ȝef (conjunction): if
kurue (verb, past third person singular subjunctive): kerven, to cut
spitelsteaf (noun, singular): spitel, spitelstaf, digging tool, spade
dulue (verb, past third person singular subjunctive): delven, to dig
sulh (noun, singular): sulou, plough
erede (verb, past third person singular subjunctive): eren, to plough, to prepare, to cultivate
hwa (pronoun): who
mon (noun, singular): man, person
luueð (verb, present third person singular): loven, to love, to value (compare with ‘luuien’, passive infinitive, further down—‘to be loved’)
lomen (noun, plural): tools
hamseolf (emphatic plural pronoun): hem-self, themselves
ah (conjunction): but
deð (verb, present third person singular): don, to do, to perform an action
wurcheð (verb, present third person singular): werken, to act, to perform, to work
derf (noun, singular): hardship
Godd (noun): God
reaðere (adverb): sooner
þiderward (adverb): towards
loki (verb, present third person singular subjunctive): loken, to look
heorte (noun, singular): herte, heart
schir (adjective): pure, shining
briht (adjective): bright, clear
sihðe (noun, singular): sight(e, sight
monglunge (gerund): mongling(e mixing, here with the sense of ‘pollution’
unþeawes (noun, plural): untheu, vice , literally ‘un-virtue’
mong (noun, singular): mong(e, intermixture, pollution, confusion
woreð (verb, present third person singular): woren, to become troubled, to wander, to dry up
ehnen (noun, plural): eie, eye
ha (pronoun): he, it
cnawen (verb, present third person singular): knouen, to know
gleadien (verb, present third person singular): gladen, to become gladdened, to become pleased, to become delighted
seið (verb, present third person singular): seien, to say, to state
dest (verb, present second person singular): don, to do
oðer (conjunction): or, or
luue (noun, singular): love, love
ane (adverb): onli, alone, only
oþres (pronoun, genitive): other, someone else’s, another’s
god (noun, singular): good
biheue (noun, singular): bihove, benefit, advantage
haue (verb, singular imperative): haven, to have
ententes (noun, plural): entente, intention
ba (pronoun): bothe, both
togederes (adverb): together
wult (verb, present second person singular): willen, to will, to want, to have desire for something
wori (adjective): troubled, clouded, turbid (figuratively)
sit (verb, present third person singular): sitten, to suit, to sit (literally)
uuele (adverb): ivel(e, badly, evilly, unpleasantly
leoue (adjective, plural): lef, dear
sustren (noun, plural): suster, sister
hwet (pronoun, interrogative): what, what
hit (pronoun, third person singular): it
iseid (verb, past participle): seien, to say, to speak, to declare, to utter
ear (adverb): before, previously, already
wilnin (verb, present second person plural subjunctive): wilnen, to desire, to want, to wish, to will
ilke (pronoun): the same (as mentioned previously), such
ow (pronoun, second person): you, you
segge (verb, present first person singular): seien, to say, to speak, to declare, to utter
ham (pronoun, third person plural): hem, them
nawt (adverb): not, not, not at all
mete (noun, singular): food, meals
clað (noun, singular): cloth, clothes
mon (noun, singular): man
wummon (noun, singular): womman, woman
igodet (verb, past participle): goden, to help, to benefit, to enrich
leasse (adverb): les(se, less, to a lesser extent or degree
schirnesse (noun, singular): shirnes(se, purity, brightness, shininess
fulleð (verb, present third person singular): fillen, to fulfil, to carry out, to fill
lahe (noun, singular): law
heastes (noun, plural): hest(e command, instruction
irotet (verb, past participle): roten (v. (3)), to be rooted, to be established, to put forth roots
ileid (verb, past participle): ileien, to lay, to put, to place
weie (noun, singular): scale
schulen (verb, present third person plural): shulen, shall, must
iblisset (verb, past participle): blissen, blessed, filled with joy
þeo (demonstrative pronoun, plural): those ones, those, they
leadeð (verb, present third person plural): leden, to lead
ouerweieð (verb, present third person singular): overweien, to outweigh
heouene (noun, genitive): heaven’s, of heaven
stiward (noun, singular): steuard, steward
hire (possessive pronoun, feminine): hire, her
muchele (adjective): great, much
freolec (noun, singular): freo-lac, nobility, generosity, kindness
ȝeueð (verb, present third person singular): yeven, to give, to offer, to make a gift
ec (adverb): also
elles (adverb): otherwise
kepte (verb, past third person singular subjunctive): kepen, to care about, to desire, to value
ofgan (verb, past participle) ofgon, to gain, to obtain, to deserve
mare (adjective, comparative): more
bihaten (verb, past participle): bihoten, to promise, to vow
ȝeoue (noun, singular): yeve, gift
ofdraheð (verb, present third person singular): ofdrauen, to attract
alde (adjective): old, old, ancestral
feader (noun, singular): fader, father
weorp (verb, past third person singular): werpen, to throw, to cast, to scatter
fuheles (noun, plural): foul, bird
forgulte (verb, past participle): forgilten, to become guilty, to sin
þruppe (adverb): above, previously, before
serueð (verb, present third person singular): serven, to serve, to be of service
uuele (as noun): (the) evil, (the) wicked, i.e. 'wicked people'
sunne (noun, singular): sonne, sun
iȝeuen (verb, past participle): yeven, to give, to bestow
lahe (adjective): loue, low, lowly, inferior
wrecches (noun, plural): wretches
neomeð (verb, plural imperative): nimen, to take
ȝeme (noun, singular): heed, attention
for-hwi (adverb, interrogative): why
earst (adverb): erest, first
woheð (verb, present third person singular): wouen, to woo
gentil (adjective): of noble status
leafdi (noun, singular): lady, lady
feorrene (adjective): ferren, foreign
londe (noun, singular): land, territory
sonden (noun, plural): sond, messenger, message, a communication, envoy
biuoren (adverb): before, beforehand
weren (verb, past third person plural): ben, to be
patriarches (noun, plural): patriark, patriarch (the Old Testament Fathers)
prophetes (noun, plural): prophets
Alde Testament (proper noun): Old Testament
leattres (noun, plural): letters
isealet (verb, past participle): selen, to seal
Godspel (proper noun): Gospel
iopenet (verb, past participle): openen, to open
wrat (verb, past third person singular): writen, to write
ahne (adjective): ouen, own
blod (noun, singular): blood
saluz (noun, singular): salu, greeting, salutation
leofmon (noun, singular): lemman, lover
gretunge (gerund): greting, greeting (luue-gretunge= love-greeting)
forte (preposition): in order to
wohin (verb, infinitive): wouen, to woo
wealden (verb, infinitive): to claim, to control, to rule, to command
wrihe (past participle as adjective): wrien, to conceal, to cover (here, wrihe, 'with a hidden meaning')
forbisne (noun, singular): an exemplary model/story, an exemplum
fan (noun, plural): fo, enemy, foe
biset (verb, past participle): bisetten, beset, besieged, surrounded,
destruet (verb, past participle): destroien, to destroy, lay waste (here, 'destroyed', 'laid waste')
poure (adjective): povre, poor, destitute
inwið (preposition): inwith, inside, within
eorðene (adjective): erthen, earthen, made of earth
castel (noun, singular): castle
mihti (adjective): mighti, mighty, strong
þah (adverb): yet, still
unimete (adverb): immeasurably, exceedingly, immensely
swiðe (adverb): very, exceedingly
wohlech (noun, singular): wohlac, wooing, courtship
sende (verb, past third person singular): senden, to send
somet (adverb): samod, together
beawbelez (noun, plural): beaubelet, splendid gift, expensive thing
feole (adjective): many
feire (adjective): fair, fair, beautiful
sucurs (noun, singular): socour, military aid, support, comfort, encouragement
halden (verb, infinitive): holden, to hold, to control, to keep
heo (pronoun, personal third person singular feminine): she
underfeng (verb, past third person singular): underfon, to receive, to accept
mahte (verb, past third person singular): mouen, to be able to do something
schawde (verb, past third person singular): sheuen, to show, to reveal
feire (adjective): fair, handsome, beautiful
neb (noun, singular): face, countenance
feherest (adjective, superlative): fairest, most beautiful
bihalden (verb, infinitive): biholden, to behold, to look upon
spec (verb, past third personal singular): speken, to speak,
swoteliche (adverb): soteli, sweetly, pleasantly, melodiously, tenderly, fragrantly
wordes (noun, plural): words
murie (adjective): mirie, cheerful, pleasant, delightful
deade (adjective): ded, dead
arearen (verb, infinitive): areren, to raise up
wrahte (verb, past third person singular): to work, to perform
wundres (noun, plural): wonder, wonder, marvel
dude (verb, past third person singular): don, to do, to carry out, to perform
muchele (adjective, plural): great, important, formidable
meistries (noun, plural): maistrie, powers, great achievements, works of mastery
ehsihðe (noun, singular): eie-sight, eyesight, sight
mihte (noun, singular): might, power
talde (verb, past third person singular): tellen, to tell, to recount
kinedom (noun, singular): kingdom, sovereignty
bead (verb, past third person singular): beden, to promise, to offer
makien (verb, infinitive): maken, to make, to cause, to put
cwen (noun, singular): quene, queen
ahte (verb, past third person singular): ouen, to possess, to own, to have authority
hoker (noun, singular): scorn, disdain, contempt
wurðe (adjective): worth, worthy, valuable
beon (verb, infinitive): ben, to be
þuften (noun, singular): thuften, female servant, thrall, handmaiden
deboneirte (noun, singular): debonairete, graciousness, kindness, gentleness
ouercumen (verb, past participle): overcomen, to overcome, to overwhelm, to conquer
seide (verb, past third person singular): seien, to say, to utter
iweorret (verb, past participle): werren, to wage war, to attack
þine (adjective, possessive): thin, your
van (noun, plural): fo, enemy, foe
stronge (adjective): strong
edfleon (verb, infinitive): flen, to flee, to run away from
weane (noun, singular): wane, misery, suffering, misfortune
