7: INTERNATIONAL
COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION
Basic
Collier & Lowe, ch. 3.
Further reading:
Asouzou, International
Commercial Arbitration and African States (2001) Bodleian Private
Int 510 A837a
* Lew (ed.), Contemporary Problems in International
Arbitration, (1986) Bodleian Internat 710 L669a
von Mehren and Kourides, ‘International
Arbitrations between States and Foreign Private Parties: The Libyan
Nationalization Cases’, 75 AJIL 476
(1981)
Plantey, ‘Quelques observations
sur l’arbitrage administré’, 126 Journal
du droit international 731-743 (1999)
Sempasa, ‘Obstacles to Commercial
Arbitration in African Countries’, 41 ICLQ
387 (1992)
Among the (relatively)
inexpensive texts, you may find the following useful:
* K. Tweeddale and A. Tweeddale, A Practical
Approach to Arbitration Law, (1999)
* E.A. Marshall, Gill The
Law of Arbitration (4th ed, 2001)
For reference:
*Fouchard, Gaillard & Goldman, Traité
de l’arbitrage commercial international, (1996); translated as Fouchard,
Gaillard & Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration, (1999) Private Int 510
F763
* Redfern and Hunter, Law and
Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, (3rd ed. 1999; student
edition 2003) Internat 590 R315a3
--International Commercial Arbitration (Loose-leaf)
--Wetter, The International Arbitral Process,
(1979).
--Collection of ICC
Arbitral Awards (3 vols) in Bodleian Law Library at 510 I61h (2)
-- http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/intlarb.html
-- http://www.internationaladr.com/
Ad Hoc (Mixed) Commercial Arbitration
1. There have been many mixed
(State / non-State) arbitrations organised on an ad hoc basis. For examples
of compromissory clauses, see, e.g., Egypt-Egyptian
Petroleum Corporation/ESSO, Concession Agreement of 14 December 1974, 14 ILM 933 (1975), art. XXI; Libyan
National Oil Co./Occidental of Libya Inc., Agreement of 7 February
1974, 14 ILM 645 (1975), art.
XII; Syria-Syrian
Petroleum Co.-Pecten Ash Sham Co./Syria Shell Petroleum Development
B.V./Deminex Petroleum Syria GmbH, Contract for the Exploration,
Development and Production of Petroleum, 21 August 1985, 26 ILM 1186 (1987). art. XXIII.
Arbitration Rules
There are many (in effect, competing) sets of
arbitration rules, mostly drafted by private professional bodies such as the
American Arbitration Association, the London Court of International
Arbitration, and the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce, and the International
Chamber of Commerce (ICC). See http://www.internationaladr.com/
2. For examples of arbitration
rules and bodies, see the list published at < http://www.internationaladr.com > (under ‘Institutions and Rules). E.g.,
Australian Centre for International Commercial Arbitration; the Regional Centre
for International Commercial Arbitration, Cairo (modified 1976 UNCITRAL Rules),
and cf. Aboul Enein, ‘Arbitration under the Auspices of the Cairo Regional
Centre...’, 4 Int'l Tax & Business
Lawyer 256 (1986); the Commercial Arbitration and Mediation Center for the
Americas (CAMCA), Mediation and Arbitration Rules, 35 ILM 1541 (1997); the Euro-Arab Chambers of Commerce, Rules of
Conciliation, Arbitration and Expertise, 1982, 24 ILM 1119 (1985); ICC Rules of Arbitration, 1998, 36 ILM 1604 (1997); the ICC; the London
Court of International Arbitration, 1998 Arbitration Rules, 37 ILM 669 (1998); the Singapore
International Arbitration Centre; and the other rules set out in the appendix
to Redfern & Hunter and at http://www.internationaladr.com/ .
3. The ICC rules will be taken
as a model of an ‘administered arbitration’.
For the texts see International Chamber of Commerce, 1975 Rules, 15 ILM 395 (1976); 1988 Revision, 28 ILM 231 (1989); 1998 Revision, 36 ILM 1604 (1997), http://www.iccwbo.org/index_court.asp
. See also Hancock, ‘The ICC Court of Arbitration’, 1 J. Int. Arb. 21 (April, 1984); Friedland, ‘The Swiss Supreme Court
Sets Aside an ICC Award’, 13 Journal of
International Arbitration 111-116 (1996); Craig, Park, & Paulsson's
annotated guide to the 1998 ICC arbitration rules (1999).
