Philosophers: A

Peter Abelard (1079-1142 CE)
Articles & Web pages Peter Abelard Article by Peter King for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Abelard Short article by William Turner for the Jacques Maritain Centre and the Catholic Encyclopedia. Pierre Abélard Wikipedia article. Peter Abelard Short introduction by Karen Rae Keck for the Ecole Glossary. Pierre Abélard Article by Kazimierz Wścik & Mirella Nawracała-Urban for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Pierre Abelard of le Pallet Extensive, very colourful (eye-watering, in fact) site by someone who wants to remain anonymous (and who has another page on Francis Bacon. Some interesting material, though he or she seems to take memes seriously(!). Peter Abelard Introduction by Steven Kreis for the History Guide. Texts & translations Historia Calamitatum Translated by Henry Adams Bellows as "The Story of My Misfortunes"; provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Sic et Non: extract "From: James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History, 2 Vols. (Boston: Ginn & Co., 1904-06), Vol. I: From the Breaking up of the Roman Empire to the Protestant Revolt, pp. 450-451." Provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Abū Nasr Mohammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Fārābi (c.870-950 CE) (Alfarabius; Abunaser)
Articles & Web pages Pages from Islamic Philosophy Online al-Farabi — their usual very useful resource page Another al-Farabi page. al-Farabi Article by Lech Szyndler & Reet Otsason for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. al-Fārābi My own short introduction. Al-Farabi Wikipedia article. Islamic political philosophy: Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes Article by R.J. Kilcullen, Macquarie University. Texts & translations Kitab al-Huruf (Book of Letters) Arabic text; I can't discover who provides it.
Abū Hāmid Muhammed ibn Muhammed at-Tusi al-Ghazālī (1058-1111 CE) (Algazel)
Articles & Web pages Abu Hamid al-Ghazali Resources page supplied by Islamic Philosophy Online. al-Gazali Article by Reet Otsason & Lech Szyndler for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Al-Ghazali Wikipedia article. Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali introductory article by Chris Marvin from The Window. Abu Hamid Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Tusi al-Shafi'i al-Ghazali Henry Snyder's pages. Texts & translations Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din (The Revival of the Religious Sciences) Arabic and variously translated text from the al-Ghazali website. Munkidh min al-Dalal (Confessions, or Deliverance from Error) FromCharles F. Horne [ed.] The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East (1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp 99-133; provided by the Internet Medieval Source Book. The Alchemy of Happiness Translated by Claud Field, provided by the Internet Sacred Text Archive.
Ya'qūb ibn Ishāq al-Kindī (c.801-c.873 CE) (Alkindus)
Articles & Web pages al-Kindi Resources page from Islamic Philosophy Online. al-Kindi Article by Lech Szyndler & Reet Otsason for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Al-Kindi Wikipedia article. Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi Article by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, for the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews) Pages from Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi introductory article by Chris Marvin from The Window (but makes al-Kindī Iranian for some reason). Pages from Muslim Heritage Al-Kindi al-Kindi, Cryptography, Code Breaking and Ciphers (Tariq Al-Tayeb) Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi Long introductory article by Kiki Kennedy-Day, provided by Islamic Philosophy Online. Yaqub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi Brief introduction from Islam Online. Texts & translations Rasa'il al-kindi al-falsafiyah [PDF] Arabic text, edited by M. A. H. Abu Riadah (1950); I can't discover the provider's identity. Fī al-Falsafa al-Ūlā/On First Philosophy [PDF] English/Arabic e-text, edited and translated by A. Irvy; I can't discover the provider's identity. Risālat 'abd Allāh ibn Ismā'īl al-Hāshimī/The Apology of al-Kindiī William Muir, The Apology of Al Kindy: Written at the Court of Mâmûm (Circa A.H. 215; A.D. 830), Second Edition, London, 1887; provided by Muhammadanism. The work is clearly not by al-Kindī, of course, and the web-site offering it seems to be a (U.S.?) Christian site pretending to offer a neutral Christian–Islamic resource. Still, I've included it here out of interest, but caveat emptor!