chulle (verb, present first person singular): willen, to desire, to will, to be willing
feht (noun, singular): fight, fight, battle, struggle
arudde (verb, infinitive): aredden, to set free, to rescue
deað (noun, singular): deth, death
secheð (verb, present third person plural): sechen, to seek, to look for
bituhen (preposition): bituhhen, between, among
heorteliche (adverb): hertili, eagerly, earnestly, heartily
biseche (verb, present first person singular): bisechen, to beseech, to entreat
cuðe (verb, present first person singular): kithen, to make known (by words or without words), to reveal, to show, to exhibit
lanhure (adverb): at least
þus (adverb): thus, in this way
ituket (verb, past participle): to ill-treat
islein (verb, past participle): slen, to slay, to kill
miracle (noun, singular): miracle
aras (verb, past third person singular): arisen, to arise
þeos (adjective, demonstrative feminine): this, this
ha (pronoun, feminine): he (pron. (2)), she
her-efter (adverb): her-after, hereafter, after this, from now on
sune (noun, singular): sone, son
wohede (verb, past third person singular): wouen, to woo, to court, to seduce
deoflen (noun, plural): devel, devil
hefden (verb, past third person plural): haven, to have (as auxiliary)
wohere (noun, singular): wouer, wooer
messagers (noun, plural): messengers
feole (adjective): fele, many
goddeden (noun, plural): god-dede, good deed, act of kindness
com (verb, past third person singular): comen, to come,
pruuien (verb, infinitive): preven, to prove, to demonstrate
cnihtschipe (noun, singular): knightshipe, status of a knight, chivalry, military skill
sumhwile (adverb): som-while, some time (i.e., at some point in the past), formerly
turneiment (noun, singular): tournement, tournament
kene (adjective): brave
wreah (verb, past third person singular): wrien, to hide, to cover, to conceal
Goddhead (noun, singular): godhede, God-head, divinity
ispread (verb, past participle): spreden, to spread
brad (adjective): brod, broad, wide
buuen (adverb): boven, above, at the top
istrahte (adjective, plural): from verb strecchen, to stretch out
earmes (noun, plural): arm, arm
nearow (adjective): narwe, narrow
bineoðen (adverb): binethen, at the bottom
fot (noun, singular): foot
monies (pronoun, genitive): many
wene (noun, singular): belief, thought, opinion
naueð (verb, present third person singular): negative of haven, to have not
siden (noun, plural): side, side
deciples (noun, plural): disciple, disciple
stonden (verb, infinitive): to stand
fluhen (verb, past third person plural): flen, to flee, to run away
leafden (verb, past third person plural): leven, to leave, to desert, to abandon
fremede (adjective as noun, plural): fremed, strange, estranged, alien, foreign (as plural noun: strangers, estranged ones)
i3euen (verb, past participle): yeven, to give
a3ein (preposition): ayen, against
temptatiuns (noun, plural): temptacioun, temptation
Ieremie (proper noun): Jeremiah
witneð (verb, present third person singular): witnen, to witness, to assert, to declare
schilt (verb, present third person singular): shelden, to shield, to protect
uueles (noun, plural): ivel, evil
cruneð (verb, present third person singular): corounen, to crown, to give sovereignty
þi (pronoun): your
icrunet (verb, past participle): corounen (as above), to crown, to give sovereignty
willes (adverb): willes, willingly, voluntarily
þolede (verb, past third person singular): tholen, to suffer, to feel pain (physical or emotional)
Ysaias (proper noun): Isaiah
seist (verb, present second person singular): seien, to say, to utter
hwerto (adverb, interrogative): wher-to, for what purpose?
leasse (adjective, comparative): lesse, less in amount, less in importance, less in duration
gref (noun, singular): grief, distress, misfortune, torment
arud (verb, past participle): aredden, to rescue, to redeem, to liberate
3eoi (adverb): ye, yes, certainly
iwiss (adverb): iwis, surely, indeed, certainly
ful (adverb): very
lihtliche (adverb): lightli, lightly, with little effort, easily
bineomen (verb, infinitive): binimen, to take away, to deprive
buð (verb, present third person singular): bien, to buy, to pay for
þing (noun, singular): thing, object
lutel (adverb): little, not much
ofdrahen (verb, infinitive): drauen, to attract, to attract the heart, to lead, to tug at, to entice
costnede (verb, past third person singular): costnen, to cost
sare (adverb): sore, sorely, painfully, harshly, stringently, violently, fiercely
beoð (verb, present third person plural): ben, to be, to exist
þreo (number): thre, three
þe (definite article): the, the
treo (noun, singular): tre, wood, tree
te (definite article): the, the
leðer (noun, singular): lether, leather, skin of an animal
litunge (gerund): litinge, paint, dye, colouring
heowede (verb, past third person singular): heuen (v. (2)), to colour
hongeð (verb, present third person singular): hongen, to hang, to suspend
i (preposition): in, in
chirche (noun, singular): church
mungunge (gerund): minging, memory, reminder, memorial
iset (verb, past participle): isetten, to set, to place
swuch (adjective): swich, such
stude (noun, singular): stede, place
sonest (adverb, superlative): sone, immediately, easily
seo (verb, present third person singular subjunctive): sen (v.(1)), to see, to look on, to notice
þenchen (verb, infinitive): thinken (v. (2)), to think on, to consider, to contemplate
þerbi (adverb): therbi, thereby
bihalde (verb, present third person singular subjunctive): biholden, to behold, to see
þron (adverb): ther-on, on it, in that place
schawin (verb, infinitive): sheuen (v.(1)), to show, to reveal, to make visible
openliche (adverb): openli, openly, visibly, publicly
hu (adverb): hou, how, in what way
inwardliche (adverb): in-wardli, inwardly, internally
fowr (number): four, four
heaued (adjective): hed
luuen (noun, plural): love (n.(1)), love, friendship: loves
ifind (verb, present third person singular): ifinden, to find, to encounter
gode (adjective): god, good
iferen (noun, plural): ifere (n.(1)), friend: friends, companions
wif (noun, singular): woman
licome (noun, singular): lichame, body
sawle (noun, singular): soule, soul
ouergeað (verb, present third person singular): overgon, to surpass, to exceed
passeð (verb, present third person singular): passen, to pass, to go beyond
teleð (verb, present third person singular): tellen, to consider, to evaluate, to tell
leið (verb, present third person singular): leien, to lay, to put
wed (noun, singular): pledge, deposit to a creditor
Giwerie (noun, singular): Jeuerie, the Jewish people, the Jews
acwitin (verb, infinitive): aquiten, to acquit, to release
leide (verb, past third person singular): leien, to lay, to put
honden (noun, plural): honde, hand: hands, clutches
fordede (noun, singular): fore-dede, favour, service, an act performed for someone
þah (conjunction): though, though, although
iweddet (verb, past participle): wedden, to wed, to marry
iwurðen (verb, infinitive): iworthen, to become
unwreast (adjective): unwreste, wicked, depraved
swa (adverb): so, so
longe (adverb): long, a long time
forhorin (verb, infinitive): forhoren, to prostitute, to commit adultery
oþre (adjective): other, other
walde (verb, past third person singular): willen (v.(1)), to be willing, to desire
a3ein (adverb): ayen, again, back again
kepte (verb, past third person singular subjunctive): kepen, to keep, to notice, to care about, to greet, to welcome
sawle (noun, singular): soule, soul
spuse (noun, singular): spouse, spouse, bride, bridegroom
heaued (adjective): hed, capital, main, principal
feole (adjective): fele, many
3eres (noun, plural): yer (n.(2)), year
dahes (noun, plural): dai, day
mearci (noun, singular): merci, mercy
eauer (adverb): ever, always, ever
3arow (adjective): yare, ready, available, prepared
wule (verb, present third person singular): willen (v.(1)), to be willing, to desire
ham (noun, singular): hom, home, residence, one's native land
leten (verb, infinitive): to leave
þen (definite article, masculine accusative): the, the
Ieremie (proper noun): Jeremiah
3ei3eð (verb, present third person singular): yeien, to cry out, to call out, to shout
biturn (verb, singular imperative): biturnen, to turn, to change
eorneð (verb, present third person singular): rennen, to run
3eincume (noun, singular): yencome, homecoming, return
warpeð (verb, present third person singular): werpen, to throw
earmes (noun, plural): arm, arm
anan (adverb): an-on, immediately, straight away, anon
abuten (preposition): abouten, around, about
swire (noun, singular): neck
milce (noun, singular): mercy
her (adverb): her, here
gleadfulre (adjective, comparative): gladful, full of gladness, joyful
leof (noun, singular): lef (n.(2)), beloved, lover, dear one
sone (adverb): immediately, straight away
kimeð (verb, present third person singular): comen, to come, to approach
neowe (adjective): neue, new
Austin (proper noun): Augustine
bituhhen (preposition): between
neoleachunge (gerund): neighlechinge, approach, sexual intimacy
gode (adjective): good
werkes (noun, plural): werk, work, deed, action
treowe (adjective): treue, true, steadfast, faithful
bileaue (noun, singular): bileve, belief, faith
þeose (adjective, demonstrative plural): these, these, those
meiðhad (noun, singular): maithhod, virginity, maidenhood
hefde (verb, past third person singular): haven, to have, to experience, to possess
bihofde (verb, past third person singular, impersonal): bihoven, to be needed, to be necessary, to be required
beað (noun, singular): bath, bath
ihealet (verb, past participle): ihelen (v.(1)), to heal, to cure, to save
þe (pronoun, relative): the, who
seke (adjective): sik, sick, diseased, ill
þerwið (adverb): ther-with, from it, with it, therewith
cleansin (verb, infinitive): clensen, to cleanse, to clean
iblescet (verb, past participle): iblessen, to give divine blessing, to bless oneself with the sign of the cross
greiðede (verb, past third person singular): greithen, to prepare, to make ready, to provide
weschen (verb, infinitive): washen, to wash, to cleanse
hwit (adjective): whit, white
