# Verb-initial grammars: A multilingual/parallel perspective # ESRC Project RES-000-23-0505 # Oxford University # Charles Randriamasimanana # Malagasy syntax & semantics: # Malagasy Passives: ESRC-OX-05-CR105/203. # Malagasy passive stems can take: # (i) an ina suffix when a DO is promoted to SUBJect & an ana suffix when an IO # is promoted to SUBJ --this is what is referred to as Passive.1; in addition, note # that the passive prefix no for past tense and ho for future tense replaces the # tense-marker and the active voice prefix an of the verb; furthermore, it may be # worth noting that the label 'ina/ana' is short for circumfix 'ø...ina/ana', where # the morpheme ø stands for passive voice present tense and usually correlates either # with 'is being + V' or 'is usually/habitually + V', as will become apparent with # the illustrative examples presented below; # (ii) a prefix AN or I as well as a suffix ANA --this is labelled Passive.2. # Note that the relevant form of the verb in these two cases is the stem, NOT the root. # Historically the distribution of the suffixes ina vs ana was described as follows by # certain authors, who do not generally distinguish between 'roots' and 'stems': # Of N = 87 roots, PATIENT-subject with suffix.ina 73 vs PATIENT-subject with suffix.ana 14. # Prototypical roots with a passive meaning giving the overall pattern: # 1/Bare root 2/ root + suffix.ina 3/pref.an + root + suffix.ana # 1/STATE 2/PATIENT-subject 3/CIRCUMSTANCE-Oblique-subject # Passive 1 Passive 1 alternative Passive 2 # alternative to 2/ no or ho + root + suffix.ina DELIBERATE/INTENTIONAL # alternative to 3/ pref.i + root + suffix.ana. # This document - which will sum up the manner in which passives were generally described # up to the present study - is organised in three different parts: # Part 1: Regular Passive.1 with the expected suffix 'ina', 'regular' meaning promotion # of a DO to SUBJ. # Part 2: Irregular Passive.1 with suffix 'ana' instead of the expected 'ina', 'irregular' # meaning promotion of an IO to SUBJ. # Part 3: A-passive. # Each part will comprise a partial summary as well as numerous illustrative examples # using two typical roots. # Part 1: Regular Passive.1 with the expected suffix 'ina'. # Note that in subsequent documents we will replace the label 'regular' with the specification # that we are dealing here with promotion of a DO to SUBJ. # The following partial summary data illustrate the above generalisations related to # the regular Passive.1 in 'ina': # 1/ Root rotika '(be)shredded'; # active voice mandrotika m+an+d+rotika 'pres-pref.an-ep.d-root.rotika''to shred'; # 2/ rotehina roteh+ina '(sth)-is-usually-torn-up-to-pieces' or '(sth)-is-being-torn-up-to-pieces'; # 2'/ norotehina no+roteh+ina 'past.pass-roteh-ina''was-deliberately-torn-up-to-pieces'; # 2'/ horotehina ho+roteh+ina 'future.pass-roteh-ina''will.be-deliberately-torn-up-to-pieces'; # 3/ androtehana an+d+roteh+ana 'the instrument/manner/place/time-at-which-sth)-be-deliberately- # torn-up-to-pieces'. # 1/ Root ritra '(be)-dried-up, evaporated'; # 2/ ritina rit+ina '(sth)-is-being-dried-up' or '(sth)-is-usually-dried-up'; # 2'/ noritina no+rit+ina 'past.pass-rit-ina''(sth)-was-deliberately-dried-up or fried'; # 2'/ horitina ho+rit+ina 'future.pass-rit-ina''(sth)-will.be-deliberatel-dried-up or fried'; # 3/ andritana an+d+rit+ana '(a-portion-of-sth)-be-dried-up' or '(the-instrument- # used-to)-dry-sth-up' or '(the-manner/time-at-which-sth)-be-dried-up'. # 1/ Root vaky '(be)-broken'; mamaky m+an+(v)aky 'to break, to chop; # 2/ vakina vaki+ina '(sth)-usually-broken-up' or '(sth)-is-being-broken-up'; # 2'/ novakina no+vaki+ina 'past.pass-vaki-ina''(sth)-was-deliberately-broken-up'; # 2'/ hovakina ho+vaki+ina 'future.pass-vaki-ina''(sth)-will.be-deliberately-broken-up'; # 3/ amakiana a(n>m)+(v)aki+ana 'prf.an-root.vaki-ana' > am+aki+ana '(the-instrument-used-to) # -chop-sth' or '(the-manner/time-at-which)-sth-is-chopped'. # 1/ Root tapaka '(be)-cut-off'; # 2/ tapahina tapah+ina '(sth-is)-being-cut-off' or '(sth-is)-usually-cut-off'; # 2'/ notapahina no+tapah+ina 'past.pass-be-cut-off-suffx.ina''was-deliberately-cut-off'; # 2'/ hotapahina ho+tapah+ina 'future.pass-be-cut-off-suffx.ina''will.be-deliberately-cut-off'; # 3/ anapahana an+(t)apah+ana (a-portion-of-sth)-be-cut-off-by.you' > an+apah+ana or # '(the-manner/instrument/time-at-which-sth)-be-cut-off-by.you'. # 1/ Root velona 'alive'; mamelona m+an+(v)elona 'pres-prf-velona''to nourish' or # mivelona m+i+velona 'to feed on'; # 2/ velomina velom+ina '(s.one or sth)-is-being-nourished'; # 2'/ novelomina no+velom+ina 'past.pass-velom-ina' '(sth --like an engine)-was-started'; # 2'/ hovelomina ho+velom+ina 'future.pass-velom-ina' '(sth --like an engine)-will.be-started'; # 3/ amelomana a(n>m)+(v)elom+ana '(the instrument/manner/time-at-which-sth)-be-started' # > am+elom+ana; # 3'/ ivelomana i+velom+ana '(the manner/time-when)-be-used-to-live or survive on'. # 1/ Root tazana 'be-seen'; mitazana m+i+tazana 'pres-prf-tazana''to look for'; # 2/ tazanina tazan+ina '(s.one/sth)-be-usually-looked-at'; # 2'/ notazanina no+tazan+ina 'past.pass-tazan+ina''was-deliberately-looked-for'; # 2'/ hotazanina ho+tazan+ina 'future.pass-tazan+ina''will.be-deliberately-looked-for'; # 3/ itazanana i+tazan+ana 'prf-tazan-ana''(the-manner-in-which sth)-be-looked-at' # or '(the-time-at-which sth)-be-looked-at'. # Roots which behave regularly as described above in the first section: # Roots with a passive meaning: At least, 31 entries. # fy, to, tolaka, la, ome, potika, vory, very, vita, efa, feno, resy, folaka, fantatra, zaka, # simba, sitrana, tadidy, potsitra, haino, petaka, babo, hadino, tratra, tsapa, rotika, ritra # vaky, tapaka, velona, tazana ; # Roots without a passive meaning: At least 42 entries. # akatra, resaka, korontana, petraka, zaitra, vaha, vantana, vazivazy, velatra, vely, voly, # voatra, halatra, hataka, harona, hemotra, henjana, tery, hetsika, hitsaka, hodina, hodidina, # hofa, hosy, hosotra, hozohozo, dinika, dia, fandrika, lentika, kaikitra, karama, ketsa, posaka, # tsaingoka, tsangana, tsipaka, tsipika, zaka, zanaka, tondra, anatra. # In addition, note the following minimal pairs: # ampiakarina amp+i+akar+ina 'causative.amp-prf.i-akar-suffix.ina''(the-person-or-the-thing) # be-lifted' PATIENT as subject; # ampiakarana amp+i+akar+ana 'causative.amp-prf.i-akar-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/manner/ # circumstances-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-lifted'; ...Oblique as subject; # ankafizina ank+a+fi+z+ina 'causative.ank-prf.a-root.fi-epenthetic.z-suffix.ina''be-loved' # PATIENT/THEME as subject; # ankafizana ank+a+fi+z+ana 'causative.ank-prf.a-root.fi-epenthetic.z-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances # under-which-sth)-be-loved''; ...Oblique as subject. # We now consider illustrative data for a first typical passive root, i.e. potika '(be) smashed': # The following examples illustrate most of the affixes that can show up on the root. Namotika fitaratra tamina vato i Paoly. # N-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra t-amina vato i Paoly. # past-pref.an-root.potika glass perf-with (a) stone(s) D.sg Paul # 'Paul was breadking (some) glass with a stone/stones.' Namotika fitaratra i Paoly. # N-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra i Paoly. # past-pref.an-root.potika glass D.sg Paul # 'Paul was breadking (some) glass.' Namotika fitaratra. # N-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra. # past-pref.an-root.potika glass # '(...) was breadking (some) glass.' Nahapotika fitaratra tamina vato i Paoly. # N-aha-potika fitaratra t-amina vato i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.potika glass perf-with (a) stone(s) D.sg Paul # 'Paul managed to breadk (some) glass with a stone/stones.' Nahapotika fitaratra i Paoly. # N-aha-potika fitaratra t-amina i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.potika glass perf-with D.sg Paul # Either 'Paul managed to breadk (some) glasses (deliberately)' # or 'Paul was responsible for breaking (some) glasses (unwittingly).' Potik'i Paoly tamin'ilay vato ny fitaratra. # Potik(a) i Paoly t-amin(a) ilay vato ny fitaratra. # root.potika.by D.sg Paul perf-with DX.sg stone Det glass # 'Paul has unwittingly broken the glass with the (previous mention) stone.' Potik'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # Potik(a) i Paoly ny fitaratra. # root.potika.by D.sg Paul Det glass # 'Paul has unwittingly broken the glass.' Potika ny fitaratra. # potika ny fitaratra. # root.potika Det glass # 'The glass is/has been broken.' Potika. # potika. # is/has.been.root.potika # '(...) is/has been broken.' Ahoana no nahapotika an'io? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-potika an' io? # pres-how focus past-aha-root.potika acc. this # 'HOW COME this has been broken?' Nopotehin'i Paoly tamin'ilay vato ny fitaratra. # No-poteh-in(a) i Paoly t-amin(a) ilay vato ny fitaratra. # pass.past-stem.poteh-suff.ina D.sg Paul perf-with DX.sg stone Det glass # 'Paul deliberately broke the glass with the (previous mention) stone.' Nopotehin'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # No-poteh-in(a) i Paoly ny fitaratra. # pass.past-stem.poteh-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det glass # 'Paul deliberately broke the glass.' Hopotehin'i Paoly amin'ilay vato ny fitaratra. # Ho-poteh-in(a) i Paoly ø-amin(a) ilay vato ny fitaratra. # pass.fut-stem.poteh-suff.ina D.sg Paul nonperf-with DX.sg stone Det glass # 'Paul will deliberately break/intends to break the glass with the (previous mention) stone.' Hopotehin'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # Ho-poteh-in(a) i Paoly ny fitaratra. # pass.fut-stem.poteh-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det glass # 'Paul will deliberately break the glass.' Namotehan'i Paoly fitaratra ilay vato. # N-a(n>m)-(p)oteh-an(a) i Paoly fitaratra ilay vato. # past-pref.an-stem.poteh-suff.ana D.sg Paul glass DX.sg stone # 'The (previous mention) stone was used by Paul to deliberately break (some) glass.' Ilay vato no namotehan'i Paoly fitaratra. # Ilay vato no n-a(n>m)-(p)oteh-an(a) i Paoly fitaratra. # DX.sg stone focus past-pref.an-stem.poteh-suff.ana D.sg Paul glass # 'It was the (previous mention) stone that was being used by Paul to deliberately break (some) glass.' Ilay vato, namotehan'i Paoly fitaratra. # Ilay vato, n-a(n>m)-(p)oteh-an(a) i Paoly fitaratra. # DX.sg stone past-pref.an-stem.poteh-suff.ana D.sg Paul glass # 'As for the stone (exhaustive listing), Paul was using it to break (some) glass.' Tamin'ilay vato no namotehan'i Paoly fitaratra. # T-amin' ilay vato no n-a(n>m)-(p)oteh-an(a) i Paoly fitaratra. # Perf-with DX.sg stone focus past-pref.an-stem.poteh-suff.ana D.sg Paul glass # 'It was WITH the (previous mention) stone that Paul was breaking (some) glass.' Nampamotika fitaratra tamina vato an'i Paoly i Jeanne. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra t-amina vato an' i Paoly i Jeanne. # past-amp-pref.an-root.potika glass perf-with (a) stone(s) acc. D.sg Paul D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne had Paul breadk (some) glass with a stone/stones.' Nampamotika fitaratra an'i Paoly i Jeanne. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra an' i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-root.potika glass acc. D.sg Paul # 'Jeanne had Paul breadk (some) glass.' Teo ampamotehana fitaratra tamina vato i Paoly no tonga ny tompon-trano. # T-eo amp-a(n>m)-(p)oteh-ana fitaratra t-amina vato i Paoly no tonga ny tompo-n-trano. # past-there amp-pref.an-stem.poteh-suff.ana glass perf-with (a) stone(s) D.sg Paul focus arrived Det owner-of-house # 'Paul was in the middle of breaking glass with a/some stone when the house-owner arrived.' Teo ampamotehana fitaratra i Paoly no tonga ny tompon-trano. # T-eo amp-a(n>m)-(p)oteh-ana fitaratra i Paoly no tonga ny tompo-n-trano. # past-there amp-pref.an-stem.poteh-suff.ana glass D.sg Paul focus arrived Det owner-of-house # 'Paul was in the middle of breaking glass when the house-owner arrived.' Nifamotika fitaratra tamina vato ry Paoly. # N-if-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra t-amina vato ry Paoly. # past-if-pref.an-root.potika glass perf-with stone DX.plur Paul # 'Paul and associates broke each other's glasses with stones.' Nifamotika fitaratra ry Paoly. # N-if-a(n>m)-(p)otika fitaratra ry Paoly. # past-if-pref.an-root.potika glass DX.plur Paul # 'Paul and associates broke each other's glasses.' # We now consider data for a second typical passive root, i.e. vaky '(be) broken, chopped': # The following examples illustrate most of the affixes that can show up on the root. Ny kitay no namaky (betsaka) i Paoly. # Ny kitay no n-a(n>m)-(v)aky (betsaka) i Paoly. # Det wood focus past-pref.an-root.vaky (a.lot) D.sg Paul # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul was chopping (a lot of it).' # Note the active voice verb with the quantifier remaining in-situ. Ny kitay no namaky i Paoly. # Ny kitay no n-a(n>m)-(v)aky i Paoly. # Det wood focus past-pref.an-root.vaky D.sg Paul # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul was chopping some.' # Note the active voice verb with a partitive kind of reading. Ny kitay i Paoly no namaky betsaka. # Ny kitay i Paoly no n-a(n>m)-(v)aky betsaka. # Det wood D.sg Paul focus past-pref.an-root.vaky a.lot # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul was chopping a lot of it.' # Note the active voice verb with the quantifier remaining in-situ. Ny kitay i Paoly no namaky. # Ny kitay i Paoly no n-a(n>m)-(v)aky. # Det wood D.sg Paul focus past-pref.an-root.vaky # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul was chopping some.' # Note the active voice verb with a partitive kind of reading. Nivaky roa ny sambo. # N-i-vaky roa ny sambo. # past-pref.i-root.vaky two Det ship # Literally 'The ship broke into two.' Nivaky roa. # N-i-vaky roa. # past-pref.i-root.vaky two # Literally '(...) broke into two.' Voavaky. # Voa-vaky. # perf-root.vaky # Literally '(...) book was successfully chopped.' # '(...) was managed to be chopped .' # '(...) managed to chop (...).' Nahavaky kitay (betsaka) tamina famaky i Paoly. # N-aha-vaky kitay (betsaka) t-amina famaky i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.vaky wood ( a.lot) perf-with axe D.sg Paul # 'Paul managed to chop (a lot of) wood with an axe.' Nahavaky kitay (betsaka) i Paoly. # N-aha-vaky kitay (betsaka) i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.vaky wood ( a.lot) D.sg Paul # 'Paul managed to chop ( a lot of) wood.' Nahavaky kitay (betsaka). # N-aha-vaky kitay (betsaka). # past-pref.aha-root.vaky wood ( a lot) # '(...) managed to chop wood.' Nahavaky. # N-aha-vaky. # past-pref.aha-root.vaky # '(...) managed to chop.' # '(...) managed to chop (...).' Ny kitay i Paoly no nahavaky betsaka. # Ny kitay i Paoly no n-aha-vaky betsaka. # Det wood D.sg Paul focus past-aha-root.vaky a.lot # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul managed to chop a lot.' Ny kitay i Paoly no nahavaky. # Ny kitay i Paoly no n-aha-vaky. # Det wood D.sg Paul focus past-aha-root.vaky # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul managed to chop some.' Ny kitay no nahavaky betsaka i Paoly. # Ny kitay no n-aha-vaky betsaka i Paoly. # Det wood focus past-aha-root.vaky a.lot D.sg Paul # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul managed to chop a lot.' Ny kitay no nahavaky i Paoly. # Ny kitay no n-aha-vaky i Paoly. # Det wood focus past-aha-root.vaky D.sg Paul # 'As far as wood is concerned, Paul managed to chop some.' Ahoana no nahavaky an'io? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-vaky an'io? # present-how focus past-aha-root.vaky acc. this # 'HOW COME this has been broken?' Nahavaky. # N-aha-vaky. # past-pref.aha-root.vaky # '(...) managed to chop (some).' Vakin'i Paoly tsy nahy ny fitaratra. # Vaki-n(a) i Paoly tsy nahy ny fitaratra. # root.vaki-ep.na D.sg Paul not wittingly D.sg glass # 'The (previous mention) glass has been unwittingly/accidentally broken by Paul.' # Stress on first syllable in 'vakin'. # Note epenthetic 'na' correlating with 'accidental'. Vakin'i Paoly ny fitaratra. # Vaki-n(a) i Paoly ny fitaratra. # root.vaki-ep.na D.sg Paul D.sg glass # 'The (previous mention) glass has been (accidentally) broken by Paul.' # Stress on first syllable in 'vakin'. # Note epenthetic 'na' correlating with 'accidental'. # Epenthetic 'na' does not require Stress Shift at all. Vaky ny fitaratra. # Vaky ny fitaratra. # root.vaky D.sg glass # 'The (previous mention) glass has been (accidentally) broken.' Vaky. # root.vaki. # broken # '(...) has been (accidentally) broken.' Vakin'i Paoly amina famaky ny kitay. # ø-vak(i)-ina i Paoly ø-amina famaky ny kitay. # pass.pres-chop-suff.ina D.sg Paul nonperf-with axe D.sg glass # 'The (previous mention) wood is being (deliberately) chopped by Paul with an axe.' # Stress on second syllable on 'vakina' because of suffixation with ina. # Note suffixation with 'ina' and the deliberate reading. Vakin'i Paoly ny kitay. # ø-vak(i)-ina i Paoly ny kitay. # pass.pres-chop-suff.ina D.sg Paul D.sg glass # 'The (previous mention) wood is being (deliberately) chopped by Paul.' # Stress on second syllable on 'vakina' because of suffixation with ina. # Note suffixation with 'ina', Stress Shift and the deliberate reading. Vakina ny kitay. # ø-vak(i)-ina ny kitay. # pass.pres-chop-suff.ina D.sg glass # Either 'The (previous mention) wood is being (deliberately) chopped' # or 'The (previous mention) wood is habitually (deliberately) chopped.' # Stress on second syllable on 'vakina' because of suffixation with ina. # Note suffixation with 'ina', Stress Shift and the deliberate reading. Vakina. # ø-vak(i)-ina. # pass.pres-chop-suff.ina # Either '(...) is being (deliberately) chopped' # or '(...) is usually chopped.' # Stress on second syllable on 'vakina' because of suffixation with ina. Novakin'i Paoly tamin'ny famaky ny kitay. # No-vak(i)-in(a) i Paoly t-amin' ny famaky ny kitay. # pass.past-root.vaky-suff.ina D.sg Paul perf-with Det axe Det wood # ' The wood was chopped (deliberately) by Paul with the axe.' Novakin'i Paoly ny kitay. # No-vak(i)-in(a) i Paoly ny kitay. # pass.past-root.vaky-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det wood # ' The wood was chopped (deliberately) by Paul.' Novakin'i Paoly tamin'ny solomasoko ny boky. # No-vak(i)-in(a) i Paoly t-amin' ny solomaso-ko ny boky. # pass.past-root.vaky-suff.ina D.sg Paul perf-with Det glasses-of.mine Det book(s) # ' The book was/were read (deliberately) by Paul with my glasses.' Novakin'i Paoly ny boky. # No-vak(i)-in(a) i Paoly ny boky. # pass.past-root.vaky-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det book(s) # ' The book was/were read (deliberately) by Paul.' Hovakin'i Paoly amin'ny famaky ny kitay. # Ho-vak(i)-in(a) i Paoly ø-amin' ny famaky ny kitay. # pass.fut-root.vaky-suff.ina D.sg Paul nonperf-with Det axe Det wood # ' The wood will be chopped (deliberately) by Paul with the axe.' Hovakin'i Paoly ny kitay. # Ho-vak(i)-in(a) i Paoly ny kitay. # pass.fut-root.vaky-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det wood # ' The wood will be chopped (deliberately) by Paul.' Amakian'i Paoly kitay ny famaky. # ø-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Paoly