4. UNCITRAL sought to draft a
set of ‘ideologically neutral’ rules for non-administered arbitration: see the
UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, 1976, 15 ILM 701
(1976). See also Sanders, II Yearbook of Commercial Arbitration 172
(1977); S.A. Baker and M.D. Davis, The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules in Practice:
The Experience of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal (1992). http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm
Arbitration Laws
5. The legal status of arbitral
proceedings and the relationship of arbitral tribunals with the local courts
needs to be determined by the local law [the lex fori]. That law may lay down rules
governing the conduct of the arbitration, and so operate as the lex arbitri.
6.
UNCITRAL has drafted a Model Law on arbitration: UNCITRAL, Model Law on
International Commercial Arbitration, 1985, 24 ILM 1302, 1314 (1985); <http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm
>. See further, e.g., Hermann, ‘The
UNCITRAL Model Law’, 1 Arbitration
International, 6 (April 1985); ---,
‘The role of the courts under the UNCITRAL Model Law script’, in Lew (ed.), Contemporary Problems in International Arbitration, (1987),
164; Kerr, ‘Arbitration and the Courts:
The UNCITRAL Model Law’, 34 ICLQ 1 (1985); Paterson, ‘Implementing the UNCITRAL
Model Law: the Canadian experience’, [1996] Arbitration
and Dispute Resolution Journal 147-158.
7. For an example of the
development of national arbitration law under the influence of UNCITRAL see,
e.g., the UK Arbitration Acts, 1950, 1979, 1996 [1996 Act, 36 ILM 155 (1997)]. ‘Arbitration Act
Special’, Arbitration and Dispute
Resolution Law Journal, July 1997; F. Davidson, ‘The New Arbitration Act –
A Model Law’, [1997] Journal of Business
Law 101.
8. For further recent examples
see, e.g., Brazil, Arbitration Act 1996, 36 ILM
1562 (1997); People’s Republic of China, Arbitration Law, 1994, 34 ILM 1650 (1995); Germany, Act on the
Reform of the law Relating to Arbitral Proceedings, 1997, 37 ILM 790 (1998). Fouchard, Gaillard & Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration, (1999)
[France]; Thomas Oehmke, International
Arbitration, (1990) [USA]; Samir
Saleh, Commercial Arbitration in the Arab
Middle East, (1984); Cheng Dejun, Michael J Moser and Wang Shengchang, International Arbitration in the Peoples’
Republic of China, (1995).
9. The efficacy of arbitration
as a means of settling international disputes depends upon the existence of
international agreements supporting the validity of arbitration agreements and
awards. For early instances, see the
Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses, 1923, 27 LNTS 157; and the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, 1927, 92 LNTS 301.
10. The most important current
international agreement is the New York Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958, 330 UNTS 3 , < http://www.uncitral.org/en-index.htm >; van den Berg, The
New York Arbitration Convention of 1958, (1981); and see updating entries
in each Yearbook Commercial Arbitration.
11. Other international
instruments include: European Convention
on International Commercial Arbitration, Geneva, 1961, 484 UNTS 349; Moscow Convention on the Settlement by Arbitration of
Disputes resulting from Economic, Scientific and Technical Cupertino, 1972, 13 ILM 5 (1974) [see Stromberg, ‘General
Introduction’, I Yearbook of Commercial
Arbitration 4 (1976)];
Inter-American (Panama) Convention on International Commercial
Arbitration, 1975, 14 ILM 336 (1975)
[see Garro, ‘Enforcement of Arbitration Agreements and Jurisdiction of Arbitral
Tribunals in Latin America, Jo. Int'l
Arb. 293 (Dec., 1984); Norberg,
‘General Introduction to Inter-American Commercial Arbitration’, III Yearbook of Commercial Arbitration 1]
For texts < http://www.internationaladr.com/
>.
12. On the move towards mixed
arbitrations see PCA (1962, 1993 Rules. <http://www.pca-cpa.org/>); Turriff arbitration, 1966 Ned. Tid. Int. Recht, 1970, 2, p.
200; ICSID, Washington Convention, 1965,
575 UNTS 159, 4 ILM 524 (1966), and
the Iran-US Claims Tribunal [see earlier lectures].