Albertus de Saxonia (c.1316-1390 CE) (Albertucius, Albert of Helmstädt, Albert of Saxony)
Articles & Web pages Albert of Saxony Article by Joél Biard for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Albert of Saxony Article by Pierre Duhem, from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Albert of Saxony Wikipedia article. Albert of Saxony Article by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, for the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews) Albert of Saxony Article by Mirella Nawracała-Urban for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Texts & translations Ars Dictandi (provided by Corpus Sciptorum Latinorum) II.2-3 (Latin text, ed. Steven M. Wight) II.2-3 (English translation by Steven M. Wight)
Albertus Magnus (c.1200-1280 CE) (Albert the Great, Albert of Köln)
Articles & Web pages Albertus Magnus Article by D.J. Kennedy, from the Catholic Encyclopedia; a slightly different version provided by the Jacques Maritain Centre. Albertus Magnus Wikipedia article. Albert the Great Article by Antoni Skwara for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Albertus Magnus Article by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, for the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews) Albertus-Magnus-Institut Bonn "Das 1931 gegründete und vom Erzbistum Köln getragene Albertus-Magnus-Institut mit Sitz in Bonn verfolgt als Ziel die kritische Edition der Werke Alberts des Großen (Editio Coloniensis) und die Erforschung seines Denkens." Albertus Magnus Short introduction by Karen Rae Keck for the Ecole Glossary. Texts & translations De quindecim problematibus Latin text provided by the Bibliotheca Augustana. (Attributed, probably wrongly) De Adhaerendo Deo (On Cleaving to God) Bibliotheca Augustana (Latin text) Catholic First (translated by John Richards) Christian Classics Ethereal Library (translated by John Richards)
Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-83 CE)
Articles & Web pages Jean Baptiste Le Rond d'Alembert Article by Zenon E. Roskal for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jean Le Rond d'Alembert Article by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson, for the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive (University of St Andrews) D'Alembert: édition des Oeuvres Complètes Editorial site, with information on the project, associated activities, relevant links, etc. Texts & translations Diderot and d'Alembert's "Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des metiers et des arts" "Collaborative translation project [...] Product of the Scholarly Publishing Office of the University of Michigan Library and DLXS." d'Alembert: Réflexions sur l'histoire et sur les différentes manières de l'écrire From "Eliohs: Electronic Library of Historiography" Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot Translated by Richard Hooker, from Reading about the World, Volume 2, edited by Paul Brians, Mary Gallwey, Douglas Hughes, Michael Myers, Michael Neville, Roger Schlesinger, Alice Spitzer, and Susan Swan and published by American Heritage Custom Books. Provided by Paul Brians (Washington State University).
William P. Alston (1921- CE)
Articles & Web pages William P. Alston His Syracuse University Web Page. William P. Alston Maintained by Daniel Howard-Snyder. At the moment (27 xi 04) offers bibliographical and biographical information. William Alston Maintained by Michael Sudduth. Offers links to on-line papers on and by Alston. When I last checked [22 xii 04], few were working, so I've reproduced the live links below; the one paper provided by Sudduth is his own: Alstonian Foundationalism and Higher-Level Theistic Evidentialism (Michael Czapkay Sudduth; from The International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, February 1995) Circularity and Stability Paper by Markus Lammenranta (University of Helsinki), from the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy 1988. Why Alston's Mystical Doxastic Practice Is Subjective Paper by Richard Gale, from Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LIV (1994); provided by The Secular Web. Texts & translations Sellars and the "Myth of the Given" Presented at the Eastern Division APA Meeting, December 1998; provided by Digital Text International.