kitay ny famaky. # pass.pres-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana D.sg Paul wood Det axe # Literally 'The axe is being used by Paul to (deliberately) chop wood.' # Note the Passive.2 form on the verb. Ny famaky no amakian'i Paoly kitay. # Ny famaky no ø-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Paoly kitay. # Det axe focus pass.pres-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana.by D.sg Paul wood # Either 'It is the axe that is being used by Paul to chop wood' # or 'It is the axe that is habitually used by Paul to chop wood.' # Note the Passive.2 form on the verb. Ny famaky, amakian'i Paoly kitay. # Ny famaky, ø-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Paoly kitay. # Det axe pass.pres-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana.by D.sg Paul wood # Either 'As for the axe (exhaustive listing), it is being used by Paul to chop wood' # or 'As for the axe (exhaustive listing), it is habitually used by Paul to chop wood.' # Note the Passive.2 form on the verb. Amin'ny famaky no amakian'i Paoly kitay. # ø-amin' ny famaky no ø-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Paoly kitay. # nonperf-with Det axe focus pass.pres-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana.by D.sg Paul wood # Either 'It is the axe that is being used by Paul to chop wood' # or 'It is the axe that is habitually used by Paul to chop wood.' # Note the Passive.2 form on the verb in addition to the presence of the preposition amin(a). Amakian'i Paoly ny kitay. # ø-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Paoly ny kitay . # pass.pres-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana D.sg Paul Det wood # Literally 'A portion of the wood is being chopped by Paul (deliberately).' # Note the crucial absence of a nondefinite object like 'kitay''wood'. Nampamaky kitay tamina famaky an'i Paoly i Jeanne. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(v)aky kitay t-amina famaky an i Paoly i Jeanne. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaky wood perf-with axe acc. D.sg Paul D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne asked Paul to chop wood with an axe.' Nampamaky kitay an'i Paoly i Jeanne. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(v)aky kitay an i Paoly i Jeanne. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaky wood acc. D.sg Paul D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne asked Paul to chop wood.' Nampamaky kitay i Jeanne. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(v)aky kitay i Jeanne. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaky wood D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne asked (...) to chop wood.' Nampamakian'i Jeanne kitay tamin'ny famaky i Paoly. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Jeanne kitay t-amin' ny famaky i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana D.sg Jeanne wood perf-with Det axe D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul was made (somewhat coercively) by Jeanne to chop wood with the axe.' Nampamakian'i Jeanne kitay i Paoly. # N-amp-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) i Jeanne kitay i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana D.sg Jeanne wood D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul was made (somewhat coercively) by Jeanne to chop wood.' Teo ampamakiana kitay tamin'ny famaky i Paoly no tonga i Jeanne. # T-eo amp-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) kitay t-amin' ny famaky i Paoly no tonga i Jeanne. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana wood perf-with Det axe D.sg Paul focus arrived D.sg Jeanne # Literally 'Paul was in the middle of chopping wood with the (previous mention) axe when Jeanne arrived.' Teo ampamakiana kitay i Paoly no tonga i Jeanne. # T-eo amp-a(n>m)-(v)aki-an(a) kitay i Paoly no tonga i Jeanne. # past-amp-pref.an-root.vaki-suff.ana wood D.sg Paul focus arrived D.sg Jeanne # Literally 'Paul was in the middle of chopping wood when Jeanne arrived.' Nifamaky loha tamina vato ry Paoly. # N-if-a(n>m)-(v)aky loha t-amina vato ry Paoly. # past-if-pref.an-root.vaky head(s) perf-with stone DX.plur Paul # 'Paul and associates broke each other's heads with stones.' Nifamaky loha ry Paoly. # N-if-a(n>m)-(v)aky loha ry Paoly. # past-if-pref.an-root.vaky head(s) DX.plur Paul # 'Paul and associates broke each other's heads.' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Part 2: Irregular root Passive.1 with suffix 'ana' instead of the expected 'ina'. # NOT SO typical roots with a Passive.1 meaning & IRREGULAR behaviour (specifically with Passive.1 # we normally expect suffix ina NOT ana). Recall that what we are doing here is sum up descriptions # of passive widely used up to the present study. In subsequent documents, we will replace the label # 'irregular' with the specification that we are now dealing with promotion of an IO to SUBJ. # First, we very briefly and partially sum up the situation with a number of typical roots. # 1/ Root rakotra '(be)-covered-with'; mandrakotra m+an+d+rakotra 'pres-prf- # epenthetic.d-rakotra''(to)-cover'; mirakotra m+i+rakotra 'pres-prf-rakotra' # '(be)-covered-with-(sth)'; # 2/ INSTEAD of the expected suffix.ina this form uses the unexpected suffix.ana for Passive.1; # rakofana rakof+ana 'be-covered-suffix.ana''(the-one/that-which-is)-usually-covered' # or '(the-one/that-which-is)-being-covered'; # 2'/ norakofana no+rakof+ana 'past.pass-rakof-suffix.ana''was-covered, i.e. literally tucked in'; # 2'/ horakofana ho+rakof+ana 'future.pass-rakof-suffix.ana''will.be-covered, i.e. literally tucked in'; # alternative Passive.1 arakotra a+rakotra 'a.prefix-rakotra''(instrument-which)-is-habitually # -used-to-cover, i.e. the blanket is simply thrown over someone or something'; # 3/ andrakofana an+d+rakof+ana'prf-epenthetic.d-be.covered-suffix.ana''(that-which-is-used)-to-cover' # or-to-tuck-in'. # 1/ Root tandrina 'attention'; mitandrina m+i+tandrina 'pres-prf.i-tandrina''to pay attention'; # 2/ INSTEAD of the expected suffix.ina this form uses the unexpected suffix.ana for Passive.1; # tandremana tandrem+ana 'tandrem-suffix.ana''be paid attention to'; # 2'/ notandremana no+tandrem+ana 'past.passive-tandrem-suffix.ana''was paid attention to'; # 2'/ hotandremana ho+tandrem+ana 'future.passive-tandrem-suffix.ana''will be paid attention to'; # 3/ itandremana i+tandrem+ana 'prf.i-tandrem-suffix.ana''(the-circumstances-under-which-sth)- # is-paid-attention-to'. # 1/ Root daka 'kick'; mandaka m+an+daka 'to kick'; # 2/ INSTEAD of the expected suffix.ina this form uses the unexpected suffix.ana for Passive.1; # The form dakaina in Keenan & Polinsky page 581 does NOT exist and should be replaced with # dakana daka+ana 'kick-suffix.ana''be-usually-kicked' or 'is-being-kicked'; # 2'/ nodakana no+daka+ana 'past.passive-daka-suffix.ana''was-deliberately-kicked'; # 2'/ hodakana ho+daka+ana 'future.passive-daka-suffix.ana''will.be-deliberately-kicked'; # 3/ andakana an+daka+ana 'prf.an-daka-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/manner/circumstance-under- # which-s.one/sth)-be-kicked'. # 1/ Root avotra 'salvation'; transitive manavotra m+an+avotra 'to save', intransitive # miavotra m+i+avotra (frozen expression 'miavo-tena''to save oneself'); # 2/ INSTEAD of the expected suffix.ina this form uses the unexpected suffix.ana for Passive.1; # avotana avot+ana 'avot-suffix.ana''(the-one/that-which)-be-saved'; # 2'/ navotana n+avot+ana 'past.active-avot-suffix.ana''(the-one/that-which)-was-saved'; # 2'/ havotana h+avot+ana 'future.active-avot-suffix.ana''(the-one/that-which)-will.be-saved'; # 3/ anavotana an+avot+ana 'prf.an-avot-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/manner/circumstance-under- # which-s.one/sth)-be-saved'. # 1/ Root doka 'advertisement'; mandoka m+an+doka 'to pat on the back', midoka m+i+doka # (frozen expression midoka tena 'to pat oneself on the back'); # 2/ INSTEAD of the expected suffix.ina this form uses the unexpected suffix.ana for Passive.1; # dokafana doka+f+ana 'doka-epenthetic.f-suffix.ana''(the-one-who/that-which)-be-usually- # flattered'; # 2'/ nodokafana no+doka+f+ana 'past.passive-doka-epenthetic.f-suffix.ana''was-flattered'; # 2'/ hodokafana ho+doka+f+ana 'future.passive-doka-epenthetic.f-suffix.ana''will.be-flattered'; # 3/ andokafana an+doka+f+ana 'prf.an-doka-epenthetic.f-suffix.ana''(the-instrument/manner/ # circumstance-under-which-s.one/sth)-be-flattered'. # Roots which behave irregularly as described above in the second section: # Roots with a passive meaning: Approximately 6 entries. # lena, foana, loaka, voky, rakotra, avotra; # Roots without a passive meaning: Approximately 8 entries. # daka, tandrina, sasa, valy, vaha, faritra, fantsika, loko. # Second, we illustrate two of the above roots. # Data for a first typical root, i.e. rakotra '(be) covered': # Possible affixal combinations with passive root rakotra 'be covered': Nandrakotra ny zanany tamina bodofotsy matevina i Soa. # N-an-d-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny t-amina bodofotsy matevina i Soa. # past-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers perf-with blanket thick D.sg Soa # 'Soa was wrapping up her child(ren) in a thick blanket.' Nandrakotra ny zanany i Soa. # N-an-d-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was wrapping up her child(ren).' Nandrakotra ny zanany. # N-an-d-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny. # past-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers # '(...) was wrapping up her/his child(ren).' Nandrakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zanany i Soa. # N-an-d-rakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was covering her child(ren) with a thick blanket.' Nandrakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zanany. # N-an-d-rakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # past-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # '(...) was covering her/his child(ren) with a thick blanket.' Nirakotra zavona be ilay tendrombohitra. # N-i-rakotra zavona be ilay tendrombohitra. # past-pref.i-root.rakotra mist big DX.sg mountain # ''The (previous mention) mountain was covered with a big mist.' Nirakotra zavona be. # N-i-rakotra zavona be. # past-pref.i-root.rakotra mist big # '(...) was covered with a big mist.' Rakotry ny zavona tanteraka ny tendrombohitra. # Rakotr[ a > i] ny zavona tanteraka ny tendrombohitra. # root.rakotra Det mist completely Det mountain # 'The mountain(s) is/are completely covered by mist.' # Note influence of vowel [ i ] of Det 'ny' of genitive phrase. Rakotry ny zavona ny tendrombohitra. # Rakotr[ a > i] ny zavona ny tendrombohitra. # root.rakotra Det mist Det mountain # 'The mountain(s) is/are covered by mist.' # Note influence of vowel [ i ] of Det ny of genitive phrase. Rakotra ny tendrombohitra. # Rakotra ny tendrombohitra. # root.rakotra Det mist Det mountain # 'The mountain(s) is/are covered.' Rakotra. # Rakotra. # root.rakotra # '(...) is/are covered.' Ahoana no naharakotra fasika an'io? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-rakotra fasika an' io? # pres-how focus past-aha-root.rakotra sand acc. this # 'HOW COME this has been covered with sand?' Ahoana no naharakotry ny fasika an'io? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-rakotr(a>i) ny fasika an' io? # pres-how focus past-aha-root.rakotra.by Det sand acc. this # 'HOW COME this has been covered by sand?' # Note the vowel adjustment on the final syllable 'tra' of the root 'rakotra'. Ahoana no naharakotra an'io? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-rakotra an' io? # pres-how focus past-aha-root.rakotra acc. this # 'HOW COME this has been covered?' Voarakotr'i Soa tamina bodofotsy matevina ny zanany. # Voa-rakotr(a) i Soa t-amina bodofotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # perf-root.rakotra D.sg Soa perf-with blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # Literally 'The child(ren) of hers has/have been successfully covered by Soa with a thick blanket by Soa.' # 'Soa has managed to wrap up her child(ren) in a thick blanket.' Voarakotr'i Soa ny zanany. # Voa-rakotr(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny. # perf-root.rakotra D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers # Literally 'The child(ren) of hers has/have been successfully covered by Soa.' # 'Soa has managed to wrap up her child(ren).' Voarakotra ny zanany. # Voa-rakotr(a) ny zana(ka)-ny. # perf-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers/his # Literally 'The child(ren) of hers/his has/have been successfully covered.' # 'Her/his child(ren) has/bave been successfully wrapped up.' Voarakotra. # Voa-rakotra. # perf-root.rakotra # Literally '(...) has/have successfully covered.' # '(...) has/have been successfully wrapped up.' Naharakotra ny zanany tamina bodofotsy matevina i Soa. # N-aha-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny t-amina bodofotsy matevina i Soa. # past-aha.root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers perf-with blanket thick D.sg Soa # 'Soa was able/managed to cover her child(ren) with a thick blanket.' Naharakotra ny zanany i Soa. # N-aha-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-aha.root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was able/managed to cover her child(ren).' Naharakotra ny zanany. # N-aha-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny. # past-aha.root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers/his # '(...) was able/managed to cover her/his child(ren).' Naharakotra bodifotsy matevina ny zanany i Soa. # N-aha-rakotra bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-aha-root.rakotra blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was able/managed to wrap up her child(ren) in a thick blanket.' Naharakotra bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # N-aha-rakotra bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # past-aha-root.rakotra blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # '(...) was able/managed to wrap up her child(ren) in a thick blanket.' Rakofan'i Soa amina bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # ø-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa ø-amina bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa nonperf-with blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # Either 'The child(ren) of hers is/are being covered by Soa with a thick blanket' # or 'The child(ren) of hers is/are usually covered by Soa with a thick blanket.' Rakofan'i Soa amina bodifotsy matevina. # ø-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa ø-amina bodifotsy matevina. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa nonperf-with blanket thick # Either '(...) is/are being covered by Soa with a thick blanket' # or '(...) is/are usually covered by Soa with a thick blanket.' Rakofana amina bodifotsy matevina. # ø-rako(tra >f)-ana ø-amina bodifotsy matevina. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana nonperf-with blanket thick # Either '(...) is/are being covered with a thick blanket' # or '(...) is/are usually covered with a thick blanket.' Rakofana. # ø-rako(tra >f)-ana. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana # Either '(...) is/are being covered/wrapped up' # or '(...) is habitually covered/wrapped up.' Rakofan'i Soa bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # ø-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # Either 'The child(ren) of hers is/are being wrapped up by Soa in a thick blanket' # or 'The child(ren) of hers is/are usually wrapped up by Soa in a thick blanket.' Rakofan'i Soa bodifotsy matevina. # ø-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa bodifotsy matevina. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa blanket thick # Either '(...) is/are being wrapped up by Soa in a thick blanket' # or '(...) is/are usually wrapped up by Soa in a thick blanket.' Rakofana bodifotsy matevina. # ø-rako(tra >f)-ana bodifotsy matevina. # pass.pres-stem.rakof-suff.ana blanket thick # Either '(...) is/are being wrapped up in a thick blanket' # or '(...) is/are usually wrapped up in a thick blanket.' Norakofan'i Soa tamina bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # No-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa t-amina bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.past-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa perf-with blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'The child(ren) of hers was/were deliberately covered by Soa with a thick blanket.' Norakofan'i Soa bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # No-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.past-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'The child(ren) of hers was/were deliberately covered by Soa with a thick blanket.' Norakofan'i Soa ny zanany. # No-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.past-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'The child(ren) of hers was/were deliberately wrapped up by Soa.' Norakofan'i Soa ny bodifotsy matevina. # No-rakof-an(a) i Soa ny bodifotsy matevina. # pass.past-stem.rakof-suff.ana.by D.sg Soa Det blanket thick # Literally 'The thick blanket was wrapped up over herself by Soa.' Horakofan'i Soa amina bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # Ho-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa ø-amina bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.fut-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa nonperf-with blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'The child(ren) of hers will be deliberately wrapped up by Soa in a thick blanket.' Horakofan'i Soa bodifotsy matevina ny zanany. # Ho-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa bodifotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.fut-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'The child(ren) of hers will be deliberately wrapped up by Soa in a thick blanket.' Horakofan'i Soa ny zanany. # Ho-rako(tra >f)-an(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.fut-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'The child(ren) of hers will be deliberately wrapped up by Soa.' Horakofan'i Soa ny bodifotsy matevina. # Ho-rakof-an(a) i Soa ny bodifotsy matevina. # pass.fut-stem.rakof-suff.ana.by D.sg Soa Det blanket thick # Literally 'The thick blanket will be deliberately put over herself by Soa.' Arakotr'i Soa an-janany ny bodifotsy matevina. # ø-arakotr(a) i Soa an-(z>dz=j)ana(ka)-ny ny bodifotsy matevina. # pass.pres-root.rakotra.by D.sg Soa acc-child(ren)-of.hers Det blanket thick # Either 'The thick blanket is being deliberately thrown by Soa over her child(ren)' # or 'The thick blanket is usually thrown by Soa over her child(ren).' Nirakotra zavona ny tendrombohitra. # N-i-rakotra zavona ny tendrombohitra. # past-pref.i-root.rakotra mist Det mountain # 'The mountain(s) was/were covered with mist.' Nirakotra zavona. # N-i-rakotra zavona. # past-pref.i-root.rakotra mist # '(...) was/were covered with mist.' Nandrakofan'i Soa ny zanany ny bodifotsy matevina. # N-an-d-rakof-an(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny ny bodifotsy matevina. # past-pref.an-ep.d-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers Det blanket thick # 'The thick blanket was being used