written fafy 'sowing', passive 1 imperative fafazo faf+a+z+u # 'stem.fafaz-by.you''(let-sth)-be-bombarded-by.you'; # since this stem 'fafaz(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fafaz'. tety # 'path'; tetezo # '(let-several-people/entities)-be-in-your-path'; # root teti written tety 'path', passive 1 imperative tetezo # teti+z+u > tetez+u '(let-several-people/entities)-be-in-your-path'; fehy # 'link, tie'; fehezo # '(let-sth)-be-tied.up/summed-up-by.you'; # root fehi written fehy 'link, tie', passive 1 imperative fehezo # fehi+z+u > fehez+u'(let-sth)-be-tied.up/summed-up-by.you'; # since this stem 'fehez(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fehez'. hety # 'scissors'; hetezo # '(let-sth)-be-cut-with-scissors-by.you'; # root heti written hety 'scissors', passive 1 imperative hetezo # heti+z+u > hetez+u '(let-sth)-be-cut-with-scissors-by.you'; # since this stem 'hetez(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'hetez'. valo # 'regrets'; ivalozy # '(let-for-sth)-be-regretted-by.you'; # root valu written valo 'regrets, amends', passive 1 imperative # ivalozy i+valu+z+i'prf.i-stem.valuz-by.you''(let-sth)-be- # regretted-by.you'; vovo # 'barking'; vovozy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-barked-at-by.you'; # root vuvu written vovo 'barking', passive 1 imperative vovozy # vuvu+z+i '(let-s.one/sth)-be-barked-at-by.you'; ely # 'dispersion'; aelezo # '(let-sth)-be-dispersed-by.you'; # root eli written ely 'dispersion', passive 1 imperative aelezo # a+eli+z+u 'prefix.a-root.elez-suffix.u' > a+elez+u # '(let-sth)-be-dispersed-by.you'; # Note the marked version of this A-Passive form since in general an A-Passive # combines with a root and usually NOT a stem, as appears to be the case here. lao # 'flight-from (out-of-disgust)'; ilaozy # '(let-from-s.one/sth)-be-left-by.you'; # root lau written lao 'flight-from (out-of-disgust)', passive 1 # imperative ilaozy i+lau+z+i '(let-from-s.one/sth)-be-left-by.you'; taty # 'gathering (liquid)'; tatazo # '(let-sth, i.e. liquid)-be-gathered-by.you'; # root tati written taty 'gathering', passive 1 imperative # tatazo tat+a+z+u 'tat-ep.a-ep.z-by.you''(let-sth, i.e. # liquid)-be-gathered-by.you'; # stem 'tataz(o)' 'deliberately.be.gathered' can have as its subject either # a THEME or with its variant stem 'itataz(o)', it can also take an INSTRUMENT- # Oblique-Subject; fohy # 'short'; afohezo # '(let-sth)-be-shortened-ny.you'; # root fohi written fohy 'short', passive 1 imperative afohezo # a+fuhi+z+i > afuhez+u '(let-sth)-be-shortened-ny.you'; # Once again, note the marked version of A-Passive, which normally combines with # a root and NOT a stem. fafy # 'sowing'; fafazo # '(let-LOCATION)-be-sown-by.you'; # root fafi written fafy 'sowing', passive 1 imperative fafazo faf+a+z+u # 'faf-ep.a-ep.z-suffix.u''(let-LOCATION)-be-sown-by.you'; # since this stem 'fafaz(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fafaz'. fefy # 'barricade'; fefezo # '(let-sth)-be-enclosed-by.you'; # root fefi written fefy 'barricade', passive 1 imperative fefezo # fefi+z+u > fefez+u '(let-sth)-be-enclosed-suffix.u'; tsipy # 'throw'; tsipazo # '(let-s.one/DIRECTION)-be-thrown-sth'; # tsipy 'throw', passive 1 imperative tsipazo tsip+a+z+u # '(let-s.one/DIRECTION)-be-thrown-sth'; # since this stem 'tsipaz(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tsipaz'. homehy # 'laugh'; ihomezo # '(let-s.one)-be-laughed-at'; # root humehi written homehy 'laugh', passive 1 imperative # ihomezo i+humehi+z+u > i+humehez+u '(let-s.one)-be-laughed-at'; voa # 'hit (adversative)'; fahavoazana # 'the fact that someone has been adversely hit/affected'; # root /vu/ written voa 'hit', derived form fahavoazana f+aha+vu+a+z+ana # 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-vu-ep.a-ep.z-suffix.ana''the fact that someone # has been adversely hit/affected'; # since this stem 'voaz' does not derive from a passive imperative, # it carries with it a [ - CONTROL ] feature; but then note that the CAUSAL causative # prefix 'aha' is obligatory if the suffix 'ana' is to appear in the sequence at all; hay # '(be)-known'; fahaizana # root hai written hay 'be-known', derived form fahaizana f+a+hai+z+ana # 'nominalizer.f-prf.a-hai-ep.z-suffix.ana''knowledge'; # since this stem 'haiz' does not derive from a passive imperative, # it carries with it a [ - CONTROL ] feature; but then note that the CAUSAL causative # prefix 'aha' is obligatory if the suffix 'ana' is to appear in the sequence at all; fy # 'enjoyment'; ankafizina # root fi