feier (adjective): fair, fair, attractive
cluppunges (gerund, plural): clipping, embrace
earste (adjective, superlative): erest, first
fulluht (noun, singular): fulloght, the sacrament of baptism
teares (noun, plural): tere, tear
inre (adjective, comparative): innere, inner, internal
oðer (conjunction): other, or
uttre (adjective, comparative): outre, outer, external
forme (adjective): forme, first, former
suleð (verb, present third person singular): sulen, to soil somebody, to pollute somebody
halheð (verb, present third person singular): halwen, to make holy, to sanctify
Iuhan (proper noun): John
for3eoten (verb, infinitive): foryeten, to forget
heo (pronoun): he (pron.(2)), she
resun (noun, singular): resoun (n.(2)), reason, motive
depeint (verb, past participle): depeinten, to paint, to depict
honden (noun, plural): honde, hand
read (adjective): red, red
cnut (verb, present third person singular): knitten, to tie a knot in, to fasten
gurdel (noun, singular): girdel, girdle, belt
þoht (noun, singular): thought, thought, idea, reminder
þurlunge (gerund): thirlinge, piercing
feorðe (adjective): ferthe (num.), fourth
etscene (adjective): clear, easily seen
twinnunge (gerund): twinninge, separation, parting
freond (noun, plural): frend, friend
sari (adjective): sori, sad, sorrowful
ha (pronoun, plural): he (pron.(3)), they
schulen (verb, present third person plural): shulen (as modal auxiliary), shall, should, must
twinnin (verb, infinitive): twinnen (v.(1)), to separate, to part company
willeliche (adverb): willingly, voluntarily
totweamde (verb, past third person singular): totwemen, to separate, to part company, to divide
veien (verb, infinitive): feien (v.(1)), to join, to put together, to combine
ouerkimeð (verb, present third person singular): overcomen, to surpass, to exceed
measte (adjective, superlative): most, most
3etten (adverb): yetten, still, nonetheless
3eouen (verb, infinitive, passive sense): yeven, to give, to grant
allunge (adverb): allinges, wholly, in every way
sullen (verb, infinitive, passive sense): sellen, to sell, to give as a gift
reauin (verb, infinitive, passive sense): reven
neomen (verb, infinitive): nimen, to take, to capture, to conquer
neomen (verb, infinitive): nimen, to take, to capture, to conquer
strengðe (noun, singular): strengthe, physical strength, force
biteon (verb, infinitive): biten (v.(2)), to bestow, to give somebody in marriage, to devote
betere (adverb): bettre, better
feherest (adjective, superlative): fair, fair, handsome
richest (adjective, superlative): riche, rich, wealthy
weolie (adjective, plural, as noun, genitive): weli (adj.), rich, powerful, rich in mind or spirit
wisest (adjective, superlative): wise, wise, prudent
monne (noun, plural, genitive): man, man
hendest (adjective, superlative): hende, noble, courtly, having knightly qualities
freoest (adjective, superlative): fre, generous, noble, free, of freeborn status
large (adjective): generous
swotest (adjective, superlative): sote, sweet in smell, sweet in taste, spiritually pleasing
swetest (adjective, superlative): swete, sweet in taste, sweet in smell, fragrant, melodious, blessed
reisuns (noun, plural): resoun (n.(2)), reason, motive
nomeliche (adverb): nameli
þreouald (adjective): threfolde, three-fold, of three kinds
i (preposition): in, in
widewehad (noun, singular): widwehede, widowhood
spushad (noun, singular): spoushed, marriage, married state
meidenhad (noun, singular): maidenhede, virginity, maidenhood, celibacy
heste (adjective, superlative, as noun): heigh, high, lofty, supreme (here, 'the highest')
bugge (verb, present third person singular subjunctive): bien, to buy, to purchase. Compare with the infinitive 'buggen' in this sentence.
hu (adverb, interrogative): hou, how, in what way
sumhweat (pronoun): som-what, something
suleð (verb, present third person singular): sellen, to sell
icud (verb, past participle): kithen, to make known, to reveal, to exhibit
chap (noun, singular): chep, bargain, purchase
nempne (verb, singular imperative): nemnen, to name, to mention, to specify, to say
feor (noun, singular): price
wealden (verb, infinitive): welden, to rule, to reign, to control
chulle (verb, present first person singular): willen, to will, to desire
cwen (noun, singular): quene (n.(2)), queen
heoueriche (noun, singular): heven-riche, kingdom of Heaven
seoueuald (adverb): sevenfoldli, seven-fold, seven times
brihtre (adjective, comparative): bright, bright, resplendent, brilliant
nahhi (verb, infinitive): neighen, to come close, to advance, to approach
wonti (verb, infinitive): wanten to be lacking, to be in need, to want for something
iwraht (verb, past participle): werken (v.(1)), to work, to perform, to do
þenchen (verb, infinitive): thinken (v.(2)), to think (of), to conceive, to imagine
selhðe (noun, singular): selthe, happiness, joy, pleasure
unmeteliche (adverb): unmeteli, immeasurably, inordinately
vneuenliche (adverb): unevenli (adjective), incomparable; here as adverb, 'incomparably'
unendeliche (adverb): infinitely
Creasuse (proper noun, genitive): Croesus (here, 'Croesus's')
weole (noun, singular): wele (n.(1)), wealth, riches
Absalones (proper noun, genitive): Absalom (here, 'Absalom's')
schene (adjective): shene, shining, bright, brilliant
wlite (noun, singular): beauty, countenance
euesede (verb, past third person singular): evesen, to cut the hair, to clip the hair
salde (verb, past third person singular): sellen, to sell
euesunge (gerund): hair removed by cutting, hair clippings
kearf (verb, past third person singular): kerven, to cut
sicles (noun, plural): sicle, shekel
seoluer (noun, singular): silver, silver
iweiet (verb, past participle): weien (v.(1)), to weigh, to measure weight
Asaeles (proper name, genitive): Asahel (here, 'Asahel's')
swiftschipe (noun, singular): swiftshipe, swiftness in running
straf (verb, past third person singular): striven, to strive, to compete
of urn (prepositional phrase): in running
Samsones (proper name, genitive): Samson (here, 'Samson's')
sloh (verb, past third person singular): slen, to slay, to kill
þusent (number): thousand, thousand
Cesares (proper name, genitive): Caesar (here, 'Caesar's')
freolec (noun, singular): freo-lac, generosity, kindness
Alixandres (proper name, genitive): Alexander (here, 'Alexander's')
hereword (noun, singular):, fame, reptuation, renown
Moysese (proper noun, genitive): Moses (here, 'Moses's')
heale (noun, singular): hele (n.(1)), good health
somet (adverb): samod, together
nelde (noun, singular): nedle, needle
anewil (adjective): on-wille, stubborn, obstinate
leosen (verb, infinitive): lesen (v.(4)), to lose
forsakest (verb, present second person singular): forsaken, to repudiate, to deny, to give up
biȝete (noun, singular): biyete, benefit, advantage, profit
halde (verb, present first person singular): holden (v.(1)), to hold, to carry
heatel (adjective): hatel, full of hate, hostile, cruel, dangerous
dealen (verb, infinitive): delen, to separate, to divide, to cut up
bisenchen (verb, infinitive): bisenchen, to plunge, to cast down
hore (noun, singular): hore (n.(2)), whore, prostitute
schentfulliche (adverb): shendfulli, shamefully
sorhfulliche (adverb): sorwefulli, sorrowfully, unhappily
ondswere (verb, singular imperative): answeren, to answer, to reply
were (verb, singular imperative, reflexive): weren (v.(1)), to defend oneself
const (verb, present second person singular): connen, to be able to do something, to know how to do something
ȝette (verb, singular imperative): yeten (v.(2)), to grant, to bestow
biheue (noun, singular): bihove, benefit, advantage
witneð (verb, present third person singular): witnen, to witness, to testify, to assert, to declare
alle (adjective): al, all
uttre (adjective): outre, outer, external, exterior
heardschipes (noun, plural): hardshipe, hardship, difficulty, suffering
flesches (noun, genitive): flesh, flesh, body (here, 'of the flesh', 'of the body')
pinsunges (noun, plural): pinsing(e, penitential suffering, pain
ant (conjunction): and, and
licomliche (adjective, plural): licamlich, bodily
swinkes (noun, plural): swink, toil, physical labour, hard work
aȝeines (preposition): ayen, in comparison with, against
luue (noun, singular): love, love
schireð (verb, present third person singular): to clean, to purify [see note below on heorte schir ant of briht sihðe]
brihteð (verb, present third person singular): brighten, to illuminate, to brighten, to burnish, to purify, to cleanse
heorte (noun, singular): herte, heart, the self
bisischipe (noun, singular): bisishipe, effort, exertion, exercise
lutel (adjective): litel, little, limited
wurð (noun, singular): worth, value, worth
ah (conjunction): ac, but
swote (adjective): sot(e, sweet, pleasing
god (adjective): good, good, excellent
þinges (noun, plural): thing, thing
Ich (pronoun, first person): I
cuðe (verb, past first person singular subjunctive): connen, to know, to be knowledgeable of, to have capability of
monne (noun, genitive plural): man, man, humankind (here, 'of men')
ledene (noun, singular): leden, language, speech, tongue
englene (noun, genitive plural): aungel, angel (here, 'of angels')
pine (noun, singular): pine, pain, suffering
passiun (noun, singular): passioun, passion, suffering
poure (adjective as noun): povre, poor (here, 'the poor')
hefde (verb, past first person singular): haven, to have
nefde (verb, past first person singular; negative): haven, to have (here, 'did not have')
þerwið (adverb): ther-with, in addition, with it, besides
ispillet (verb, past participle): spillen, to devastate, to kill, to lay waste
hali (adjective): holi, holy, sacred, divine
abbat (noun, singular): abbot, abbot
seide (verb, past third person singular): seien, to say, to state, to utter
þolieð (verb, present first person plural): tholen, to suffer, to endure
doð (verb, present first person plural): don, to do, to enact, to perform, to exercise
swucche (adjective): swich (adj.), such
lomen (noun, plural): lome, tool, implement
tilie (verb, infinitive): tillen (v.(1)), to cultivate, to till
hwa kepte ham to halden?: ‘who would want to keep them?’