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BCE)
Articles & Web pages Anaxagoras Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Anaxagoras Wikipedia article. Anaxagoras Introduction from Barry D. Smith's course on Ancient Greek Philosophy. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae Short article by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson for the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Life of Anaxagoras Adapted from Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers translated by C.D. Yonge (1853); provided by Peithô's Web. Texts & translations Fragments and Commentary From Arthur Fairbanks [ed. & trans.] The First Philosophers of Greece (1898), pp 235-262; provided by the Hanover Historical Texts Project
Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-546 BCE)
Articles & Web pages Anaximander Article by Dirk L. Couprie from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Anaximander Wikipedia article. Anaximander Introduction from Barry D. Smith's course on Ancient Greek Philosophy. Life of Anaximander Adapted from Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers translated by C.D. Yonge (1853); provided by Peithô's Web. Texts & translations Fragments and Commentary From Arthur Fairbanks [ed. & trans.] The First Philosophers of Greece (1898), pp 8-16; provided by the Hanover Historical Texts Project Texts provided by Philoctetes Greek text [PDF] Greek text & translations [unicode format; French translation by A. Reymond (1919), English translation by John Burnet (1908)] Englih translation [HTML: translated John Burnet]
Anaximenes of Miletus (d. 528 BCE)
Articles & Web pages Anaximenes Article by Daniel W. Graham from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Anaximenes of Miletus Wikipedia article. Anaximenes Introduction from Barry D. Smith's course on Ancient Greek Philosophy. Life of Anaximenes Adapted from Diogenes Laertius, The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers translated by C.D. Yonge (1853); provided by Peithô's Web. Texts & translations Fragments and Commentary From Arthur Fairbanks [ed. & trans.] The First Philosophers of Greece (1898), pp 17-22; provided by the Hanover Historical Texts Project
Elizabeth Anscombe (1919-2001 CE)
Articles & Web pages Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe Article by Chris Marvin, provided by "The Window", Trinity College, Hartford, CT. G. E. M. Anscombe: Living the Truth Obituary by John M. Dolan, for First Things magazine. G. E. M. Anscombe Wikipedia article. Texts Contraception and Chastity From The Human World, No. 7 (1972), pp 9-30. From Alan Soble's Philosophical Snippets pages.
Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109 CE)
Articles & Web pages Anselm Article by Thomas Williams for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Anselm Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Anselm Article by W.H. Kent, from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Anselm of Canterbury Article by Tadeusz Grzesik for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Anselm of Canterbury Wikipedia article. Anselm of Canterbury Introduction by Garth Kemerling; additional links include his own lectures on the Proslogion and Monologion. Internet Medieval Sourcebook texts, all from St Anselm: Proslogium; Monologium: An Appendix In Behalf Of The Fool By Gaunilo; And Cur Deus Homo, translated from the Latin by Sidney Norton Deane, B. A. with an Introduction, Bibliography, and reprints of the opinions of leading philosophers and writers on the ontological argument (Chicago, The Open Court Publishing Company, 1903, reprinted 1926): Introduction to His Writings (extract from Weber's History of Philosophy, translated by F. Thilly) Philosophers' Criticisms of Anselm's Ontological Argument for the Being of God (extracts from Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Leibniz, Kant, Hegel, J. A. Dorner, Lotze, & Robert Flint) Saint Anselm's proof: a problem of reference, intentional identity, and mutual understanding Preprint of paper by Gyula Klima (in G. Hintikka (ed.), Medieval Philosophy and Modern Times (Proceedings of "Medieval and Modern Philosophy of Religion", Boston University, August 25-27, 1992), Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp 69-88) Anselm's account of freedom Preprint of paper by Sandra Visser & Thomas Williams (Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31 (2001): 221-244) Anselm on the existence of god Article by Paul Halsall, with portions of the Proslogion translated by David Burr, provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Texts & translations Internet Medieval Sourcebook texts, all from St Anselm: Proslogium; Monologium: An Appendix In Behalf Of The Fool By Gaunilo; And Cur Deus Homo, translated from the Latin by Sidney Norton Deane, B. A. with an Introduction, Bibliography, and reprints of the opinions of leading philosophers and writers on the ontological argument (Chicago, The Open Court Publishing Company, 1903, reprinted 1926): Proslogion Gaunilo: In Behalf of the Fool, with Anselm's: Reply, Gaunilo's attack on the argument in the Proslogion, and Anselm's reformulation Monologion Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man) Proslogion; Monologion; An Appendix in Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilon; and Cur Deus Homo The same translations as used in the previous entry, provided by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library in various formats.