by Soa to wrap up her child(ren) with.' Ny bodifotsy matevina no nandrakofan'i Soa ny zanany. # Ny bodifotsy matevina no n-an-d-rakof-an(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny. # Det blanket thick focus past-pref.an-ep.d-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'It is the thick blanket that was being used by Soa to wrap up her child(ren) with.' Ny bodifotsy matevina, nandrakofan'i Soa ny zanany. # Ny bodifotsy matevina, n-an-d-rakof-an(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny. # Det blanket thick past-pref.an-ep.d-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'As for the thick blanket (exhaustive listing), Soa was using it to wrap up her child(ren) with.' Tamin'ny bodifotsy matevina no nandrakofan'i Soa ny zanany. # T-amin' ny bodifotsy matevina no n-an-d-rakof-an(a) i Soa ny zana(ka)-ny. # Perf-with Det blanket thick focus past-pref.an-ep.d-stem.rakof-suff.ana D.sg Soa Det child(ren)-of.hers # 'It is WITH the thick blanket that Soa was wrapping up her child(ren).' Nampandrakotra ny zanany tamina bodofotsy matevina i Soa. # N-amp-an-d-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny t-amina bodofotsy matevina i Soa. # past-amp-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers perf-with blanket thick D.sg Soa # 'Soa was having her chid(ren) covered with a thick blanket.' Nampandrakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zanany i Soa. # N-amp-an-d-rakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-amp-pref.an-ep.d-root.rakotra blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was having her chid(ren) wrapped up in a thick blanket.' Nampirakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zanany i Soa. # N-amp-i-rakotra bodofotsy matevina ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-amp-pref.i-root.rakotra blanket thick Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was asking her chid(ren) to cover her/himself(themselves) with a thick blanket.' Nampirakotra ny zanany i Soa. # N-amp-i-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny i Soa. # past-amp-pref.i-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers D.sg Soa # 'Soa was asking her chid(ren) to cover her/himself(themselves) up.' Nampirakotra ny zanany. # N-amp-i-rakotra ny zana(ka)-ny. # past-amp-pref.i-root.rakotra Det child(ren)-of.hers/his # '(...) was asking her.his chid(ren) to cover her/himself(themselves) up.' Teo ampandrakofana ny zanany tamina bodifotsy matevina i Soa no tonga i Paoly. # Teo amp-an-d-rakof-an(a) ny zana(ka)-ny t-amina bodifotsy matevina i Soa no tonga i Paoly. # past-there amp-pref.an-ep.d-stem.rakof-suff.ana Det child(ren)-of.hers perf-with blanket thick D.sg Paul focus arrived D.sg P # 'Soa was in the middle of covering up her child(ren) with a thick blanket when Paul arrived.' Teo ampandrakofana ny zanany bodifotsy matevina i Soa no tonga i Paoly. # Teo amp-an-d-rakof-an(a) ny zana(ka)-ny bodifotsy matevina i Soa no tonga i Paoly. # past-there amp-pref.an-ep.d-stem.rakof-suff.ana Det child(ren)-of.hers blanket thick D.sg Paul focus arrived D.sg P # 'Soa was in the middle of wrapping up her child(ren) in a thick blanket when Paul arrived.' # Data for a second typical root, i.e. sasa N 'wash': # Possible affixal combinations with root sasa N 'wash': Nanasa lamba tamina savony i Jeanne. # N-an-(s)asa lamba t-amina savony i Jeanne. # past-pref.an-sasa linen perf-with soap DX.sg Jeanne # Either 'Jeanne was washing linen with (a/some) soap' # or 'Jeanne started washing linen with (a/some) soap.' Nanasa lamba i Jeanne. # N-an-(s)asa lamba i Jeanne. # past-pref.an-sasa linen DX.sg Jeanne # Either 'Jeanne was washing (some) linen' # or 'Jeanne started washing (some) linen.' Nanasa lamba. # N-an-(s)asa lamba. # past-pref.an-sasa linen # Either '(Someone) was washing (some) linen' # or '(Someone) started washing (some) linen.' Nisasa tamina savony i Jeanne. # N-i-sasa t-amina savony i Jeanne. # past-pref.i-sasa perf-with soap DX.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne was washing with (a/some) soap.' Nisasa i Jeanne. # N-i-sasa i Jeanne. # past-pref.i-sasa DX.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne was washing.' Voasasan'i Jeanne tamina savony ny lamba. # Voa-sasa-n(a) i Jeanne t-amina savony ny lamba. # perf-sasa-ep.na DX.sg Jeanne perf-with soap Det linen # "The linen has been successfully washed with (a/some) soap by Jeanne.' Voasasan'i Jeanne ny lamba. # Voa-sasa-n(a) i Jeanne ny lamba. # perf-sasa-ep.na DX.sg Jeanne Det linen # "The linen has been successfully washed by Jeanne.' Voasasa ny lamba. # Voa-sasa ny lamba. # perf-sasa Det linen # "The linen has been successfully washed.' Nahasasa lamba tamina savony i Jeanne. # N-aha-sasa lamba t-amina savony i Jeanne. # past-aha-sasa linen perf-with soap DX.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne managed to wash (some) linen with (a/some) soap.' Nahasasa lamba i Jeanne. # N-aha-sasa lamba i Jeanne. # past-aha-sasa linen DX.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne managed to wash (some) linen.' Ny herimpon'i Jeanne no nahavoasasa ny lamba. # Ny herimpo-n' i Jeanne no n-aha-voa-sasa ny lamba. # Det courage-of DX.sg Jeanne focus past-aha-perf-sasa Det linen # 'It is because of Jeanne's courage that the linen successfully got washed.' Sasan'i Jeanne amina savony ny lamba. # ø-sas(a)-an(a) i Jeanne ø-amina savony ny lamba # pass.pres-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne non-perf-with soap Det linen # Either 'The linen is being washed by Jeanne with (a/some) soap' # or 'Linen is usually washed by Jeanne with (a/some) soap.' Sasana amina savony ny lamba. # ø-sas(a)-an(a) ø-amina savony ny lamba # pass.pres-sasa-suff.ana non-perf-with soap Det linen # Either 'The linen is being washed with (a/some) soap' # or 'Linen is usually washed with (a/some) soap.' Sasana ny lamba. # ø-sasa-n(a) ny lamba # pass.pres-sasa-suff.ana.na Det linen # Either 'The linen is being washed' # or 'Linen is usually washed.' Sasana. # ø- sas(a)-ana # pass.pres-sasa- suff.ana # Either '(Something) is being washed' # or '(Something) is usually washed.' Nosasan'i Jeanne tamina savony ny lamba. # No-sas(a)-an(a) i Jeanne t-amina savony ny lamba. # pass.past-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne perf-with soap Det linen # 'The linen was washed with (a/some) soap by Jeanne.' Nosasan'i Jeanne ny lamba. # No-sas(a)-an(a) i Jeanne ny lamba. # pass.past-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne Det linen # 'The linen was washed by Jeanne.' Hosasan'i Jeanne amina savony ny lamba. # Ho-sas(a)-an(a) i Jeanne ø-amina savony ny lamba. # pass.fut-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne non-perf-with soap Det linen # 'The linen will be washed with (a/some) soap by Jeanne.' Hosasan'i Jeanne ny lamba. # Ho-sas(a)-an(a) i Jeanne ny lamba. # pass.fut-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne Det linen # 'The linen will be washed by Jeanne.' Anasan'i Jeanne lamba ny savony. # ø-an-(s)as(a)-an(a) i Jeanne lamba ny savony. # pass.pres-an-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne linen Det soap # "The soap is being used by Jeanne to wash (some) linen.' Anasan'i Jeanne ny lamba. # ø-an-(s)as(a)-an(a) i Jeanne ny lamba. # pass.pres-an-sasa-suff.ana DX.sg Jeanne Det linen # "Some of the linen is being washed by Jeanne.' Nampanasa lamba an'i Jeanne i Paoly. # N-amp-an-(s)asa lamba an' i Jeanne i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-sasa linen acc DX.sg Jeanne DX.sg Paul # 'Paul was asking Jeanne to wash (some) linen.' Nampanasa lamba i Paoly. # N-amp-an-(s)asa lamba i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-sasa linen DX.sg Paul # 'Paul was asking (someone/some people) to wash (some) linen.' Teo ampanasana lamba i Jeanne no tonga i Paoly. # T-eo amp-an-(s)as(a)-ana lamba i Jeanne no tonga i Paoly. # past-there amp-pref.an-sasa-suff.ana linen DX.sg Jeanne focus arrived DX.sg Paul # 'Jeanne was in the middle of washing (some) linen when Paul arrived.' Nampisasa an'i Jeanne tamina savony i Paoly. # N-amp-i-sasa an' i Jeanne t-amina savony i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.i-sasa acc DX.sg Jeanne perf-with soap DX.sg Paul # 'Paul was asking Jeanne to wash with (a/some) soap.' Nampisasa an'i Jeanne i Paoly. # N-amp-i-sasa an' i Jeanne i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.i-sasa acc DX.sg Jeanne DX.sg Paul # 'Paul was asking Jeanne to wash.' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Part 3: A-passive. # In addition to the ina/ana forms of Passive.1 and the one that allows a prefix as well as a suffix, # there also exists a special kind of passive with the prefix a, which combines with the root of a # given verb. Note that this time it is usually the root of the verb which is relevant, NOT the stem # -- as was the case earlier. # First, here is a brief review of the relevant literature: A-passive in Malagasy. # Jacques Dez, PhD dissertation La syntaxe du malgache. 29 June 1977, Université Paris VII. # Thesis available from the Atelier, Reproduction des Thèses, Université Lille III # 1980. # Ileana Paul PhD dissertation Malagasy clause structure. January 2000, McGill University. # Ileana Paul. 1998. The structure of Malagasy. Vol II, UCLA. # Roger-Bruno Rabenilaina Lexique-grammaire du malgache. Constructions transitives et intransitives. # Original version of thesis defended on 28 June 1985. Université Paris VII, D.R.L and # L.A.D.L. (Laboratoir d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique). # Roger-Bruno Rabenilaina Le verbe malgache. Constructions transitives et intransitives. # GRESLET-AUPELFUREF. 