Alswa as… alswa: ‘Just as…. so’, a construction used repeatedly in Ancrene Wisse
forþi þet: for the reason that
nan ne mei habben: no-one can have
worltliche þinges: ‘worldly things’, a phrase used throughout Ancrene Wisse. See, for example: Part III, 52: 173, Part IV, 78: 358, 104: 1398, Part VI, 133: 46. These references are from Ancrene Wisse: A Corrected Edition of the Text in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 402 with Variants from other Manuscripts, ed. Bella Millett, 2 Vols, EETS O.S. 325 and 326 (2005-2006), vol I, with page and line number(s) respectively; all subsequent references from Ancrene Wisse are to this edition.
swa … þet: ‘in such a way… that’
oðer… oðer: ‘either… or’
for his biheue: for his benefit (or, advantage)
oðer ba togederes: or both together
þe leatere falleð in to þe earre: the latter is part of the former
do al þet tu wult: do all you want
al þe sit uuele: all sits badly with you
beoð bisie to habben: try to have
Ich hit habbe iseid ear: I have said it already
na þing ne wilnin ne ne luuien bute Godd ane: you neither desire nor love anything but God alone
te ilke þinges for Godd þe helpeð ow toward him: the same things, for God, that help you towards him
nawt for hamseoluen: not for themselves
as is mete oðer clað, mon oðer wummon þe ȝe beoð of igodet: as food or clothes, or a man or woman who is of help to you
spekeð þus to ure Lauerd: speaks thus to our Lord
I þis is al þe strengðe of alle religiuns: In this is the strength/power of all religions
þe ende of alle ordres: the end (i.e. objective) of all orders
beoð i luue irotet: are in love rooted / are rooted in love
schal beon ileid i Seinte Mihales weie: shall be placed in Saint Michael’s scale
luue hit ouerweieð: love outweighs it
heo ne edhalt na þing: she [i.e., Love] holds back nothing
ah ȝeueð al þet ha haueð, ant ec hireseoluen: but gives all that she has, and also herself
Elles ne kepte Godd nawt of þet hiren were: Otherwise, God would not care for anything that belonged to it
on alle cunne wise: in every kind of way
ant mare bihaten: and promised more
al þet is i þe world he weorp under ure fet: all that is in the world he cast under our feet.
ear we weren forgulte: before we were guilty of sin
serueð þe gode to sawle biheue: serves the good to the benefit of (their) souls
ȝef us nawt ane of his, ah dude al himseoluen: gave us not only what was his, but gave all himself
nes neauer iȝeuen: was never given
Neomeð nu gode ȝeme: Now pay careful attention
Earst as a mon þe woheð: First as a man who woos
he sende his sonden biuoren: he sent his messengers before
On ende: at last, in the end
forte wohin hire wið: to woo her with
hire luue wealden: claim her love
Herto falleð a tale, a wrihe forbisne: Regarding this there is a tale (literally, 'falls a tale'), an exemplary story with hidden meaning
biset al abuten: besieged all around
biturnd upon hire swa unimete swiðe: directed towards her so (very) immeasurably
Heo underfeng al as on unrecheles: She accepted everything without care
swa wes heard iheortet: was so hard-hearted
hire luue ne mahte he neauer beo þe neorre: he was never able to be the nearer to her love
Hwet wult tu mare?: What more do you want?
wrahte feole wundres ant dude muchele meistries biuoren hire ehsihðe: worked many wonders/marvels and did many great things before her eyesight.
al þet he ahte: all that he had/owned
Al þis ne heold nawt: All this held nothing, all this had no result
Nes þis hoker wunder?: Is this not scorn wondrous?
heo nes neauer wurðe forte beon his þuften: she was never worth to be his servant
Ah swa þurh his deboneirte luue hefde ouercumen him: But through his graciousness love had so overcome him
þine van beoð se stronge, þet tu ne maht nanes weis wiðute mi sucurs, edfleon hare honden, þet ha ne don þe to scheome deað efter al þi weane: your enemies are so strong that you cannot in any way without my help flee from their hands so that they do not put you to a shameful death after all your suffering
neome þet feht upo me: take this fight upon me
ham þe: those who
þi deað secheð: seek your death
Ich wat þah to soðe: I know, though, in truth
neomen deaðes wunde: take death's wound
Ich hit wulle heorteliche forte ofgan þin heorte: I will heartily (or, eagerly, earnestly), in order to claim your heart
biseche Ich þe for þe luue þet Ich cuðe þe: I beseech you for the love that I make known to you
tu luuie me lanhure efter þe ilke dede dead, hwen þu naldest liues: you love me at least after this same deed, when I am dead, when you would not while I was alive
to wundre ituket ant islein on ende: terribly ill-treated, and killed at the end
Nere þeos ilke leafdi of uueles cunnes cunde: Would this same lady not be of an evil kind of nature
o þisse wise: in this way
þe deoflen hefden biset: which devils had beset
as weren sumhwile cnihtes iwunet to donne: as knights were accustomed to do some time (in the past)
dude him i turneiment: entered himself in the tournament
on euche half iþurlet: pierced on each side
þe wreah his Goddhead: which hid his God-head/divinity
efter monies wene: according to the belief of many
Þet þis scheld naueð siden is for bitacnunge þet: That this shield has no sides is to signify that
ibeon his siden: been his sides
Nawt ane þis scheld ne schilt us: Not only (does) this shield protect (or, shield) us
ah deð ȝet mare: but does yet more
for willes he þolede al þet he þolede: for willingly he suffered all that he suffered
Forte bineomen us euch bitellunge aȝein him of ure luue: In order to deprive us of each excuse to him of (withholding) our love
se deore bohte: so dearly (or, expensively) bought
Me buð lihtliche þing þet me luueð lutel: One buys cheaply that which one loves (or, cherishes) little
deorre pris nes neauer: (a) dearer price was there never
ofdrahen of us ure luue toward him: to attract, from us, our love to him
I scheld beoð þreo þinges: In a shield there are three things
Alswa wes i þis scheld: So it was in this shield
hehe i chirche: high in church
on his mungunge: in his memory / in memory of him
i swuch stude þer me hit sonest seo: in such a place that one might soonest (or, most easily) see it
þenchen þerbi o Iesu Cristes cnihtschipe þet he dude o rode: to think thereby on Jesus Christ's knightly skill (or, chivalry), which he did on the Cross
His leofmon bihalde þron: His lover may behold (or, should behold) on it
lette þurlin his scheld: let his shield be pierced
to schawin hire openliche hu inwardliche he luuede hire: to show her openly how inwardly he loved her
Fowr heaued luuen: Four main loves
ouergeað þeos fowre, passeð ham alle: surpasses these four, goes beyond them all
Ne teleð me him god fere þe leið his wed i Giwerie to acwitin ut his fere?: Does not one consider him a good friend who lays his pledge to the Jews to release his friend?
dude his deorewurðe bodi: gave his precious body
Neauer fere ne dude swuch fordede for his fere: Never did a friend do such a favour for his friend
Muche luue is ofte bitweone mon ant wummon: There is often much (or, great) love between man and woman
þah ha were iweddet him: though she were wedded to him
mahte iwurðen se unwreast: might become so depraved
he ne kepte hire nawt: he would not care for her
For þah þe sawle, his spuse, forhori hire wið þe feond under heaued sunne: For though the soul, his spouse, prostitutes herself with the devil in capital (or, cardinal) sin
feole ȝeres ant dahes: many years and days
his mearci is hire eauer ȝarow: his mercy is always ready for her
hwen ha wule cumen ham ant leten þen deouel: when she is willing to come home and leave the devil
he ȝeiȝeð al dei: he cries out constantly (literally, 'he cries out all day')
ȝet he eorneð: yet he runs
aȝein hire ȝeincume: at her homecoming
warpeð earmes anan abuten hire swire: straight away throws his arms around her neck
ȝet her gleadfulre wunder: yet here is an even more joyful wonder
sone se ha kimeð to him aȝein, he makeð hire neowe meiden: as soon as she comes to him again, he makes her a new virgin (or, makes her a virgin anew)
monnes neoleachunge makeð of meiden wif ant Godd makeð of wif meiden: man's approach makes of a virgin a wife, and God makes of a wife a virgin
Child þet hefde swuch uuel þet him bihofde beað of blod ear hit were ihealet: (Let's say that a) child had such a sickness that it needed a bath of blood before it were healed
þe walde þis beað him makien: who would make this bath for it
se seke of sunne ant swa isulet þerwið: so sick of sin and so soiled with it
bute his blod ane: but his blood alone
His luue makeð us beað þrof: His love makes us a bath from it
Iblescet beo he eaure!: May he always be blessed!
ha were wurðe to his cleane cluppunges: she were worthy for his clean embraces
efter þe forme beað ȝef ha hire suleð: after the first bath if she soils herself
Þet he luueð us mare þen eani moder hire child, he hit seið himseoluen þurh Ysaie: That he loves us more than any mother does her child, he says himself through Isaiah
depeint te i mine honden: painted you in my hands
Me cnut his gurdel to habben þoht of a þing: One knots one's girdle to remind oneself of something (literally, 'to have thought of a thing')
dude mearke of þurlunge in ure munegunge: made a mark of piercing in our memory
i ba twa his honden: in both of his two hands
swiðe mid alle: very much indeed
þet is etscene i þe twinnunge: that is clear in the separation
leoue freond beoð sari hwen ha schulen twinnin: dear friends are sorrowful when they must part
willeliche totweamde: willingly separated
forte veien ure baðe togederes: in order to join both of ours together
world buten ende: forever (literally, 'world without end')
Þus, lo: Thus, see
ȝetten he woheð hire o þis wise: still he woos her in this way
oðer hit is... oðer hit is... oðer hit is: either it is... or it is... or it is
forte ȝeouen allunge: to be given entirely
hwer maht tu biteon hit betere þen upo me?: where can you better bestow it than upon me?