written fy 'enjoyment', derived form ankafizina # ankafi+z+ina 'prf.anka-fi-ep.z-suffix.ina''from-which-is-derived-enjoyment'; # prefix 'anka' is obligatory if the suffix 'ina' is to appear in the sequence at all; foy # '(be)-hatched'; foizo # root /fui/ foi written foy 'hatched'; # passive 1 imperative foizo foi+z+u 'root.fui-ep.z-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)be-given-up-by.you'. # CAUSAL causative prefix 'ana' is obligatory if the suffix 'ana' is to appear in the # sequence at all in a sequence where a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique is in focus; # Epenthetic consonant f replacing extrasyllabic , : doka # 'adulation'; dokafo #'(let-to-s.one)-be-given-by.you-adulation'; # root doka 'adulation', passive 1 imperative dokafo doka+f+u # 'root.doka-ep.f-suffix.u''(let-s.one)-be-flattered-by.you', # where the syllable 'ka' is not extrasyllabic as the root # only comprises two syllables and the consonant f is truly # epenthetic in nature; # since this stem 'dokaf(o)' derives from a passive imperative, it carries with # it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'dokaf'. lelaka # 'licking'; lelafo # '(let-sth-be)-licked-ny.you'; # root lelaka 'licking'; stress assignment = lé.la. where # < ... > = extrasyllabic since the root comprises three different # syllables; passive 1 imperative with stress # shift = lelafo le.lá.fu '(let-sth-be)-licked-ny.you'; # root 'lelaka' describes something stative, whereas stem 'lelaf(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'lelaf(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'lelaf'. tototra # 'filled-up'; tofofy # '(let-sth-be)-filled-up-by.you'; # root tototra tututra 'filled-up'; stress assignment = tú.tu. # where < ... > = extrasyllabic; passive 1 imperative with stress # shift = tofofy tu.tú.fi '(let-sth-be)-filled-up-by.you'; # root 'tototra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'totof(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'totof(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'totof'. # Other words where the extrasyllabic or is replaced by f: aloka # 'shadow'; alofy # '(let-s.one/sth-sheltered-by.you'; # root aluka written alo 'shadow', passive 1 imperative alofy # aluf+i 'stem.aluf-suffix.i''(let-s.one/sth-sheltered-by.you'; # root 'aloka' describes something stative, whereas stem 'alof(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rakof(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'alof'. tohoka # 'barrier'; tohofy # root tuhuka written toho 'barrier', passive 1 imperative # tohofy tuhu+f+i 'tuhu+ep.f+suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-put-a-barrier-on-by.you'; rakotra # 'cover'; rakofy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-covered-by.you'; # root /rakutra/ written rako '(be)-covered', passive 1 imperative rakofy # raku+f+i 'stem.rakuf-ep.f-suffix.i''(let-s.one/sth)-be-covered-by.you'; # root 'rakotra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'rakof(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rakof(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'rakof'. tehaka # 'applause'; tehafo # '(let-s.one)-be-applauded-by.you'; # teha 'applause', passive 1 imperative tehafo teha+f+u 'stem.tehaf- # suffix.u''(let-s.one)-be-applauded-by.you'; # root 'tehaka' describes something stative, whereas stem 'tehaf(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tehaf(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a REASON-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tehaf'. tahaka # 'copy'; tahafo # '(let-sth)-be-copied-by.you'; # root taha 'copy', passive 1 imperative tahafo taha+f+u # 'root.taha-ep.f-suffix.u'; sokatra # '(root)state of being open'; sokafo # '(let-sth)-be-opened-by.you'; sokafy # '(let-sth)-be-opened-by.you'; # root /sukatra/ written soka 'state of being open', passive 1 # imperative sokafo sukaf+u 'stem.sukaf-suffix.u' or sokafy sukaf+i # 'stem.sukaf-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-opened-by.you'; # root 'sokatra' describes something stative, whereas stem 'sokaf(o/y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'sokaf(o/y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'sokaf'. # Epenthetic consonant t replacing 'tra' whether it is extrasyllabic or not: ritra # '(be)-evaporated, (be)-fried'; rito # '(let-sth)-be-fried-by.you'; # root ritra 'evaporated, fried' has less than three syllables, # passive 1 imperative = rito /rit+u/ 'stem.rit-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-fried-by.you'; note that the root only has two # syllables and is not extrasyllabic; # root 'ritra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'rit(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rit(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'rit'. avotra # '(be)-salvaged'; avoty # '(let-s.one)-be-salvaged-by.you'; fanavotana # 'salvation'; # root /avutra/ written avo 'salvaged' has three syllables; # so the final unit is extrasyllabic since main stress falls # on penultimate ávo; in fanavotana f+an+avo<...