1996. # Siméon Rajaona, PhD dissertation Structure du malgache. Etudes des formes prédicatives. # Original version. Paris. 1969. # Claim # 1: Keenan & Polinsky page 586 # 'Subjects of a-passive are sufficiently often an instrument that Dez (1980b),following Rajaona # (1972:139-40, 148) identifies the a-voice as instrumental.' # Jacques Dez (1980, page 75) # INSTRUMENTAL atao ro ny akoho # atao ro ny akoho # est.fait bouillon le poulet # 'Le poulet est utilisé à faiire du bouillon'. # Siméon Rajaona (1969: 236) = a-passive encodes PUNCTUAL + INCEPTIVE # DURATIVE vs PUNCTUAL aspect, Rajaona recognizes that a-passive is PUNCTUAL, but that it also # has 'une valeur illative'; my translation is INCEPTIVE or INITIAL IMPULSE. ajoroy io zaza io. # ajoroy io zaza io. # 'mets debout cet enfant'. # For Siméon Rajaona (1969) these aspect values are crucial to voice in Malagasy. # Summary from Jacques Dez (1980: 73): # Basically Dez concedes to Rajaona that a-passive encodes INSTRUMENTAL and that suffix passives # tend to encode DESTINATION/RECEPTION, etc. # In order to support his claim, Dez goes through Malzac's dictionary (standard Malagasy); this # is what he finds: 2503 roots allow one or more passive types; of these 1861 allow suffix passive # and 1606 allow a-passive; of the latter 1077 allow both a-passive and suffix passive. # Of the 1077 roots that allow both a-passive and suffix passive, Dez (1980) states that # 794 roots clearly support his distinction. # Unfortunately in the process Dez throws out the notion INCEPTIVE even through he agrees with the # other notion PUNCTUAL. So Dez (1980) throws out part of Rajaona's verbal aspect apparatus! # Claim # 2: Keenan & Polinsky (1998:586). # 'But a more comprehensive characterization is that subjects of a-passives are 'intermediaries' # in an action or scene, as in (45)'. ajoro eo an-tokotany ny andry. # a+joro eo an-tokotany ny andry. # pass.-set upright there loc.-courtyard the post # 'The post is set upright in the courtyard'. # My own translations: Either 'the post is usually/habitually set upright in the courtyard' or # 'the post is being set upright in the courtyard'. # These two translations do not negate Rajaona's 1969 features PUNCTUAL and INCEPTIVE. # Looking at his other examples in the article, Keenan now throws out of the window the whole of # Rajaona's carefully constructed aspect apparatus for Malagasy verbs completing the process begun # by Dez (1980)! # Claim # 3: Keenan & Polinsky (1998:586, example (44)a). # Towards the top of this page, Keenan claims that '... Rabenilaina 1987:64 contrasts an a-passive # with a suffix passive...' and implies that Rabenilaina analyses the subject of the a-passive verb # as an INSTRUMENT-Oblique-subject only (using the root lafika 'matt'). alafik'i Soa ny atody akoho ny bozaka # alafik'i Soa ny atody akoho ny bozaka # pass.+place-under'by art. Soa the egg chicken the straw # 'The straw is put under the chicken eggs by Soa'. # Rabenilaina (1996: 7-8, examples 7a. and 7b.)*** An-dafih-a-n' i Soa ny atody ny bozaka (7a) # an-V-a Prep N.0 N.1 N.3 # an.......an INSTRUMENT # 'La paille est-avec-quoi Soa met-une-litière-sous les oeufs'. A-lafik' i Soa ny atody ny bozaka (7b) # alafik'(i-n) i Soa ny atody akoho ny bozaka # a-V Prep N.0 N.1 N.2 # a... (ina) INSTRUMENT # 'La paille est-avec-quoi Soa met-une-litière-sous les oeufs'. # *** Here is how Ileana Paul translates the last two examples into English in Paul (1998:9) An-dafih-a-n' i Soa ny atody ny bozaka (7a) # An-dafih-a-n' i Soa ny atody ny bozaka # rel-make-bed-under'Soa the egg the straw # DURATIVE my observation & in accordance with Rajaona (1969: 236) # 'Soa makes a bed under the eggs with straw.' Exactly the same translation as the one for a-passive. A-lafikin' i Soa ny atody ny bozaka ( somewhat different from 7b above) # A-lafikin' i Soa ny atody ny bozaka # pass-make-bed-under' Soa the egg the straw # PUNCTUAL my observation & in accordance with Rajaona (1969: 236) # 'Soa makes a bed under the eggs with straw.' Exactly the same as the one above for an...ana passive. # Rabenilaina (1996: 7 relative to above examples): 'relatives à la diathèse instrumentale # (7a) et à la diathèse destinataire (8) --examples not reproduced here- ...' # However Rabenilaina (1996:7) also identifies other functions associated with the a-passive # in particular, LOCATIVE (his example 5a. vs the an...ana version in 5b.). A-leha-n'ny fiara ankehitriny ny lalan-dratsy. (5a) # A-leha-n' ny fiara ankehitriny ny lalan-dratsy. # a-V Prep N.0 N.i N.1 # 'Les mauvaises routes sont-où les voitures roulent aujourdhui'. # Free English ' Bad roads are places where cars run'; An-dehan-an'ny fiara ankehitriny ny lalan-dratsy.(5b) # An-dehan-a-n' ny fiara ankehitriny ny lalan-dratsy. # an-V-a Prep N.0 N.i N.1 # 'Les mauvaises routes sont-où les voitures roulent aujourdhui'. # Free English 'Cars nowadays deliberately run onto bad roads'. # Rabenilaina (1996) still maintains the crucial importance of verbal aspect in Malagasy; # however he seems to maintain his (1985: 16) assertion that a-passive = DURATIVE contrary # to what is stated in Siméon Rajaona (1969: 236), i.e. a-passive encodes PUNCTUAL + INCEPTIVE. # The data from roots like rakotra contradict this idea that a-passive = DURATIVE. Root rakotra '(be)-covered'; # alternative passive 1 arakotra a+rakotra 'a.prefix-rakotra''(instrument-which)-is-habitually # -used-to-cover, i.e. the blanket is simply thrown over someone or something'; # 3/ andrakofana an+d+rakof+ana'prf-epenthetic.d-be.covered-suffix.ana''(that-which-is-used)-to-cover' # or-to-tuck-in'. # Further data from Ileana Paul (2000: 27) example (12)b. contradicts the idea that a-passive = DURATIVE.. # '... the a-passive promotes an instrument, while the -Vina passive is used to promote the theme' Adidy ny hena ny antsy. instrument (Strategy 1) # Adidy ny hena ny antsy. # a.cut det meat det knife # "The knife is used to cut the meat'. # My remarks: The above sentence is okay only if we are using an electric knife! Otherwise it is # ungrammatical; the vast majority of local people in Madagascar do not own an electric knife and # are thefore most likely to find the above sequence ungrammatical. On the other hand, I have # absolutely no problem in assuming that Ileana's informants who were in Montreal, were quite # familiar with the use of electric knives! Nandidian'i Jeanne hena ilay antsy. INSTRUMENT (Strategy 2) # N- an- didi-an' i Jeanne hena ilay antsy. # past.active-an.passive-didi-an.passive.by D.sg Jeanne meat DX.sg knife # 'The (previous mention) knife was used by Jeanne to cut meat'. # This strategy illustrates a more natural way of encoding INSTRUMENT in Malagasy. # Whereas Rabenilaina (1996) claims that it is possible to have two different ways of expressing # INSTRUMENT-as subject: (i) with a-passive or (ii) with an...an passive, Ileana Paul (2000: 27) # throws out the second strategy altogether, as in her eyes there appears to be NO difference at all # between the two versions: The aspect system of Malagasy has now been buried since at the very least # Keenan et al. 1998! # Whatever the final analysis for the a-passive, it is obvious from the following data that passive # prefix a can replace a sequence of prefixes comprising the causative amp, the verbal prefix i as # well as the MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an, all taken together as can be seen in the following: Nampianjera ny latabatra i Paoly. # N- amp- i- an- jera ny latabatra i Paoly. # past-caus.amp-prefix.i-prefix.an-root.zera Det.unspec table D.sg Paul # 'Paul made the table fall'; # This is an active voice construction involving a complex verbal predicate; # where an+zera 'prefix.an-root.zera' > an+d+zera 'prefix.an-epenthetic.d-zera' written anjera; # this example is adapted from Randriamasimanana (1986:44, example 61b); Nazeran'i Paoly ny latabatra. # N- a- zera- n' i Paoly ny latabatra. # past-a.passive-root.zera-by D.sg Paul Det.unspec table # 'The table has been made to fall by Paul'; # This is the passive voice counterpart of example (61b) above; # where the a passive prefix replaces the entire sequence of morphemes representing the causative # prefix amp + the verbal prefix i + the MANIPULATIVE causative prefix an on the root zera; # note the emergence of the epenthetic n 'by' attached to the root zera; # this example is adapted from Randriamasimanana (1986:45, example 62a). # Furthermore when the a prefix passive involves a slightly less complex construction, the theme is # typically restricted to an entity which can receive a BALLISTIC interpretation: Nanipy rano tamin'ilay zinga i Jeanne. # N- an- (ts)ipy rano t-amin' ilay zinga i Jeanne # past-prf.an-root.tsipy water perf-with DX.sg recipient D.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne threw water out with the recipient.' # The initial elements 'ts' of the root 'tsipy' drop with prefixation; # note the instrument-oblique 't-amin'ilay zinga'; Natsipin' i Jeanne ny rano. # N- a- tsipi-n' D-sg Jeanne Det.unspec rano. # past-a.pass-root.tsipi-clitic.NA D Jeanne the water # 'The water was thrown out by Jeanne'. # This sequence originally came from Randriamasimanana (1986: 70, ex 100b); # again note the emergence of the clitic NA 'by' attached to the root tsipi, where # the vowel i is not word-final --as was the case earlier-- and therefore not written y; # what used to be an accusative is now a subject (ny rano); # In conclusion, Dez (1980) partially threw out Rajaona (1969) verbal aspect apparatus out of the window; # later on Keenan (1994) threw out the rest, followed by Ileana Paul (2000) and many others; it has # to be noted that Rabenilaina (1985, 1996) works within the framework known as Lexique-Grammaire proposed # by the late Maurice Gross of LADL-CNRS. # Second, we consider some data on a first typical a-passive verb: # Data for a first typical root, i.e. araka '(be able to be) followed': Manaraka vaovao amina vata fandraisam-peo i Paoly. # M-an-araka vaovao ø-amina vata f-an-d-rais-a(n>m)-(f>p)eo i Paoly. # pres-pref.an-araka news nonperf-with box nom.f-pref.an-rais-suff.