Nam Ich: Am I not
þinge feherest: the fairest of things
hest icunnet: the highest born
weolie wisest: the wisest of the wise
For swa me seið bi large mon: For so one says of a generous man
þe ne con nawt edhalden: who cannot hold back (i.e. hold back from giving)
he haueð þe honden, as mine beoð, iþurlet: he has pierced hands, as mine are
Nam Ich alre þinge swotest ant swetest?: Am I not the sweetest and most sweet-smelling of all things?
hwi me ah to ȝeoue luue þu maht ifinden in me: why one ought to give love you can find in me
ȝef þu luuest chaste cleannesse: If you love chaste cleanness
nan ne mei luuie me bute ha hire halde: no-one can love me unless she keeps it
nis nawt to ȝeouene: is not to be given
wult þet me bugge hire: want one to buy it
Oðer wið oðer luue oðer wið sumhweat elles: Either with another love or with something else.
swa me ah to sulle luue: thus one ought to sell love
for na þing elles: for nothing else
ȝef þin is swa to sullen: If yours is thus to be sold
For of þe fowr measte luuen: For of the four greatest loves
of ham alle: of them all
ȝef þu seist þu nult nawt leote þron se liht chap: If you say that you do not want to grant so cheap a price for it (i.e., your love)
wult ȝette mare: want yet more
ne schalt seggen se muchel þet Ich nule ȝeoue mare: shall not say so much that I will not give more
Þu schalt te seolf: You shall yourself
Nan uuel ne schal nahhi þe: No evil will come near you
na wunne ne schal wonti þe: no joy will be lacking for you
Al þi wil schal beon iwraht: All your will shall be done
in heouene ant ec in eorðe, ȝe, ant ȝet in helle: in Heaven and also in Earth, yes, and even in Hell.
Ne schal neauer heorte þenchen hwuch selhðe þet Ich nule ȝeouen for þi luue unmeteliche, vneuenliche, unendeliche mare: No heart will ever conceive any joy that I will not give for your love immeasurably, incomparably, infinitely more.
Al Creasuse weole, þe wes kinge richest: All Croesus's wealth, who was the richest of kings
þe as ofte as me euesede him, salde his euesunge: who, as often as his hair was cut, sold the clippings
þe her þet he kearf of: the hair that he cut off
þe straf wið heortes of urn: who strove with harts in running
sloh a þusent of his fan: killed a thousand of his enemies
al ed a time: all at once
ane bute fere: alone, without a companion
nalde a mon for an of þeos ȝeouen al þet he ahte?: would not a man for one of these give all that he had?
alle somet, aȝein mi bodi, ne beoð nawt wurð a nelde: all together, compared with (literally, 'against') my body, are not worth a needle
se swið anewil: so very stubborn
swa ut of þi wit: so out of your mind
tu þurh nawt to leosen: you, with nothing to lose
swuch biȝete wið alles cunnes selhðe: such an advantage with all kinds of happiness
bisenchen ham ba into þe fur of helle: plunge them both into the fire of Hell
schentfulliche ant sorhfulliche world abuten ende: shamefully and sorrowfully forever
Ondswere nu ant were þe, ȝef þu const: Answer now and defend yourself, if you can
oðer ȝette me þi luue þe Ich ȝirne se swiðe: or grant me your love for which I yearn so much
nawt for min, ah for þin ahne muchele biheue: not for mine, but for your own great benefit
Seinte Pawel witneð: Saint Paul witnesses
al is ase nawt aðeines: all is as nothing against
þe schireð ant brihteð þe heorte: that cleanses and burnishes the heart
licomlich bisischipe is to lutel wurð: bodily exertion is of little value
god to alle þinges: good for everything
Þah Ich cuðe... þah Ich... þah Ich: If I knew... if I... if I...
monne ledene ant englene: the language of men and angels
dude o mi bodi: inflicted on my body
þet bodi mahte þolien: that a body might suffer
to Godd ant to alle men, in him ant for him: towards God and all men, in him and for him
alle swucche þinges ne beoð nawt bute as lomen: all such things are nothing but tools
to tilie wið þe heorte: with which to cultivate the heart
ȝef þe axe ne kurue, ne spitelsteaf ne dulue, ne þe sulh ne erede, hwa kepte ham to halden?:
This is near the opening of Part VII of Ancrene Wisse. Part VII is dedicated to ‘Love’, and can be seen as the core of the text. It is the culminating Part in the ‘Inner Rule’ (Parts II-VII), and the author stresses that Love is the ‘leafdi riwle’ (lady rule), the greatest in importance (154: 369). Part VII begins on folio 104r of the manuscript known as Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 402.
This line referring to literal tools emphasizes the idea of ‘cultivating’ the heart with Love. The author clarifies that all forms of physical hardship are only ‘tools’, like axes and spades: physical toil is not important in itself, but only as equipment with which to cultivate the heart. As he says soon after, ‘hardship of the flesh’ should only be loved insofar as it encourages God’s grace. Throughout Ancrene Wisse, the heart is a space that can change form. Here, it is tillable land; and as we see a couple of lines down, the heart becomes ‘schir’ (pure, or shining).
heorte schir ant of briht sihðe:
Bella Millett says the following on this phrase, and the phrase slightly earlier in Part VII (‘schireð ant brihteð þe heorte’): they ‘express a similar complex of ideas, although the similarity cannot be brought out fully in translation. On an abstract level, love purifies (
schireð) and enlightens (
brihteð) the heart; on the metaphorical level, it makes the troubled waters of the heart clear (see
MED s.v. shir(e adj. (d)) and unclouds its sight so that it can see God (see
MED s.v bright adj. 4. (a)).’ Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 258/7.3.
MED here stands for the
Middle English Dictionary, which you can find online:
<http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/> Note that the heart is able to ‘see’: a pure heart has ‘briht sihðe’ (clear sight). Compare this to the term ‘breoste-ehen’ (eyes of the breast) in Part IV of
Ancrene Wisse (111: 1653). The
Wooing Group meditation known as
Ureisun of God Almihti has the image of ‘heorte eihen’ (eyes of the heart). (
Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd, etc., ed. W. Meredith Thompson, EETS O.S. 241 (1958), p. 9, l. 151; all subsequent references from the
Wooing Group are to this edition.) The
Wooing Group is a group of lyrical meditations associated in manuscript tradition with
Ancrene Wisse and
the group of five texts known as the
Katherine Group.
monglunge of unþeawes:
The ‘vices’ are dealt with more fully in Part IV of Ancrene Wisse, where each sin takes the form of a particular animal.
eorðlich luue of worltliche þinges:
The incompatibility of earthly and heavenly loves is also a prominent theme in the meditations of the Wooing Group. The danger of ‘earthly love for worldly things’ is brought to the surface in a Wooing Group meditation editorially entitled On Lofsong of ure Louerde. The meditator assumes the voice of Augustine to show that she understands that she must relinquish all earthly loves:
uor nu ich understonde hu soð hit is ðet seint austin seið in his boc . uniseli is ðet is wið luue to eni eorðlich þing iteied . uoreuer bið ðet swete; abouht mid twofold of bittre .
(Thompson, ed. (1958), p. 14, ll. 152-159)
For now I understand how true it is, what Saint Augustine says in his book: unhappy [or, uninnocent] is that which to any earthly thing is tied with love. Forever that sweetness is surrounded with twofold bitterness.
þe ehnen of þe heorte:
See the note earlier on ‘briht sihðe’. Ancrene Wisse and the associated lyrical meditations known as the Wooing Group contain this image of the heart or the breast having ‘eyes’. This image ultimately comes from the Bible: Book of Ephesians, 1:18.
as Seint Bernard seið:
Bernard of Clairvaux († 1153) is one of the Ancrene Wisse-author’s named sources. The Ancrene Wisse-author draws heavily on Bernard’s work.
The source for this particular section is Bernard’s De Moribus et officio episcoporum (Tractate on the Office and Duty of Bishops). (See Geoffrey Shepherd, ed., Ancrene Wisse: Parts Six and Seven (London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1959), p. 53 / 28). Bella Millett quotes the Ancrene Wisse-author’s source here, translating Bernard’s Latin: ‘Purity of heart consists in two things: in seeking the glory of God and the benefit of one’s neighbour.’ (Bella Millett, trans. Ancrene Wisse, Guide for Anchoresses: A Translation (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2009), p. 258, 7/4.)
Comparing the quote from Bernard with Ancrene Wisse, it is clear that the Ancrene Wisse-author does not quote his sources word for word. It is also clear that the author does not specifically identify his source, saying only ‘seinte Bernard seið’. As Millett says on the Ancrene Wisse-author’s use of sources:
‘To a great extent Ancrene Wisse is a compilation, drawing together material from a wide variety of origins. Often its sources are not acknowledged, and even where they are, the acknowledgements are characteristically brief […], and not always accurate; sometimes the author seems to have been working from memory rather than directly from a source […].’ (Millett, trans. (2009), p. xxvi)
Omnia munda mundis … uidelicet rationis:
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 145, for her translation of the Latin.
The anchoresses for whom Ancrene Wisse was written would have been illiteratus; in other words, they would not have been fluent in Latin. Throughout the text, the Ancrene Wisse-author quotes a great deal of Latin: from the Bible, from the Church Fathers, from twelfth-century writers, and other sources. He quotes Latin to give evidence for his statements. Since the anchoresses could not read much (if any) Latin, the author usually provides a loose translation in English of all Latin he quotes.
Here, there is no translation of the Latin, but this is probably because these were annotations in the margin of an earlier version of Ancrene Wisse that were then included in this manuscript (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 402). See Millett's observations on these two Latin quotations (Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 260/7.28-9).
Ancrene Wisse survives in seventeen manuscripts, in English, French and Latin. No one copy of the text is exactly the same as any other.
Augustine: Habe caritatem, et fac quicquid uis, uoluntate uidelicet rationis:
Augustine is another one of the Ancrene Wisse-author’s named sources. ‘Love, and do what you want’ is a saying that became very popular in the twelfth century, as noted by Geoffrey Shepherd. See Shepherd, ed. (1959), p. 54 / 35f.
The Ancrene Wisse-author is continuing to emphasise the supreme importance of Love. Caritas, translated into Modern English as ‘charity’, refers to true Christian love.
ententes:
The vocabulary of Ancrene Wisse includes many French loanwards: ‘ententes’ (intentions) here is one example. ‘Loanwords’ are words borrowed from foreign languages.
mine leoue sustren ouer alle þing beoð bisie to habben schir heorte:
Again, the main idea here is that the anchoress must, above all, ‘over all things’, concentrate on developing a pure, shining heart, which is made that way through Love—as seen in the earlier passage.