Apollonius of Tyana (c.4 BCE - ? CE)
Apollonius of Tyana Article by Kazimierz Gryżenia for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Apollonius of Tyana Article by Jona Lendering from Livius - articles on ancient history. Apollonius of Tyana : The Monkey of Christ? Maintained by Roberto Solàrion. Chapters from his own book, including R.W. Bernard's Apollonius the Nazarene.
Kwame Anthony Akroma-Ampim Kusi Appiah (b.1954 CE)
Kwame Anthony Appiah His Departmental Web page at Princeton. Kwame Anthony Appiah A short introduction and bibliography (main books only). Kwame Anthony Appiah Stanford University Humanities Centre Biography Web Site. Offers some extracts from his books, and a brief introduction which uses nonsense jargon like "postmodern" (what on earth does it mean to call Appiah "our postmodern Socrates"?), but has some useful information. Anthony Appiah Short Article from Wikipedia. Kwame Anthony Appiah Basic biographical and bibliographical details provided by the Contemporary Africa Database. Anthony Appiah Brief introduction provided by Facing History and Ourselves. A Dream Team Defection: A Chat with K. Anthony Appiah Interview by Tanu T. Henry for Africana.
Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-74 CE)
Articles & Web pages Thomas Aquinas Article by D.J. Kennedy, from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Thomas Aquinas Stephen Loughlin's extremely useful site, with a bibliography, and links to translations and other resources. Thomas Aquinas Article from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Thomas Aquinas Article by Ralph McInerny for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Thomas Aquinas Article by Garth Kemerling. Thomas Instituut te Utrecht Extremely full content, but poorly designed, and difficult to navigate with a text-based browser. Thomas Aquinas links A Dominican page. Texts & commentaries Summa Theologiae Translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Summa Theologiae: Part II, Question 40 (on Just War) From Lawrence Hinman's Ethical Updates pages. Summa Theologiae: extracts From the Medieval Source Book. Summa contra gentiles An on-line edition (slightly abridged) of Joseph Rickaby's translation. Companion to the Summa An on-line edition of Walter Farrell's book. On The Eternity of the World Robert T. Miller's translation of De aeternitate mundi, from the Medieval Source Book. On Being and Essence Robert T. Miller's translation of De ente et essentia, from the Medieval Source Book.
Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
All the links have been moved to my own Aristotle page.
Antoine Arnauld (1612-94 CE)
Introductions, articles, & Web-pages Antoine Arnauld A short article offered by Bill Uzgalis, Oregon State University. Antoine Arnauld Article from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, from Wikipedia. Arnauld Article on the Arnauld family by A Fournet from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Antoine Arnauld Article by Jacek Banaś for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Review of the Port Royal Logic Bernard Roy's review of the Cambridge texts in the History of Philosophy edition of Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole, "Logic or The Art of Thinking" edited and translated by Jill Vance Buroker; first published in the Journal of the History of Philosophy XXXV, 1997. Texts & translations The Port Royal Logic Translated & provided by George MacDonald Ross. Leibniz/Arnauld/Hessen-Rheinfels Correspondence (1686-90) George R. Montgomery translation, revised by Albert R. Chandler, provided by Carl Mickelsen, University of Idaho.
Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE) (Aurelius Augustinus)
Introductions, articles, & Web-pages Augustine of Hippo Maintained by James J. O'Donnell. A very wide range of resources, including on-line texts and commentaries, and discussion material. Augustine Article by Czesław Strzeszewski for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Augustine Introduction by Mark Browning, from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Life of St Augustine of Hippo Article by Eugène; Portalié, from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Augustine Article by Michael Mendelson for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Augustine Entry from the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus) Article from the 9th Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1878, provided by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Augustine Page of links to articles and texts, provided by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Texts & translations Augustine: Texts and Translations James J. O'Donnell's page Christian Classics Ethereal Library: Volume I: Prolegomena: St. Augustine's Life and Work, Confessions, Letters (v3) Volume II: The City of God, Christian Doctrine (v3) Volume III: On the Holy Trinity, Doctrinal Treatises, Moral Treatises Volume IV: The Anti-Manichaean Writings, The Anti-Donatist Writings Volume V: Anti-Pelagian Writings Volume VI: Sermon on the Mount, Harmony of the Gospels, Homilies on the Gospels Volume VII: Homilies on the Gospel of John, Homilies on the First Epistle of John, Soliloquies Volume VIII: Expositions on the Psalms The Confessions of Augustine: An Electronic Edition "This document is an on-line reprint of Augustine: Confessions, a text and commentary by James J. O'Donnell (Oxford: 1992; ISBN 0-19-814378-8). The text and commentary were encoded in SGML by the Stoa Consortium in co-operation with the Perseus Project" De Dialectica In Latin and English translation by J. Marchand.
John Langshaw Austin (1911-60 CE)
Introductions, articles, & Web-pages John Langshaw Austin Article by Agnieszka Lekka-Kowalik for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. J. L. Austin Wikipedia article. John Langshaw Austin Introduction, bibliography, and links from Garth Kemerling's pages. Notes on "A Plea for Excuses" Provided by Roger Bishop Jones". Texts & translations A Plea for Excuses From the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1956-7; provided by Digital Text International.
Averroës (Abū al-Walīd Muhammad Ibn Rushd Al-Qurtubi) (1126-1198 CE) (Avé Ruiz)
Articles & Web pages Ibn Rushd (Averroës) A very useful resource page, provided by Islamic Philosophy Online. Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Article by H. Chad Hillier from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Averroes Article by William Turner for the Catholic Encyclopedia. Averroes Article by Miguel Cruz Hernández for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Averroës Wikipedia article. Islamic political philosophy: Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes Article by R.J. Kilcullen, Macquarie University. Averroes Article by A. Zahoor, maintained at Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia. Texts & translations Kitab fasl al-maqal (On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy) Translated by George F. Hourani, , with its appendix (Damina). Also appended is an extract from Kitab al-kashf `an manahij al-adilla. Provided by Islamic Philosophy Online. Kitab fasl al-maqal (On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy) Translated by Mohammed Jamil-al-Rahman, with its appendix (Damina). Also appended is an extract from Kitab al-kashf `an manahij al-adilla. Provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Tahfut at Tahafut (Incoherence of the Incoherence) Translated by Simon van den Bergh, provided by Islamic Philosophy Online.
Avicenna (Abū Alī al-Hussain ibn Sīnā) (980-1037 CE)
Articles & Web pages Avicenna Article by Miguel Cruz Hernández for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (Avicenna) Short article by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson for the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Ibn Sina A very useful resource page, provided by Islamic Philosophy Online. Avicenna Article by William Turner, from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Article by Chris Marvin, provided by "The Window", Trinity College, Hartford, CT. Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Article by Monzur Ahmed, originally published in Muslim Technologist, November 1990. Provided by Ummah.com. Avicenna Wikipedia article. Avicenna (ibn SIna) Introduction provided by Farhangsara.com. A tribute to Avicenna An introductory article by Lyman Phillips, provided by CyberMedics. Islamic political philosophy: Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes Article by R.J. Kilcullen, Macquarie University. Texts & translations On Medicine (short extract) From Charles F. Horne [ed.], The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
Alfred Jules Ayer (1910-1989 CE)
Alfred Jules Ayer Article by Agnieszka Lekka-Kowalik for the Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Alfred Ayer Wikipedia article. A. J. Ayer Short introduction from About.com. A.J. Ayer Obituary by Jonathan Rée for Radical Philosophy. Texts & translations Language Truth Logic and God Excerpt from Language Truth and Logic (1946) pp 35-37, 114-18, provided by Miguel Chavez' Unofficial Stephen Jay Gould Archive.