(a)na D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul is following news with a box-with-which-to-receive-voice' # 'Paul is following the news with a radio.' Manaraka vaovao i Paoly. # M-an-araka vaovao i Paoly. # pres-pref.an-araka news D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul is following news.' # 'Paul is following the news.' Manaraka vaovao. # M-an-araka vaovao. # pres-pref.an-araka news # Literally '( ) is following news.' # '(...) is following the news.' Miaraka amin'i Jeanne i Paoly. # M-i-araka ø-amin' i Jeanne i Paoly. # pres-pref.i-root.araka nonperf-with D.sg Jeanne D.sg Paul # 'Paul is going with Jeanne.' Miaraka amin'i Jeanne. # M-i-araka ø-amin' i Jeanne # pres-pref.i-root.araka nonperf-with D.sg Jeanne # '(...) is going with Jeanne.' Miaraka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # M-i-araka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # pres-pref.i-root.araka D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # 'Paul and Jeanne are going together.' Miaraka. # M-i-araka. # pres-pref.i-root.araka # '(...) are going together.' Arak'i Paoly tsara ny lesona. # ø-arak(a) i Paoly tsara ny lesona. # pass.pres-root.araka D.sg Paul well Det lesson(s) # Either 'The lesson is easily followed by Paul right now' # or 'Paul can usually follow the lesson(s) easily.' Arak'i Paoly ny lesona. # ø-arak(a) i Paoly ny lesona. # pass.pres-root.araka D.sg Paul Det lesson(s) # Either 'The lesson is followed by Paul right now' # or 'Paul can usually follow the lesson(s).' Araka ny lesona. # ø-araka ny lesona. # pass.pres-root.araka Det lesson(s) # Literally 'The lessons can be followed right now' # '(...) can usually follow the lessons.' Araka. # ø-araka. # pass.pres-root.araka # Literally '(...) can be followed right now' # '(...) can usually follow the lessons.' Voarak'i Paoly tsara ny zanany. # Vo(a)-arak(a) i Paoly tsara ny zana(ka)-ny. # perf.voa-root.araka D.sg Paul well Det child(ren)-of.his # 'His child(ren) was/were able to be successfully monitored by Paul.' Voarak'i Paoly ny zanany. # Vo(a)-arak(a) i Paoly ny zana(ka)-ny. # perf.voa-root.araka D.sg Paul Det child(ren)-of.his # 'His child(ren) was/were able to be successfully monitored by Paul.' Voarak'i Paoly. # Vo(a)-arak(a) i Paoly. # perf.voa-root.araka D.sg Paul # '(...) was/were able to be successfully monitored by Paul.' Tafaraka tany Antsirabe i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # Taf(a)-araka t-any Antsirabe i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # perf.tafa-root.araka past-there Antsirabe D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # Either 'Jeanne and Paul went together by chance to Antsirabe' # or 'Jeanne and Paul managed to go together to Antsirabe.' Tafaraka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # Taf(a)-araka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # perf.tafa-root.araka D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # Either 'Jeanne and Paul went together by chance' # or 'Jeanne and Paul managed to go together.' Tafaraka. # Taf(a)-araka # perf.tafa-root.araka # Either '(...) went together by chance' # or '(...) managed to go together.' Naharaka ny fianarana tsara i Paoly. # N-aha-(a)raka ny fianarana tsara i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.araka Det studies well D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul was able/managed to follow the studies well.' # 'Paul was able/managed to do his studies well.' Naharaka ny fianarana i Paoly. # N-ah(a)-araka ny fianarana i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.araka Det studies D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul was able/managed to follow the studies.' # 'Paul was able/managed to do his studies.' Naharaka i Paoly. # N-ah(a)-araka i Paoly. # past-pref.aha-root.araka D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul was able/managed to follow.' # 'Paul was able/managed to follow.' Naharaka. # N-ah(a)-araka # past-pref.aha-root.araka # Literally '(...) was able/managed to follow. Ahoana no nahavoaraka azy teo? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-vo(a)-araka azy t-eo? # pres-how focus past-pref.aha-perf.voa-root.araka acc.him/her past-there # Literally 'HOW COME someone was able to be followed a moment ago?' Ahoana no nahatafaraka an-dry zareo teo? # ø-ahoana no n-aha-taf(a)-araka an-d-ry zareo t-eo? # ø-how focus past-pref.aha-prerf.tafa-root.araka acc-ep.d-DX.plural they past-there # Literally 'HOW COME they got to go by chance together a moment ago?' Arahin'i Paoly akaiky ny zanany. # ø-arah-in(a) i Paoly akaiky ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.pres-stem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul closely Det child(ren)-of.his # Either 'The child(ren) of his is/are being closely monitored by Paul' # or 'The child(ren) of his is/are usually closely monitored by Paul.' Arahin'i Paoly ny zanany. # ø-arah-in(a) i Paoly ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.pres-stem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det child(ren)-of.his # Either 'The child(ren) of his is/are being monitored by Paul' # or 'The child(ren) of his is/are usually monitored by Paul.' # Note suffixation with 'ina', which requires Stress Shift. Arahin'i Paoly. # ø-arah-in(a) i Paoly # pass.pres-stem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul # Either '(...) is/are being monitored by Paul' # or '(...) is/are usually monitored by Paul.' # Note suffixation with 'ina', which requires Stress Shift. Narahin'i Paoly akaiky ny zanany. # N(o)-arah-in(a) i Paoly akaiky ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.past-sem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul closely Det child(ren)-of-his # Literally 'The child(ren) of his was/were closely followed by Paul.' # 'Paul closely monitored his child(ren).' # Note suffixation with 'ina', which requires Stress Shift. Narahin'i Paoly ny zanany. # N(o)-arah-in(a) i Paoly ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.past-sem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det child(ren)-of-his # Literally 'The child(ren) of his was/were followed by Paul.' # 'Paul monitored his child(ren).' # Note suffixation with 'ina', which requires Stress Shift. Ho arahin'i Paoly akaiky ny zanany. # Ho arah-in(a) i Paoly akaiky ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.future stem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul closely Det child(ren)-of-his # Literally 'Will be followed by Paul closely his child(ren).' # 'Paul intends to follow his child(ren) closely.' Ho arahin'i Paoly ny zanany. # Ho arah-in(a) i Paoly ny zana(ka)-ny. # pass.future stem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul Det child(ren)-of-his # Literally 'Will be followed by Paul his child(ren).' # 'Paul intends to follow his child(ren).' Nanarahan'i Paoly vaovao ilay fitaovana. # N-an-arah-an(a) i Paoly vaovao ilay fitaovana. # past-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Paul news DX.sg equipment # Literally 'Was followed news with by Paul the (previous mention) equipment.' # 'The (previous mention) equipment was used by Paul to follow the news.' Ilay fitaovana no nanarahan'i Paoly vaovao. # Ilay fitaovana no n-an-arah-an(a) i Paoly vaovao. # DX.sg equipment focus past-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Paul news # 'It was the (previous mention) equipment that was being used by Paul to follow the news.' Ilay fitaovana, nanarahan'i Paoly vaovao. # Ilay fitaovana, n-an-arah-an(a) i Paoly vaovao. # DX.sg equipment past-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Paul news # 'As for the (previous mention) equipment (exhaustive listing), it was being used by Paul to follow the news.' Tamin'ilay fitaovana no nanarahan'i Paoly vaovao. # T-amin' ilay fitaovana no n-an-arah-an(a) i Paoly vaovao. # Perf-with DX.sg equipment focus past-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Paul news # 'It was WITH the (previous mention) equipment that Paul was following the news.' I Jeanne no niarahan'i Paoly. # I Jeanne no n-i-arah-an(a) i Paoly. # D.sg Jeanne focus past-pref.i-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Paul # Literally 'It was Jeanne who was accompanied by Paul.' Nampanaraka olona ny zanany i Paoly. # N-amp-an-araka olona ny zana(ka)-ny i Paoly. # past-pref.amp-pref.an-root.araka people Det child(ren)-of-his D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul had his child(ren) followed by someone/people.' # 'Paul had someone/people follow his child(ren).' Nampanaraka olona i Paoly. # N-amp-an-araka olona i Paoly. # past-pref.amp-pref.an-root.araka people D.sg Paul # Literally 'Paul had ( ...) follow someone/people.' Nampifanaraka ny heviny i Paoly sy i Jeanne. # N-amp-if-an-araka ny hevi(tra)-ny i Paoly sy i Jeanne. # past-pref.amp-if-pref.an-root.araka Det idea(s)-of-theirs D.sg Paul and D.sg Jeanne # Literally 'Paul had their idea(s) follow each other.' # 'Paul and Jeanne coordinated their idea(s).' Ampifanaraho ny hevitrareo. # ø-amp-if-an-arah-o ny hevitra-nareo. # pass.pres-pref.amp-if-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana/gen.suffix.o Det idea(s)-of-yours.plural # Literally 'Let your ideas be made by you to follow each other.' # 'Coordinate