Throughout Ancrene Wisse, the author repeatedly uses the greeting ‘mine leoue sustren’ (my dear sisters). See, for example, 1: 10, 20: 20, 23: 116-117, 48: 1, 74: 238, 129: 595, 132: 2, 164: 344 (Millett, ed. (2005-06))— there are many other instances. This creates the impression of intimacy between the author and his readers. Ancrene Wisse was originally addressed to three anchoresses whom the author knew personally. The text later reached a much wider audience, however. (See Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, xix-xxiv).
Anne Savage has suggested that the anchoresses were indirectly involved in the composition of Ancrene Wisse. See Anne Savage, ‘The Communal Authorship of Ancrene Wisse’, in A Companion to Ancrene Wisse, ed. Yoko Wada (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2003), pp. 45-55.
There are other cases of authors writing anchoritic guides for women they knew personally. Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167), one of the Ancrene Wisse-author’s named sources, wrote an anchoress’ guide in Latin for his biological sister. Aelred’s text is known as De institutione inclusarum. For a translation of this text, see ‘A Rule for the Life of a Recluse’, trans. Mary Paul Macpherson, in Treatises: the Pastoral Prayer, ed. M. Basil Pennington, Cistercian Fathers Series ii (Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1982), pp. 41-102.
Ich hit habbe iseid ear:
Ancrene Wisse is a very carefully constructed text. Various editors have chosen to edit selections of Ancrene Wisse (such as Shepherd’s edition of Parts 6 and 7 (Shepherd, ed. (1959)), and Robert W. Ackerman and Roger Dahood’s edition and translation of Part I (Robert W. Ackerman and Roger Dahood, ed. and trans., Ancrene Riwle: Introduction and Part I (Binghamton: Centre for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York, 1984)). However, Ancrene Wisse is ultimately a cohesive text, each part intricately linked to the others. Linda Georgianna makes a similar point. (See Linda Georgianna, The Solitary Self: Individuality in the Ancrene Wisse (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 79-80.)
Throught Ancrene Wisse, there is a very strong individual authorial voice, bolstered by the use of the first person, ‘Ich’. The author’s comments near the close of Ancrene Wisse particularly reveal his powerful, and perhaps at times slightly comical, individual authorial voice:
Of þis boc redeð hwen ȝe beoð eise euche dei leasse oðer mare. Ich hopie þet hit schal beon ow, ȝef ȝe hit redeð ofte, swiðe biheue, þurh Godes muchele grace; elles Ich hefde uuele bitohe mi muchele hwile. Me were leouere, Godd hit wite, do me toward Rome þen forte biginnen hit eft forte donne.
(164: 336-340)
Read some of this book in your free time every day, whether less or more. I hope that if you read it often it will be very useful to you, through God's great grace; otherwise I would have wasted the long time I spent on it. As God is my witness, I would rather set out to Rome than start writing it again.
(Millett, trans. (2009), p. 164)
Who was the Ancrene Wisse-author? This question has puzzled scholars for decades. The author’s institutional context, at least, has been clarified somewhat. Eric J. Dobson suggested that Ancrene Wisse received a Dominican influence via the Augustinian canons. (Eric Dobson, The Origins of Ancrene Wisse (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976)). This idea has been strengthened by Bella Millett in her recent work, where she compares three passages from Ancrene Wisse on the author's own order with the Dominican constitutions. (See Bella Millett, ‘The Origins of Ancrene Wisse: New Answers, New Questions’. Medium Aevum, 61 (1992), 206-28).
ase seið Seint Austin ant spekeð þus to ure Lauerd: Minus te amat qui preter te aliquid amat quod non propter te amat:
Augustine of Hippo, as mentioned in an earlier note, is one of the Ancrene Wisse-author’s named sources.
See Millett, trans. (2009), pp. 145-146, for her translation of the Latin.
She notes that this comes from Augustine’s Confessiones (p. 259, 7/6)
Schirnesse of heorte is Godes luue ane:
The statement that ‘Purity of heart is God’s love alone’ encapsulates the fundamental idea of Part VII: that God’s love and Love for God, purifying the heart, is the basis of the anchoritic existence. Love resides in God, and everything must be Loved purely for God.
þe strengðe of alle religiuns, þe ende of alle ordres:
The question of the anchoress’ religion / order is touched upon in the authorial Preface. The author notes, rather disparagingly, that the anchoress should not pay attention to those who foolishly ask her what her ‘order’ is. Instead, he says, she should answer that she belongs to the order of St. James (see 3-4: 93-116, and Millett's (2009) translation of the passage, pp. 3-4). The idea in this passage is that the anchoress’ religious ‘order’ does not rest in busying herself with external duties, such as helping sinners (the widows and fatherless children represent souls who are widowed from Christ or lost to the Father, as the author explains (4: 110-113)). Rather, the anchoress’ 'order' rests in purifying her soul. This is exemplified in Part VIII with the typical example of Martha and Mary. Whereas Martha busies herself with the cares of housework, Mary only maintains a peaceful heart; the anchoress must be like Mary (157: 91ff).
Plenitudo legis est dilectio. ‘Luue fulleð þe lahe’, seið Seinte Pawel
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 146, for her translation of the Latin.
Saint Paul is another one of the Ancrene Wisse-author’s named sources. This particular citation, Plenitudo legis est dilectio, is from Romans 13:10.
In the authorial Preface, the author calls Paul ‘þe Earste Ancre’ (the First Anchorite) (4: 119).
Paul is cited throughout Ancrene Wisse. Pauline citations appear in, for example, Part I (12: 176), Part II (29: 369-370), Part IV (87: 719-720), Part V (125: 439-441), and Part VI (132: 4ff); there are other numerous citations of Paul throughout the text.
Paul is also quoted in the Wooing Group meditations, in, for example, Ureisun of God (p. 8, ll. 122-124), and Lofsong of ure Louerde (p. 12, ll. 67-69).
Quicquid precipitur in sola caritate solidatur. ‘Alle Goddes heastes’, as Sein Gregoire seið:
Gregory the Great (c. 540-604) is another of the Ancrene Wisse-author’s named sources. Like Paul, he is also cited frequently. See, for example, Part IV (68: 7-8) and Part V (124: 401ff).
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 146, for her translation of the Latin.
ileid i Seinte Mihales weie:
As Millett explains, this refers to ‘the archangel Michael’s scales, in which the soul’s good and bad deeds are weighed after death to decide its final destination’ (Millett, ed. (2005-06), p. 261, 7/ 42-3.
See also Shepherd's observations (Shepherd, ed. (1959), p. 54, n. 16).
Þeo þe meast luuieð schulen beo meast iblisset, nawt þeo þe leadeð heardest lif, for luue hit ouerweieð:
The Ancrene Wisse-author here repeats a key idea of the whole text: that Love, and not harsh bodily discipline, is the key to salvation. In Part VIII, the part dedicated to the anchoress’ outer observances, the author repeatedly stresses moderation. She should eat enough:
leoue sustren, ower mete ant ower drunch haueð iþuht me ofte leasse þen Ich walde. Ne feaste ȝe na dei to bread ne to weattre bute ȝe habben leaue.
(156: 33-35)
dear sisters, your food and drink have often seemed to me less than I would like. Do not fast on bread and water on any day unless you have permission.
(Millett, trans. (2009), p. 156)
She must also take good care of herself after her bloodletting (161: 213-216). Part VIII also makes clear that the anchoress should not cut or torment her body without the permission of her confessor (158: 121-127).
heouene stiward:
Shepherd notes on this image of Love as heaven’s ‘steward’: ‘In Anglo-Norman courts the steward, dapifer, one of the great officers of state, had charge of the royal hall and its provisioning’ (Shepherd, ed. (1959), p. 54 / 18)
heo ne edhalt na þing, ah ȝeueð al þet ha haueð, ant ec hireseoluen:
In other words, Love gives itself entirely: even herself. Later in Part VII, the author argues that Love makes everything its own, based on Deuteronomy 11: 24 (153: 325-335). Love, therefore, gives all of herself and also makes everything her own.
Godd haueð ofgan ure luue on alle cunne wise:
The statement of God 'winning' the love of humanity in every kind of way relates to the idea of God 'buying' humanity's salvation, an idea fundamental to Christian doctrine. See the reference in Part IV of Ancrene Wisse on Christ 'buying' souls through his blood: ‘[...] þi sawle, Godes deore bune, þet he bohte mid his blod [...]’ (110: 1618-1619) (your soul, God's expensive purchase, that he bought with his blood).
al þet is i þe world he weorp under ure fet, beastes ant fuheles, ear we weren forgulte:
This is comparable with the following line in Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerde (the longest Wooing Group meditation, and the one that has received the most critical attention): '[...] first þu mades al þis werld 7 dides hit under mine fet' (p. 22, ll. 82-84) (first you made all this world, and put it under my feet).
Omnia subiecisti sub pedibus eius: oues et boues uniuersas, insuper et pecora campi, volucres celi, et pisces maris qui perambulant semitas maris:
The source for this is Psalm 8: 8-9.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 146, for her translation of the Latin.
Apostolus: Christus dilexit Ecclesiam et dedit semetipsum pro ea:
The source for this is Ephesians 5: 25.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 146, for her translation of the Latin.
Neomeð nu gode ȝeme, mine leoue sustren:
The author repeatedly uses this exhortation to 'pay attention', to 'take heed'. See, for example, Part VI, 132: 12.
Earst as a mon þe woheð, as a king þet luuede a gentil poure leafdi of feorrene londe:
This language of Christ loving the anchoress as a man wooing a woman stems ultimately from the Song of Songs, which is the basis for much of the imagery of sweetness in Ancrene Wisse and the Wooing Group.
Could some of the language in Ancrene Wisse be interpreted as sexual? Later in Part VII, there is the imagery of Jesus' love being 'Greek fire' (151: 257 ff). Elizabeth Robertson has tentatively suggested that the Greek fire image in Ancrene Wisse may allude to female orgasm, leading to the 'conception' of the anchoress’ spiritual works. (See Elizabeth Robertson, ‘Medieval Medical Views of Women and Female Spirituality in the Ancrene Wisse and Julian of Norwich’s Showings’, in Feminist Approaches to the Body in Medieval Literature, ed. Linda Lomperis and Sarah Stanbury (Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), pp. 142-67 (p. 152)).
