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How=20 to Start Your Own Country in Four Easy Steps

Posted February 2008

=20

With Kosovo unilaterally declaring independence and a = host of=20 wannabe states looking to follow its lead, you might be thinking it=92s = about time=20 to set up your own country. You=92ve picked out a flag, written a = national anthem,=20 even printed up money with your face on it. But what=92s the next step? = Creating a=20 new country isn=92t as easy as you think.

Step 1: Make sure you are eligible

As tempting as it might be to declare your cubicle a sovereign state, = customary international law actually does specify minimum standards for=20 statehood.

You must have a defined territory.=20
You must have a permanent population.=20
You must have a government.=20
Your government must be capable of interacting with other states. = (This=20 one is somewhat controversial. It was included as a qualification in = the= 1933=20 Montevideo Convention, which established the United States=92 = =93good=20 neighbor=94 policy of nonintervention in Latin America, but is = generally not=20 recognized as international law.)

Step 2: Declare independence

Congratulations on joining the ranks of Transnistria, Somaliland, and = a host=20 of other countries that won=92t be marching at the Olympics anytime = soon. Just=20 because you=92ve met the qualifications and declared yourself = independent doesn=92t=20 mean that you=92re going to be taken seriously. Even the Principality of = Sealand=97located on a=20 10,000-square-foot platform in the North Sea=97has tried with mixed = success to=20 claim sovereignty under these qualifications.

However, now that your state is established, there are certain = benefits you=20 can expect, even if you=92re not recognized by anyone. =93Once an entity = has=20 established itself as a de facto state, it will benefit from territorial = integrity and certain guarantees of sovereignty,=94 says Stefan Talmon, = professor=20 of public international law at Oxford University and author of = Recognition in=20 International Law. =93For instance, now that Kosovo is established as a = state,=20 Serbia can no longer freely attack it to bring it back into Serbia. It = benefits=20 from the prohibition of the use of force under the U.N. Charter.=94 = These rules=20 were established during the Cold War to protect new states that were not = yet=20 recognized by one bloc or another.

Step 3: Get recognized

There=92s not much point in having your own country unless other = countries=20 acknowledge your existence. International recognition is what gives a = country=20 legitimacy in the international community and what ultimately = distinguishes the=20 New Zealands of the world from the Nagorno-Karabakhs. Naturally, though, = the=20 established countries are going to take some convincing. =93Recognition = is quite=20 complicated because it combines international law and international = politics,=94=20 Talmon says. =93Some people say that recognition is a purely political = act. It is=20 at the discretion of existing states whether they recognize, so there is = no=20 right to recognition.=94

This was especially true during the Cold War, when the national = legitimacy of=20 North and South Vietnam, North and South Korea, and East and West = Germany=20 depended on which side you asked. Even today, a number of entities are=20 recognized as states by some countries, but not by others. Palestine, = Taiwan,=20 and Northern Cyprus fall into this category.

The United States has no official policy on what is required for = recognition,=20 according to its State Department. Instead, the decision to recognize a = state is=20 made by the president. Then the president decides whether to establish=20 diplomatic relations with the state based on U.S. national interests. = There=92s no=20 cookie-cutter approach, so when you ask for recognition, be sure to = explain how=20 your independence will be good for America. In the old days, proving = your=20 anti-communist cred was usually good enough. Today, U.S. strategic = priorities=20 are a bit more complex, though as Kosovo proves, ticking off the = Russians still=20 helps.

Step 4: Join the club

Since its founding in 1945, membership in the United Nations has = become the=20 gold standard of international legitimacy. =93When you are admitted to = the U.N,=20 that=92s a form of approval,=94 Talmon says. =93It=92s like a stamp = [that says] you are=20 now a full member of the international community.=94

Applying for U.N. membership is a breeze. According to U.N. rules, all you = need to do=20 is write a letter to the secretary-general requesting membership. These = letters=20 are remarkably short and simple. For a handy template, check out the = successful=20 ap= plication=20 of Montenegro, the United Nations=92 most recent member.

You can mail your application to:

Ban Ki-moon
Secretary-General
The = United=20 Nations
First Ave. at 46th St.
New York, NY 10017

Now comes the hard part. The Security Council must refer you to the = General=20 Assembly, which must determine by a two-thirds majority that you are a=20 =93peace-loving state=94 that can carry out the duties of the U.N. Charter.

It=92s probably not even worth trying this unless you=92ve completed = step 3. A=20 number of unrecognized states have applied for U.N. recognition over the = years,=20 including American-Indian tribes, but without the credibility bestowed = by=20 bilateral recognition, these applications are usually just filed away. =

The biggest obstacle to U.N. membership is power politics. Neither = North nor=20 South Korea got U.N. membership until 1991 because of vetoes by one bloc = or=20 another during the Cold War. Even today, Russia=92s veto on the Security = Council=20 will probably prevent Kosovo from gaining a seat at the table anytime = soon. The=20 Republic of China, a.k.a. Taiwan, was one of the founding members of the = United=20 Nations and once had a =93permanent=94 seat on the Security Council. But = Taiwan was=20 booted out in favor of the People=92s Republic of China in 1971, after = U.S.=20 President Richard Nixon decided to cozy up to Beijing. The Taiwanese = government=20 has applied for membership every year since 1993, but to no avail. The = United=20 Nations didn=92t even bother to open Taiwan=92s most recent letter.

As you can see, the point at which a territory officially becomes a = country=20 is very much in the eyes of the beholder. International recognition can = be an=20 elusive prize. The good news? The longer you wait, the better your = chances=20 become. In international law, which is often based on custom, the longer = you can=20 maintain your de facto sovereignty, the more likely you are to be = accepted.=20 (Unless, of course, you=92re Taiwan.)

The strength of Kosovo=92s bid for independence from Serbia is based = largely on=20 the fact that it has, for all intents and purposes, been independent for = almost=20 a decade. In a more extreme example, the 900-year-old Sovereign Order of = Malta=20 has diplomatic relations with 100 countries and observer status at the = United=20 Nations even though its entire territory is contained in a few buildings = in=20 Rome. So don=92t be discouraged. Starting your own country isn=92t = impossible. It=92s=20 just going to require a lot of patience and the right friends.=20

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