>+ana 'nominalizer.f # -prf.an-avuti-suffix.ana', where avoty avut+i 'stem.avut-suffix.i' # '(let-s.one)-be-salvaged-by.you' is the passive 1 imperative of the # root avotra, the has been replaced by the consonant t; # root 'avotra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'avot(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rakof(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'avot'. # Other words where the extrasyllabic is replaced by t: rovitra # '(be)-torn-up'; rovito # '(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; # root rovi '(be)-torn-up', passive 1 imperative rovito /ruvit+u/ # 'stem.ruvit-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-torn-up-by.you'; # root 'rovitra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'rovit(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rakof(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'rovit'. faritra # 'limit'; farito # '(let-sth)-be-delimited-by.you'; # root fari 'limit', passive 1 imperative farito /farit+u/ # 'stem.farit-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-delimited-by.you'; # root 'faritra' describes something stative, whereas stem 'farit(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'farit(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'farit'. haratra # 'shave'; harato # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-shaved-by.you'; # root hara 'shave', passive 1 imperative harato /harat+u/ # 'stem.harat-suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-shaved-by.you'; # Epenthetic consonant r is sometimes added to tra roots/words # of less than three syllables: tratra # '(be)-reached'; tratraro # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-reached-by.you'; # root tratra '(be)-reached', passive 1 imperative tratraro # 'stem.tratrar-suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-reached-by.you'; # note that the root has less than three syllables and that r # is epenthetic in nature; # root 'tratra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'tratrar(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rakof(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'ana...ana' around stem 'tratrar'. # BUT dotra # 'burn'; dory # '(let-sth)-be-burned-by.you'; # root /duri/ written dotra 'burn', passive 1 imperative dory # /duri/ 'stem.dur-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-burned-by.you'; # note that the root is less than three syllables and yet the # final syllable tra undergoes mutation to r in the passive 1 # imperative form; # root 'dotra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'dor(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'dor(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'dor'. # Epenthetic consonant r replacing extrasyllabic in words of # three or more syllables: fantatra # '(be)-known'; fantaro # '(let-sth)-be-known.to.you'; fahafantarana # 'the fact that (someone) knows'; # root fantatra '(be)-known' has three syllables and the last one, # i.e. is extrasyllabic since main stress falls on the penultimate # fántratra; when main stress shift applies to fahafantarana # f+aha+fanta+ana 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-fanta-suffix.ana', # the extrasyllabic tra mutates to r; the passive 1 imperative form # is fantaro /fantar+u/ 'stem.fantar-suffix.u'; also note that for the # purpose of epenthesis, syllables involving prefixes are ignored; # root 'fantatra' describes a STATE, whereas stem 'fantar(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'fantar(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fantar'; # however, there is also a [ - CONTROL ] interpretation of stem 'fantar' and in # this case, CAUSAL causative prefix 'aha' is obligatory in the circumfix # 'aha...ana' surrounding this alternative stem, as in the nominal 'fahafantarana' # 'the fact that (someone) knows'; # Other words where the extrasyllabic mutates to r: akatra # 'ascension'; akaro # '(let-s.one/sth-be)-lifted'; # root akatra 'ascension', akarina