your ideas!' Nampiaraka an'i Jeanne sy i Koto i Paoly. # N-amp-i-araka an' i Jeanne sy i Koto i Paoly. # past-pref.amp-pref.i-root.araka acc D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul D.sg Paul # Literally "Paul had Jeanne and Koto go with each other.' Nampiarahin' i Paoly i Jeanne sy i Koto. # N-amp-i-arah-in(a) i Paoly i Jeanne sy i Koto. # past-pref.amp-pref.i-stem.arah-suff.ina D.sg Paul D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Koto # Literally 'Jeanne and Koto were made to go with each other by Paul.' # 'Jeanne and Koto were asked (somewhat forcibly) by Paul to go with each other.' Nampanarahan'i Paoly olona ny zanany. # N-amp-an-arah-an(a) i Paoly olona ny zana(ka)/ny. # past-pref.amp-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Paul people Det child(ren)-of-his # Literally 'His child(dren) was/were made by Paul to be followed by someone.' # 'Paul had someone/people follow his child(ren).' Teo ampanarahana (an) ilay fiara i Paoly no voadona. # T-eo amp-an-arah-ana (an) ilay fiara i Paoly no voa-dona. # past-there amp-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana (acc) DX.sg vehicle D.sg Paul focus perf-struck # 'It was while he was in the middle of following the (previous mention) car that Paul got hit.' Teo ampiarahana amin' ilay olon-dratsy i Paoly no tratra. # T-eo amp-i-arah-ana amin' ilay olon(a)-d-ratsy i Paoly no tratra. # past-there amp-pref.i-stem.arah-suff.ana with DX.sg person(s)-ep.d-bad D.sg Paul focus was.caught # 'It was while he was accompanying the (previous mention) bad individual that Paul got caught.' Nifampanaraka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # N-if-amp-an-araka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # past-recip.if-pref.amp-pref.an-araka D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # Literally 'Jeanne and Paul had (someone) follow the other.' # 'Jeanne and Paul had each other followed.' Nifanaraka momba io i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # N-if-an-araka momba io i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # passt-recip.if-pref.an-araka about this D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # Literally 'Jeanne and Paul agreed with each other about this.' # 'Jeanne and Paul reached an agreement on this.' Nifanaraka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # N-if-an-araka i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # passt-recip.if-pref.an-araka D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # Literally 'Jeanne and Paul agreed with each other.' # 'Jeanne and Paul reached an agreement.' Io no nifanarahan'i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # Io no n-if-an-arah-an(a) i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # this focus past-recip.if-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana D.sg Jeanne and D.sg Paul # 'This is what was agreed upon by Jeanne and Paul.' Io no nifanarahana. # Io no n-if-an-arah-ana. # this focus past-recip.if-pref.an-stem.arah-suff.ana # 'This is what was agreed upon.' # We consider some data on a second typical a-passive verb: # Data for a second typical root,i.e. 'tsipy' N 'throw': Nanipy rano tamin'ny zinga i Jeanne. # N-an-(ts)ipy rano t-amin' ny zinga i Jeanne. # past-an-tsipy water perf-with Det pitcher DX.sg Jeanne # Either 'Jeanne was attempting to throw (some) water away with the pitcher' # or 'Jeanne started to throw (some) water away with the pitcher.' Nanipy rano i Jeanne. # N-an-(ts)ipy rano i Jeanne. # past-an-tsipy water DX.sg Jeanne # Either 'Jeanne was attempting to throw (some) water away' # or 'Jeanne started to throw (some) water away.' Atsipin'i Jeanne amin'ny zinga ny rano. # A-tsipi-n(a) i Jeanne ø-amin' ny zinga ny rano. # A.pass-tsipi-ep.na DX.sg Jeanne non-perf-with Det pitcher Det water # 'The water was started to get thrown away by Jeanne with the pitcher.' # Note that the 'n(a)' on 'atsipy' is likely to be epenthetic 'na', as # there is no Stress Shift involved in this case. Atsipin'i Jeanne ny rano. # A-tsipi-n(a) i Jeanne ny rano. # A.pass-tsipi-ep.na DX.sg Jeanne Det water # 'The water was started to get thrown away by Jeanne.' # Note that the 'n(a)' on 'atsipy' is likely to be epenthetic 'na', as # there is no Stress Shift involved in this case. Voatsipin'i Jeanne tamin'ny zinga ny rano. # Voa-tsipi-n(a) i Jeanne t-amin' ny zinga ny rano. # perf-tsipi-ep.na DX.sg Jeanne perf-with Det pitcher Det water # 'The water has been successfully thrown away by Jeanne with the pitcher.' # Note that the 'n(a)' on 'voa-atsipy' is likely to be epenthetic 'na', as # there is no Stress Shift involved in this case. Voatsipin'i Jeanne ny rano. # Voa-tsipi-n(a) i Jeanne ny rano. # perf-tsipi-ep.na DX.sg Jeanne Det water # 'The water has been successfully thrown away by Jeanne.' # Note that the 'n(a)' on 'voa-atsipy' is likely to be epenthetic 'na', as # there is no Stress Shift involved in this case. Voatsipy tamin'ny zinga ny rano. # Voa-tsipy t-amin' ny zinga ny rano. # perf-tsipy perf-with Det pitcher Det water # 'The water has been successfully thrown away with the pitcher.' Voatsipy ny rano. # Voa-tsipy ny rano. # perf-tsipy Det water # 'The water has been successfully thrown away.' Ny toeran-tsarotra no tsy nahavoatsipy ny rano. # Ny toeran-tsarotra no tsy n-aha-voa-tsipy ny rano. # Det place-difficult focus not past-aha-perf-tsipy Det water # 'It was because of the location difficult to access that the water has actually not been thrown away.' Nahatsipy rano tamin'ny zinga i Jeanne. # N-aha-tsipy rano t-amin' ny zinga i Jeanne. # past-aha-tsipy water perf-with Det pitcher DX.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne managed to throw (some) water with the pitcher.' Nahatsipy rano i Jeanne. # N-aha-tsipy rano i Jeanne. # past-aha-tsipy water DX.sg Jeanne # 'Jeanne managed to throw (some) water.' Tsipazan'i Jeanne rano amin'ny zinga ny afo. # ø-tsipaz-an(a) i Jeanne rano ø-amin' ny zinga ny afo. # pass.pres-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Jeanne water non-perf-with Det pitcher Det fire # 'The fire was being thrown (some) water with the pitcher by Jeanne.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Tsipazana rano amin'ny zinga ny afo. # ø-tsipaz-ana rano ø-amin' ny zinga ny afo. # pass.pres-stem.tsipaz-ana water non-perf-with Det pitcher Det fire # Either 'The fire was being thrown water at with the pitcher' # or 'Fires are usually thrown (some) water at with the pitcher.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Tsipazan'i Jeanne rano ny afo. # ø-tsipaz-an(a) i Jeanne rano ny afo. # pass.pres-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Jeanne water Det fire # 'The fire was being thrown (some) water at by Jeanne.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Tsipazana rano ny afo. # ø-tsipaz-ana rano ny afo. # pass.pres-stem.tsipaz-ana water Det fire # Either 'The fire is being thrown (some) water at' # or 'Fires are usually/habitually thrown (some) water at.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Notsipazan'i Jeanne rano tamin'ny zinga ny afo. # No-tsipaz-an(a) i Jeanne rano t-amin' ny zinga ny afo. # pass.past-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Jeanne water perf-with Det pitcher Det fire # 'The fire was deliberately thrown (some) water at with the pitcher by Jeanne.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Notsipazan'i Jeanne rano ny afo. # No-tsipaz-an(a) i Jeanne rano ny afo. # pass.past-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Jeanne water Det fire # 'The fire was deliberately thrown (some) water at by Jeanne.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Hotsipazan'i Jeanne rano amin'ny zinga ny afo. # Ho-tsipaz-an(a) i Jeanne rano ø-amin' ny zinga ny afo. # pass.fut-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Jeanne water non-perf-with Det pitcher Det fire # 'The fire will be deliberately thrown (some) water at with the pitcher by Jeanne.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Hotsipazan'i Jeanne rano ny afo. # Ho-tsipaz-an(a) i Jeanne rano ny afo. # pass.fut-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Jeanne water Det fire # 'The fire will be deliberately thrown (some) water at by Jeanne.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Nanipazan'i Paoly rano ilay zinga. # N-an-(ts)ipaz-an(a) i Paoly rano ilay zinga. # past-an-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Paul water DX.sg pitcher # 'The pitcher was being used by Paul to throw (some) water with.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Nanipazan'i Paoly ny rano. # N-an-(ts)ipaz-an(a) i Paoly ny rano. # past-an-stem.tsipaz-ana DX.sg Paul Det water # 'Some of the water was being thrown away by Paul.' # There is a Stress Shift here with suffix.ana. Nampanipy rano an'i Jeanne i Paoly. # N-amp-an-(ts)ipy rano an' i Jeanne i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-tsipy water acc DX.sg Jeanne DX.sg Paul # 'Paul was asking Jeanne to throw (some) water away.' Nampanipy rano i Paoly. # N-amp-an-(ts)ipy rano i Paoly. # past-amp-pref.an-tsipy water DX.sg Paul # 'Paul was asking (someone/some people) to throw (some) water away.' Teo ampanipazana rano i Jeanne no tonga i Paoly. # T-eo amp-an-(ts)ipaz-ana rano i Jeanne no tonga i Paoly. # past-there amp-pref.an-stem.tsipaz-suff.ana water DX.sg Jeanne focus arrived DX.sg Paul # 'Jeanne was in the middle of throwing away (some) water when Paul arrived.' Nifanipy rano i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # N-if-an-(ts)ipy rano i Jeanne sy i Paoly. # past-if-pref.an-tsipy water DX.sg Jeanne and DX.sg Paul # 'Jeanne and Paul were throwing (some) water at each other.'