þet weren þe patriarches ant te prophetes of þe Alde Testament, wið leattres isealet. On ende he come himseoluen, ant brohte þe Godspel as leattres iopenet ant wrat wið his ahne blod saluz to his leofmon, luue-gretunge:
Here, the author explains, Christ first sent his messengers, 'which were the patriarchs and the prophets of the Old Testament'. Compare the 'sealed' (isealet) letters of the Old Testament with the 'opened' (iopenet) letters of the Gospel: the Gospel is more accessible, clearer in meaning. See further on this: Millett, ed. (2005-06), Vol II, 261, 7/63-5.
The author uses the image of Christ 'writing with his blood', resonating with the later Middle English Charters of Christ. (For more on this, see Shepherd, ed. (1959), p. 55, n. 5).
Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerde also has the image of love-letters being written in/on Christ's heart:
A swete iesu þu oppnes me þin herte for to cnawe witerliche 7 in to redden trewe luue letters. for þer i mai openlich seo hu muchel þu me luuedes.
(p. 35, ll. 546-51)
Ah sweet Jesus, you open (for) me your heart to know truly, and to read in it true love letters. For there I may openly see how much you love me.
Herto falleð a tale, a wrihe forbisne:
Ancrene Wisse is filled with exempla to demonstrate certain ideas. The allegory of Christ the Lover-Knight (the 'forbisne' to which the author refers), is one of the best-known sections of Ancrene Wisse. Please see notes below for more information.
A leafdi wes mid hire fan biset al abuten.... A mihti kinges luue [...]:
In this allegory, a noble lady is surrounded by her enemies, attacking her on all fronts. A knight who loves her offers to protect her, but she rejects all his advances. The knight continues to attempt to protect her, and finally dies in defending her from her enemies. As the author goes on to explain, this Lover-Knight is Christ.
This theme/motif of Christ as a Lover-Knight is not unique to Ancrene Wisse. For an examination of the theme of Christ the Lover-Knight in medieval English literature more broadly, see Rosemary Woolf, ‘The Theme of Christ the Lover-Knight in Medieval English Literature’, in Art and Doctrine: Essays on Medieval Literature, ed. Heather O’Donoghue (London: Hambledon Press, 1986).
See also Catherine Innes-Parker's important chapter, ‘Ancrene Wisse and Þe Wohunge of Ure Lauerd: The Thirteenth-Century Female Reader and the Lover Knight’, in Women, the Book and the Godly, ed. Lesley Smith and Jane H. M. Taylor (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1995), pp. 137-48.
an eorðene castel:
The human body is imaged here as an 'earthen castle'. See further on this: Millett, ed. (2005-2006), vol II, 261-262/ 7.69, and Shepherd, ed. (1959), p. 56, n. 10. See also Part VI of Ancrene Wisse, where the author refers to the body as a castle: 137: 222-227, etc.
Hwet wult tu mare?:
This admonishment, 'What more do you want?', is directed at the anchoress. The reader is thus meant to identify with the ungrateful lady, not the generous and loving king. For this debate, see Catherine Innes-Parker, ‘The Lady and the King: Ancrene Wisse’s Parable of the Royal Wooing Re-Examined’, English Studies, 75 (1994), 509-522 (515). See also Dennis Rygiel, ‘The Allegory of Christ the Lover-Knight in Ancrene Wisse: An Experiment in Stylistic Analysis’, Studies in Philology, 73 no. 4 (1976), 343-364; and Dennis Rygiel ‘Structure and Style in Part Seven of Ancrene Wisse’, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 81 (1980), 47-56.
his feire neb:
This resonates with Devotion to the Face of Christ.
þet he wes luue-wurðe, as weren sumhwile cnihtes iwunet to donne:
On this statement referring to the 'knights of old', see Shepherd, ed. (1959), pp. 56-57, note for p. 22/8f.
in his istrahte earmes:
The image of Christ's arms stretched out is also prominent in the Wooing Group. See, for example, Ureisun of God (p. 6, ll. 47-48).
nearow bineoðen as þe an fot—efter monies wene—set upo þe oðer:
Millett remarks on the development of representations of the '"three-nail" crucifix'. See Millett, ed. (2005-06), p. 262/7. 102-3.
ibeon his siden:
On this image of the disciples as Christ's 'sides', see Shepherd, ed. (1959), p. 58, note for p. 22/16.
Relicto eo omnes fugerunt:
This is based on Matthew 26:56.
See Millett (2009), p. 147, for her translation of the Latin.
Dabis scutum cordis laborem tuum:
This is based on Lamentations 3:65.
See Millett (2009), p. 147, for her translation of the Latin.
Scuto bone uoluntatis:
This is taken from Psalm 5: 13:
'Quoniam tu benedices iusto Domine ut scuto bonae voluntatis coronasti nos (For thou wilt bless the just. O Lord, thou hast crowned us, as with a shield of thy good will.)'
Cited from 'Parallel Latin/English Psalter', <http://medievalist.net/psalmstxt/home.htm> [accessed 2nd December 2011]
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 147, for her translation of the Latin.
willes he þolede al þet he þolede:
Christ's willingness to suffer 'all that he suffered' is an important aspect of Christian doctrine.
The will was also important with regard to the sinner. Peter Abelard (1079-1142) argued that consent to follow the will was the basis of sin. See Peter Abelard’s Ethics, ed. and trans. D. E. Luscombe (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), especially p. 14.
Goscelin of Saint-Bertin (c. 1035-1107), a Flemish cleric who wrote a book of guidance for the anchoress Eva (a book known as Liber confortatorius), says that the sinner cannot be freed by coercion; this is because the sinner fell as a result of his own will. For a translation of this passage, see The Book of Encouragement and Consolation, trans. Monika Otter (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2004), p. 57.
Ysaias: Oblatus est quia voluit:
This is based on Isaiah 53: 7.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 147, for her translation of the Latin.
He bohte us wið his heorte blod:
The blood of Christ as payment for human souls is a theme which appears in Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerde: ‘A swete iesu mi liues luue wið þi blod þu haues me boht.’ (p. 35, ll. 577-579). (Ah, sweet Jesus, my life's love, with your blood you have bought me.) See also the note earlier on God 'winning' love in all kinds of ways.
Alswa wes i þis scheld:
Why do you think the Crucifix might be compared to a shield?
See Millett, ed. (2006-2006), vol II, 263/7.118-24, for another occurrence of this image (citing Eric Dobson).
þe reade blod þet heowede:
'the red blood that coloured': The verb heuen is also used in the context of Christ's blood on the Cross in Part VI of Ancrene Wisse (see 135: 123-126), and here in Part VI it is applied to Christ's shame as a 'colouring' of pain.
mungunge:
A gerund is a form that comes from a verb but acts as a noun: 'mungunge', a word deriving from Old English, is an example of this. The 'mungunge' of Christ is also referred to elsewhere in Ancrene Wisse and the Wooing Group. See, for example, Part II of Ancrene Wisse (42: 857-858), Ureisun of God (p. 7, ll. 79-81), and Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd (p. 20, ll. 3-5).
lette þurlin his scheld:
This verb, 'þurlin', is important with regard to Part IV of Ancrene Wisse. In a passage based on Psalm 21:17, the author stresses that on Christ's body, the wounds were 'dug' (duluen), rather than 'pierced' (þurleden), in order to cause Him greater pain. See Part IV, 111: 1635-1639.
openin his side, to schawin hire his heorte, to schawin hire openliche hu inwardliche he luuede hire, ant to ofdrahen hire heorte:
This beautiful passage relates to devotion to the Sacred Heart. There was a developing tradition in the Middle Ages in which Christ's Side Wound was seen as the door to his Heart. See Wolfgang Riehle, The Middle English Mystics, trans. Bernard Standring (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), p. 46.
Why might the two adverbs 'openliche' and 'inwardliche' be placed in close proximity to one another?
Fowr heaued luuen:
For textual parallels to these categories of love, see Millett, ed. (2005-2006), 264: 7/128-82.
bitweone:
The manuscript has 'bi' here, on f. 106v ('f.' followed by the number means one side of a manuscript leaf, and 'v' signifies that it is the back side of the leaf). However, it seems to be a mistake for 'bitweone'. For more on this, see Millett, ed. (2005-2006), 264: 7/129.
Ne teleð me him god fere þe leið his wed i Giwerie to acwitin ut his fere?:
Robert Hasenfratz notes: 'Behind this story of the loyal friend lies the memory of the legendary friends Damon and Pythias. Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice is a later handling of the same folkmotif.' (Ancrene Wisse, ed. Robert Hasenfratz (Kalamazoo, 2000) (Online), Part VII, n. for 115ff). Shepherd, ed. (1959), also refers to this, p. 59, 1ȝf.
Giwerie:
Anti-Semitism pervades medieval literature.
For background on the Jewish community in the Middle Ages, see Millett, ed. (2005-2006), 264: 7/132, and Shepherd, ed. (1959), pp. 59-60, n. 1ȝf.
For þah þe sawle, his spuse:
This language of the soul as Christ's 'spouse' belongs to the tradition of sponsa Christi, a tradition of thought and expression which has some basis in exegesis of the Song of Songs. For more on sponsa Christi, see John Bugge, Virginitas: An Essay in the History of a Medieval Ideal (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1975).
The Ancrene Wisse-author explains here that Christ loves the anchoress’ soul (his ‘spouse’) more than a man could love his wife. A husband would reject a wife who prostitutes herself with other men, whereas Christ accepts the soul who has ‘prostituted’ herself with the devil through sin.
Si dimiserit uir uxorem suam, et cetera. Tu autem fornicata es cum multis amatoribus, tamen reuertere ad me, dicit Dominus:
This is from Jeremiah 3:1.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 148, for her translation of the Latin.
Immo et occurrit prodigo uenienti:
This is based on Luke 15:20, on the parable of the Prodigal Son.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 148, for her translation of the Latin.
'ȝet he eorneð', hit seið, aȝein hire ȝeincume ant warpeð earmes anan abuten hire swire’:
As Hasenfratz (2000) notes, the author's translation 'is based not on the Latin paraphrase of Luke immediately preceding, but directly on the Vulgate text.' (note for 128-129).
as Seint Austin seið:
As Millett, trans. (2009) observes, the reference to Augustine as the source of the following assertion is 'incorrect'. She notes that the source is a commentary by Jerome. See p. 262/7.34 of her translation for full information.