akar+ina 'stem.akar-suffix.ina' # '(be-usually)-lifted' or '(is)-being-lifted'; passive 1 imperative = # akaro /akaru/ akar+u 'stem.akar-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-lifted-by.you'; # root 'akatra' describes something stative, whereas stem 'akar(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'akar(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'akar'. # Alternatively, a MANNER-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'akar'. faritra # 'limits'; farito # '(let-sth-be)-limited, circumscribed-by.you' ; # root faritra 'limits', passive 1 imperative farito /faritu/ farit+u # 'stem.farit-suffix.u''(let-sth-be)-limited, circumscribed-by.you'; # root 'faritra' describes something stative, whereas stem 'farit(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'farit(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'farit'. fetra # 'limitations'; fero # '(let-sth)-be-delimited-by.you'; # root fetra 'limitations', passive 1 imperative fero /feru/ fer+u # 'stem.fer-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-delimited-by.you'; # root 'fetra' describes something stative, whereas stem 'fer(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'fer(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'fer'. tolotra # 'offering'; tolory # '(let-sth)-be-offered-to-s.one-by.you'; # root /tulutra/ tolotra 'offering', passive 1 imperative tolory # 'stem.tulur-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-offered-to-s.one-by.you'; # root 'tolotra' describes something stative, whereas stem 'tolor(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tolor(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tolor'. anatra # 'advice'; ianaro # '(let-sth)-be-studied-by.you'; anaro # "(let-s.one)-be-advised-by.you'; # root anatra 'advice', mianatra m+i+anatra 'pres-prf.i-study''to study', # passive 1 imperative ianaro i+anar+u 'prf.i-stem.anar-suffix.u' # '(let-sth-be)-learnt-by.you'; alternative passive 1 form = anaro # /anaru/ anar+u'stem.anar-suffix.u'"(let-s.one)-be-advised-by.you'; # root 'anatra' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'ianar(o)' or 'anar(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'ianar(o)' or stem 'anaro' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'anaro' or circumfix 'i...ana' around # stem 'ianar'. saotra # 'thanks'; isaory # '(let-thanks-to-s.one)-be-given.by.you'; # root saotra, misaotra m+i+saotra 'pres-prf.i-saotra''to thank', # passive 1 imperative isaory i+saur+i 'prf.i-stem.saur-suffix.i' # '(let-s.one)-be-thanked-by.you'; # root 'saotra' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'isar(y)' or 'anar(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'isaor(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'isaor'. lahatra # 'rank'; alaharo # '(let-people/things)-be-ranked-by.you'; # root lahatra 'rank', alaharo a+lahar+u a.passive-stem.lahar-suffix.u' # '(let-people/things)-be-ranked-by.you'. # root 'lahatra' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'lahar(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'lahar(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'lahar'. # Epenthetic consonant v: dio # 'cleanliness'; diovy # '(let-sth-be)-cleaned-up'; # root /diu/ written dio 'cleanliness'; passive 1 imperative diovy # /diuvi/ diu+v+i 'stem.diuv-suffix.i''(let-sth-be)-cleaned-up-by.you''; # note that the root has less than 3 syllables; # root 'dio' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'diov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'diov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'diov'. tao # 'preparations'; ataovy # '(let-sth-be)-done'; # root /tau/ written tao 'preparations'; passive 1 imperative ataovy # a+tau+v+i 'a.passive-stem.tauv-suffix.i'; # again note that the root has less than 3 syllables; # Also note that this is a marked version of A-Passive, which normally combines only # with a root and NOT a stem, which is clearly the case here; # root 'tao' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'taov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'taov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'taov'. tonga # '(have)-arrived'; tongava # '(you)-come'; fahatongavana # 'the fact that someone has come'; # root tonga '(have)-arrived', active voice imperative tongava /tunga+v+a/ # 'stem.tungav.-ep.a''(you)-come!'; fahatongavana f+aha+tunga+v+ana # 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-stem.tungav-suffix.ana''the fact that someone # has arrived'; # in the case of nominal 'fahatongavana', we have the circumfix 'aha...ana' # where the CAUSAL prefix aha must co-occur with the suffix ana around stem 'tongav'; tsiaro # 'memory'; tsarovy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-remembered-by.you'; fahatsiarovana # 'remembrance'; # root tsiaro 'memory', passive 1 imperative tsarovy tsaru+v+i # 'stem.tsaru-ep.v-suffix.i'; fahatsiarovana f+aha+tsiaro+v+ana # 'nominalizer.f-prf.aha-stem.tsiaruv-suffix.ana''remembrance'; # note that the root tsi.a.ru has three syllables, and that the passive 1 # imperative form has to take an epenthetic consonant, here v; # in the case of nominal 'fahatsiarovana', we have the circumfix 'aha...ana' # where the CAUSAL prefix aha must co-occur with the suffix ana around root 'tsiar'; tsinjo # 'forecast'; tsinjovy # '(let-sth-be)-forecast'; # root /tsindzu/ written tsinjo 'forecast' has less than 3 syllables; # passive 1 imperative = tsinjovy tsindzuvi tsindzu+v+i # '(let-sth-be)-forecast'with the epenthetic consonant v; # again note that the root has less than 3 syllables; # root 'tsinjo' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tsinjov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tsinjov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tsinjov'. # Other words where the epenthetic consonant v is added: tia # 'love'; tiavo # '(let-s.one)-be-loved-by.you'; # root /ti/ written tia 'love', passive 1 imperative ti+a+v+u # 'stem.tiav-suffix.u''Let-s.one)-be-loved-by.you'; # root 'tia' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tiav(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tiav(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a REASON-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tiav'. tady # 'search'; tadiavo # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-looked-for-by.you'; # root /tadi/ written tady 'search', passive 1 imperative tadiavo # tadi+a+v+u 'tadi-ep.a-ep.v-suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)-be-looked-for-by.you'; # root 'tady' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tadiav(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tadiav(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tadiav'. aro # 'protection'; arovy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-protected-by.you'; # root /aru/ written aro 'protection', passive 1 imperative arovy # aru+v+i 'stem.aruv-suffix.i''(let-s.one/sth)-be-protected-by.you'; # root 'aro' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'arov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'arov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'arov'. ala # '(root)-taking-away'; alaovy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-taken-away-by.you'; # root ala 'taking-away' , passive 1 imperative /alau/ alao or # alaovy /alauvi/alau+v+i '(let-s.one/sth)-be-taken-away-by.you'; # root 'ala' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'alaov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'alaov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around the shortened version of stem 'ala(o)'. loloha # 'the act of carrying something on one's head'; lolohavy # '(let-sth)-be-carried-by.you-on-your-head'; # root /luluhavi/ written loloha 'carrying on one's head', # passive 1 imperative lolohavy luluha+v+i # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-carried-by.you-on-your head'; # root 'loloha' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'lolohav(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'lolohav(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'lolohav'. ady # 'fight, war'; iadio # '(let-s.one)-be-fought-against-by.you'; iadivo # '(let-s.one)-be-fought-against-by.you'; # root /adi/ written ady 'fight', passive 1 imperative iadio # i+adi+u 'pref.i-root.adi-suffix.u' or iadivo i+adi+v+u # 'stem.iadiv-suffix.u''(let-s.one)-be-fought-against-by.you'; # root 'ady' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'iadiv(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'iadiv(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a REASON-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'iadiv'. loa # 'payment'; aloavy # '(let-sth)-be-paid-for--by.you'; # root /lu/ written loa 'payment', passive 1 imperative aloavy a+lu+a+v+i # 'prf.a-stem.luav-suffix.i''(let-sth)-be-paid-for-by.you'; # note this marked version of A-Passive, which normally only combines with a root # and NOT a stem, which is clearly the case here; # root 