(bitweonen) bituhhen:
At this point in the text, the manuscript has 'bitweonen bituhhen' (on f. 106v). Both 'bitweonen' and 'bituhhen' mean 'between'. As Shepherd, ed. (1959) observes, the repetition of 'between' here might be due to an error by the scribe. (p. 60/36).
Restituit, inquit Iob, in integrum:
This is based on Job 12:23.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 149, for her translation of the Latin.
meiðhad i sawle:
Here, the author suggests that good works and true faith are 'virginity in the soul'; he indicates that virginity is not merely a question of physical integrity, but also a question of spiritual wholeness. Being a 'virgin' does not only mean having an intact hymen and abstaining from sexual intercourse. It also means having a pure soul. For more on this, see Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse, ed. and trans. Bella Millett and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), pp. xv-xvi, and see also Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Saints' Lives and Women's Literary Culture c. 1150-1300: Virginity and its Authorizations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
A text related to Ancrene Wisse through manuscript affiliation and verbal echo is one of the so-called Katherine Group texts, given the editorial title Hali Meiðhad. Hali Meiðhad is devoted to promoting virginity, and the author of this text stresses that virginity is not only a physical condition. A virgin can still fall through the sins in her soul:
Ah þah þu, meiden, beo wið unbruche of þi bodi, ant tu habbe prude, onde oðer wreaððe, ȝisceunge oðer wac wil inwið [i þin] heorte, þu forhorest te wið þe unwiht of helle, ant he streoneð on þe þe team þet tu temest.
(Hali Meiðhad, ed. Bella Millett, O.S. 284 (1982), p. 20, ll. 29-32; all subsequent references are to this edition)
But, maiden, though your body is unbreached (literally, 'though you be with integrity of your body'), if you have pride, envy, or anger, greed or other weak will inside in your heart, you prostitute yourself with the demon of Hell, and he begets on you the offspring that you bear.
muchel þe moder luuede hit þe walde þis beað him makien. Þis dude ure Lauerd us:
This analogy between the self-sacrificing mother and Christ seems to belong to the tradition of Christ as Mother. See Caroline Walker Bynum for the background to this tradition, in Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkely: University of California Press, 1982). See also Part VI of Ancrene Wisse, where Christ is imaged as a Mother protecting humanity from the ‘beating’ of the strict Father (138: 261-263)
teares, inre oðer uttre:
Why do you think the Ancrene Wisse-author refers to both 'inner' and 'outer' tears? What might he mean?
Qui dilexit nos et lauit nos in sanguine suo:
This is based on Revelation 1:5.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 149, for her translation of the Latin.
Nunquid potest mater obliuisci filii uteri sui? Et si illa obliuiscatur, ego non obliuiscar tui:
This is based on Isaiah 49:15.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 149, for her translation of the Latin.
See the earlier note on 'muchel þe moder luuede hit', for the Christ as Mother tradition.
In manibus meis descripsi te:
This is based on Isaiah 49:16.
See Millett, trans. (2009), p. 149, for her translation of the Latin.
depeint te ... Swa he dude mid read blod up o þe rode:
Christ paints with his red blood. See the earlier note on 'þe reade blod þet heowede' ('the red blood that coloured...').
dude mearke of þurlunge in ure munegunge, i ba twa his honden:
Why might the Ancrene Wisse-author stress that Christ's nailed hands are a 'reminder' to Him of His creation?
Þe sawle luueð þe licome:
The Ancrene Wisse-author asserts that the soul 'loves' the body, stressing a deep interconnection between the two. In Part III, he cautions against overly harsh treatment of the body, for fear that the soul will be destroyed along with the body (55: 286-288).
Caroline Walker Bynum has observed that by the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, '[l]iterature of spiritual advice, like scholastic textbooks, uses marriage imagery to stress that body and spirit are bound together by tenderness, even passion, into “one flesh”; person is a psychosomatic unity.’ (The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200-1336 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 332.)
Hali Chirche, oðer cleane sawle:
This notion of Christ's spouse being the 'Church' or the 'soul' is founded upon exegesis of the Song of Songs. For more on this, see E. Ann Matter, The Voice of My Beloved: the Song of Songs in Western Medieval Christianity (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990).
he woheð hire o þis wise:
In the following passage, Christ speaks, actively wooing the anchoress. In Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd, which also centres on the anchoress' love relationship with Christ, His speech is not as prominent. Why do you think this might be?
Nam Ich þinge feherest?
In the following lines, Christ lists His lovable qualities, enumerating the ways in which he is 'eligible' for the anchoress' love. Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd also engages with this tradition, progressing through each of the qualities which make Christ deserving of love. See the first section of Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd in Thompson, ed. (1958), pp. 20-27. For background on the tradition of the 'conditions of eligibility', see Bella Millett, ‘The “Conditions of Eligibility” in Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd’, in The Milieu and Context of the Wohunge Group, ed. Susannah Mary Chewning (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2009), pp. 26-47.
weolie wisest:
For the rationale behind translating this as 'the wisest of the wise', see Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 267/7.188.
swa me seið bi large mon þe ne con nawt edhalden þet he haueð þe honden, as mine beoð, iþurlet:
See Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 267/7.188-90, for textual parallels of this image of the generous man having pierced hands.
ha is þreouald: i widewehad, i spushad, i meidenhad—þe heste:
Although virginity is 'the highest' state, the author suggests that 'chaste cleanness' is not for virgins alone. Married women and widows can also embrace 'chaste cleanness'. (See the earlier note on 'meiðhad i sawle'.)
Hali Meiðhad affirms that married women and widows have a place in Heaven. The Hali Meiðhad-author even suggests that women who have had sex outside of wedlock can regain their 'cleanschipe chaste' (chaste cleanness/purity), through confession and penance (see p. 10, ll. 23-34).
ah wult þet me bugge hire:
What do you make of this imagery of 'buying' love?
See also earlier note for 'Godd haueð ofgan ure luue on alle cunne wise'.
[Hu?]:
The manuscript does not have 'Hu?' here (on f. 107v). This online edition follows Millett in inserting it. For her explanation, see Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 267/7.196.
luue [for luue]:
The manuscript (on f. 107v) only has 'luue'. This online edition follows Millett in inserting 'for luue' here. For her explanation, see Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 268/7.197.
The Ancrene Wisse-author asserts that love can only be bought with love in return.
In Þe Wohunge of ure Lauerd, there is the image of Christ buying the anchoress' heart with his own:
‘Wið wrange schuldi þe min heorte wearnen siðen þet tu bohtes herte for herte.’ (p. 35, ll. 551-553)
(It would be wrong to deny you my heart, since you bought heart for heart).
þe, na:
Millett inserts a clause here. For her explanation, see Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 268/7.206-7.
neauer heorte þenchen:
Based on Pauline language (1 Corinthians 2:9; and see also Isaiah 64:4), this topos is common in medieval devotional literature. For example, it appears in the lyrical Marian meditation On God Ureisun of ure Lefdi:
‘ne mei non heorte þenchen ne nowiht arechen, / neo no muð imelen ne no tunge tegen / hu muchel ðu ȝeirkest wið-inne paradise / ham þet swinkeð dei & niht i ðine seruise.' (English Lyrics of the Thirteenth Century, ed. Carleton Brown (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932), p. 4, ll. 47-50)
(no heart may think nor anyone reach / no mouth speak, nor tongue tell / how much you prepare within Paradise / (for) those who toil day and night in your service).
hwuch:
Millett emends this to 'swuch'. For her explanation, see Millett, ed. (2005-06), 268/7.209.
Creasuse:
Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 268-269, provides very useful background information on these references to Croesus, Absalom, Asahel, Samson, Caesar, Alexander, and Moses.
For the reference to the value of Absalom's hair, see 2 Samuel 14: 25-26. See 2 Samuel 2:18 on Asahel's speed. See Judges 13-16 for more information about Samson (especially 15: 14-17).
See also the article by Geoffrey Shepherd, 'All the Wealth of Croesus...: A Topic in the Ancren Riwle', Modern Language Review, 51 (1956), 161-167.
Ich halde her heatel sweord upo þin heaued:
This sudden threat of violence is disturbing, but not perhaps unexpected. Christ's entire speech has been characterized by aggression, first through the repeated questioning and demands, and then through this imagined violence against the anchoress. The wooer here seems to be both lover and aggressor. What do you make of this image of the 'cruel sword' above the anchoress' head?
beon:
After 'beon', Millett inserts 'þer' (150: 221). For her explanation, see Millett, ed. (2005-06), vol II, 269/7.221.
ah for þin ahne muchele biheue:
Christ's speech ends on a threatening note. The remainder of Part VII continues to focus on Christ's love; particularly important is the author's discussion of the love of Christ being 'Greek fire' (see 151: 257 onwards).
Seinte Pawel: Paul is one of the Ancrene Wisse-author's named sources. See the note below on Plenitudo legis est dilectio. ‘Luue fulleð þe lahe’, seið Seinte Pawel.
Exercitio corporis ... valet ad omnia: This is based on
1 Timothy 4:8. For all Biblical quotations, you can source the (medieval Latin) Vulgate text
here, and the (early modern) Douay-Rheims English translation
here, on linked sites which allow you to switch between the text and translation.
The same Biblical reference is used in the Preface of
Ancrene Wisse. See
Ancrene Wisse: A Corrected Edition of the Text in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 402 with Variants from other Manuscripts, ed. Bella Millett, 2 Vols, EETS O.S. 325 and 326 (2005-2006), vol I, 1: 29-31.
as þe hali abbat Moyses seide: The 'holy abbot Moses' refers to the Ethiopian Abba Moses, who is quoted in Cassian's
Collationes, as explained by: Millett, ed., vol II (2006), 259, 7/12; and Geoffrey Shepherd, ed.,
Ancrene Wisse: Parts Six and Seven (London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1959), p. 52, 19/15ff. Robert Hasenfratz suggests that the
Ancrene Wisse-author may have also derived the sayings of the Abba Moses from
The Lives of the Desert Fathers.
(Ancrene Wisse, ed. Robert Hasenfratz (Kalamazoo, 2000) (
Online), Part VII, n. for 11).