'loa' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'loav(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'loav(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'loav'. tandro # 'attention'; tandrovy # '(let-sth)-be-paid-attention-to-by.you'; # root /tandru/ written tandro 'attention, car', passive 1 # imperative tandrovy tandru+v+i 'stem.tandrov-by.you # '(let-sth)-be-paid-attention-to/taken-care-of-by.you'; # root 'tandro' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tandrov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tandrov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tandrov'. jery # 'sight'; jereo # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-looked-for-by.you'; jerevo # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-looked-for-by.you'; # root /dzeri/ written jery 'sight', passive 1 imperative # jereo dzere+u 'stem.dzere-suffix.u' or jerevo dzere+v+u # 'stem.dzere+ep.v-suffix.u'; # root 'jery' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'jerev(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'jerev(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'jere(v)'. la # 'refusal'; lavo # '(let-sth)-be-refused-by.you'; # root la 'refusal', passive 1 imperative lavo la+v+u # 'root.la+ep.v-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-refused-by.you'; # root 'la' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'lav(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'lav(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'lav'. lalao # 'game'; lalaovy # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-played-by.you'; # root /lalau/ written lalao 'game', passive 1 imperative # lalaovy lalau+v+i 'stem.lalauv-suffix.i''(let-s.one)-be-played-with'; # root 'lalao' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'lalaov(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'lalaov(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'lalaov'. # Consonant mutation: # Left edge of root: zanaka # 'progeny, child(ren)'; manjanaka # 'to colonise', where j is pronounced d+z; # root zanaka 'child(ren)', m+an+zanaka m-an+d+zanaka # 'pres-pref.an-ep.d-root.zanaka' > manjanaka. # Right edge of stem: # k remains k in roots/words of less than three syllables: daka # 'kick'; dakana # '(to-whom)-is-given-a-kick'; # root daka 'kick', dakana daka+ana 'stem.daka-suffix.ana' # '(to-whom/which)-is-usually-given-a-kick'; # root 'daka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'daka(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'daka(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'daka'. loka # 'prize, bet'; ilokana # '(LOCATION/circumstances-in-which)-betting-takes-place'; # root /luka/ written loka 'prize, bet', miloka m+i+luka # 'pres-prf.i-root.luka''to make a bet', passive 2 imperative # ilokao i+luka+u 'stem.iluka-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-used-by.you-to-make-a-bet'; # root 'loka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'iloka(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'iloka(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'iloka'. # Other roots/words where k remains k: zaka # 'who/which can be carried'; zakao # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-carried-by.you'; # root zaka '(be-able-to-be)-carried', passive 1 imperative # zakao zaka+u 'stem.zaka-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-deliberately-carried-by.you'; voky # '(be)-full-(from-eating)'; vokiso # '(let-s.one)-be-fed-by.you'; # root /vuki/ written voky '(be)-full-(from-eating)', passive 1 # imperative vokiso vuki+s+u 'stem.vukis-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one)-be-misinformed'; vaky # '(be)-broken-up-by.you'; vakio # '(let-sth)-be-broken-up-by.you'; # root /vaki/ written vaky '(be)-broken', passive 1 imperative # vakio vaki+u 'stem.vaki-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-broken-up-by.you'. # root 'vaky' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'vaki(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'vaki(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'vaki'. # k mutates to h in roots/words of three or more syllables: tapaka # '(be)-cut'; tapaho # '(let-sth)-be-cut-by.you'; # root tapaka 'cut', passive 1 imperative tapaho tapa+u # /tapau/ 'stem.tapah-suffix.ina''(let-sth)-be-cut'; # root 'tapaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tapah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tapah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tapah'. # Other roots/words where k > h: folaka # '(be)-bent'; folaho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bent-by.you'; # root /fulaka/ written folaka "(be)-bent', passive 1 # imperative folaho fulah+u'stem.fulah-suffix.u' # /fulau/ '(let-s.one/sth)-be-bent-by.you'; # root 'folaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'folah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'folah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'folah'. voaka # 'the act of going'; avoahay # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-let-out-by.you'; # root voaka /voka/ 'the act of going', indicative mamoaka # m+a(n>m)+(v)oa m+am+oaka 'to put outside', # passive 1 imperative avohay /avuai/ 'a.pass-stem.voah-suffix.i' # written y '(let-sth)-be-put-outside-by.you'; # root 'voaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'voaha(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'voah(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'voaha'. # Alternatively, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'voah'. latsaka # '(be)-dropped'; alatsaho # '(let-sth)-be-dropped-by.you'; # root latsaka '(be)-dropped', passive 1 imperative # alatsaho a+latsah+u 'prefix.a.passive-stem.latsah-suffix.u' # note this marked version of A-Passive, which normally only combines with a root # and NOT a stem, which is clearly the case here; # (let-sth)-be-dropped-by.you'; # root 'latsaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'latsah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'latsah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'latsah'. # Alternatively, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'latsah'. loaka # 'with-a-hole-in-it'; loaho # '(let-sth)-be-put-a-hole-in-by.you'; # root /loka/ written loaka 'with-a-hole-in-it', passive 1 # imperative loahao luah+u 'stem.luah-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-put-a-hole-in-by.you'; # root 'loaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'loah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'loah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'loah'. petaka # '(be)-flat'; petaho # '(let-sth)-be-stuck-by.you'; # root petaka '(be)-flat', passive 1 imperative petaho # petah+u 'stem.petah-suffix.u''(let-sth)-be-stuck-by.you'; # root 'petaka' refers to a STATE, whereas stem 'petah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'petah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'petah'. # Alternatively, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'petah'. petraka # 'deposit'; apetraho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be # root petraka 'deposit', no passive 1 indicative based on petraho; # but alternative for passive 1 imperative based on a.passive = # apetraho a+petrah+u 'pass.pref.a-stem.petrah-suffix.u' #'(the-one-who/that-which-is)- habitually-left-behind-with- # only-the-inital-impulse-provided' or '(the-one-who/that-which-is) # -being-left-behind-with-only-the-initial-impulse-provided'; # note this marked used of A-Passive, which normally only combines with a root # and NOT a stem, which is clearly the case here; # root 'petraka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'petrah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'petrah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'petrah'. # Alternatively, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'petrah'. potika # '(be)-smashed'; poteho # '(let-sth)-be-smashed-by.you'; # root /putika/ written potika '(be)-smashed', passive 1 # imperative poteho puteh+u 'stem.puteh-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-smashed-by.you'; # root 'potika' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'poteh(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'poteh(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'poteh'. rotika # '(be)-torn-to-pieces'; roteho # '(let-sth)-be-torn-to-pieces-by.you'; # Root rotika 'torn-to-pieces', passive 1 imperative roteho roteh+u # '(let-sth)-be-torn-to-pieces-by.you'; # root 'rotika' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'roteh(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'roteh(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'roteh'. hetsika # 'move'; hetseho # '(let-sth)-be-moved-by.you'; # root hetsika 'move', passive 1 imperative hetseho hetseh+u # '(let-sth)-be-moved-by.you'; # root 'hetsika' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'hetseh(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'hetseh(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'hetseh'. raraka # '(be)-spilled'; raraho # '(let-sth)-be-spilled-over-by.you'; # root raraka '(be)-spilled', passive 1 imperative raraho # rarah+u '(let-sth)-be-spilled-over-by.you'; # root 'raraka' refers to a STATE, whereas stem 'rarah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rarah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'rarah'. # Alternatively, a LOCATION-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'rarah'. teraka # '(be)-born'; iteraho # '(let-the-person-be-with-whom)-be-given-birth-with- by.you'; # root teraka '(be)-born', passive 2 imperative iteraho # i+terah+u 'pref.i-stem.terah-suffix.u' '(let-the-person-be-with-whom) # -be-given-birth-with-by.you'; # root 'teraka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'iterah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'iterah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a COMITATIVE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'iterah'. tolaka # 'embezzled'; atolaho # '(let-sth)-be-embezzled-by.you'; # root /tulaka/ written tolaka 'embezzled', passive 1 imperative # atolaho a+tulah+u 'a.pass-stem.tolah-suffix.u'; # again note this marked version of A-Passive, which normally only combines with a # root and NOT a stem, which is clearly the case here; # root 'tolaka' refers to a STATE, whereas stem 'tolah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rarah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tolah'. lentika # 'sinking'; alenteho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-submerged-by.you'; # root /lentika/ written lentika 'sinking', passive 1 # imperative alenteho a+lenteh+u 'a.passive-stem.lenteh-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-submerged-by.you'; # again note this marked version of A-Passive, which normally only combines with a # root and NOT a stem, which is clearly the case here; # root 'lentika' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'lenteh(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'rarah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'lenteh'. resaka # 'conversation'; iresaho # (let-to-s.one)-be-deliberately-talked-by.you'; # root resaka 'conversation', passive 1 imperative iresaho # i+resah+u 'pref.i-stem.resah-suffix.u' # (let-to-s.one)-be-deliberately-talked-by.you'; # root 'resaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'resah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'resahh(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, a COMITATIVE-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'resah'. tsaingoka # '(the-one-who-has)-long-fingers'; tsaingohy # '(let-little-pieces-of-sth)-be-nimbly-taken-by.you'; # root /tsainguka/ written tsaingoka '(the-one-who-has) # -long-fingers', passive 1 imperative tsaingohy # tsainguh+i 'stem.tsainguh-suffix.i''(let-little-pieces-of-sth) # -be-nimbly-taken-by.you'; # root 'tsaingoka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tsaingoh(y)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tsaingoh(y)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'i...ana' around stem 'tsaingoh'. tsipaka # 'kick'; tsipaho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-rejected-by.you'; # root tsipaka 'kick', passive 1 imperative tsipaho # tsipah+u 'stem.tsipah-suffix.u' # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-rejected-by.you'; # root 'tsipaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tsipah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tsipah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tsipah'. tsipika # 'underlining'; tsipiho # '(let-sth)-be-underlined-by.you'; # root tsipika 'underlining', passive 1 imperative # tsipiho tsipih+u 'stem.tsipih-suffix.u' # '(let-sth)-be-underlined-by.you'; # root 'tsipika' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'tsipih(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'tsipih(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'tsipih'. zanaka # 'progeny'; zanaho # '(let-s.one/sth)-be-colonised-by.you'; # root zanaka 'progeny', passive 1 imperative # zanaho zanah+u 'stem.zanah-suffix.u''(let-s.one/sth)- # be-colonised-by.you'; # root 'zanaka' refers to something stative, whereas stem 'zanah(o)' refers to # a DELIBERATE kind of ACTIVITY; since this stem 'zanah(o)' derives from # a passive imperative, it carries with it a [ + CONTROL ] feature; again this # will have consequences for incorporation as outlined # in Malagasy syntax/semantics: Malagasy Prepositions - ESRC-OX-05-CR207. # For example, an INSTRUMENT-Oblique can be promoted Subject in a construction where # we have the circumfix 'an...ana' around stem 'zanah'.