Laȝamon (lines 13971-14297)

            Þa com þer in are tiden         an oht mon riden,                             
And brohte tidinge    Arðure þan kinge
From Moddrede, his suster sune    —Arðure he wes wilcume:
For he wende þat he brohte            boden swiðe gode.
Arður lai alle longe niht          and spac wið þene ȝeonge cniht               
Swa nauer nulde he him sugge       soð hu hit ferde.
Þa hit wes dæi a marȝen     and duȝeðe gon sturien,
Arður þa up aras       and strehte his ærmes.
He aras up and adun sat      swulc he weore swiðe seoc.
Þa axede hine an uæir cniht:             'Lauerd, hu hauest þu iuaren toniht?'
Arður þa andswarede           —a mode him wes uneðe:
'Toniht a mine slepe,             þer ich laei on bure,
Me imætte a sweuen;          þeruore ich ful sari æm.
Me imette þat mon me hof uppen are halle,
Þa halle ich gon bistriden      swulc ich wolde riden.                                 
Alle þa lond þa ich ah,          alle ich þer ouer sah;
And Walwain sat biuoren me;         mi sweord he bar an honde.
            Þa com Moddred faren        þere mid unimete uolke;
He bar an his honde             ane wi-ax stronge.
He bigon to hewene            hardliche swiðe                                             
And þa postes forheou alle             þa heolden up þa halle.
Þer ich iseh Wenheuer eke,             wimmonnen leofuest me;
Al þere muche halle rof         mid hire honden heo todroh.
Þa halle gon to hælden         and ich hæld to grunden
Þat mi riht ærm tobrac.          Þa seide Modred: "Haue þat!"                   
Adun ueol þa halle,               and Walwain gon to ualle,
And feol a þere eorðe;         his ærmes breken beine.
And ich igrap mi sweord leofe         mid mire leoft honde
And smæt of Modred is hafd          þat hit wond a þene ueld.
And þa quene ich al tosnaðde         mid deore mine sweorede             
And seoððen ich heo adun sette    in ane swarte putte.
            And al mi uolc riche    sette to fleme,
Þat nuste ich under Criste                 whar heo bicumen weoren.
Buten miseolf ich gon atstonden     uppen ane wolden,
And ich þer wondrien agon wide ȝeond þan moren.                              
Þer ich isah gripes and grisliche fuȝeles.
Þa com an guldene leo         liðen ouer dune,
Deoren swiðe hende            þa ure Drihten makede.
Þa leo me orn foren to          and iueng me bi þan midle
And forð hire gun ȝeongen and to þere wende.                  
And ich isæh þæ vðen         i þere driuen;
And þe leo i þan ulode        iwende wið me seolue.
Þa wit i comen     þa vðen me hire binomen.
Com þer an fisc liðe             and fereden me to londe.
Þa wes ich al wet       and weri of sorȝen and seoc.                                 
Þa gon ich iwakien;                swiðe ich gon to quakien;
Þa gon ich to biuien   swulc ich al furburne.
And swa ich habbe al niht    of mine sweuene swiðe iþoht,
For ich wat to iwisse agan is al mi blisse.
For a to mine liue       sorȝen ich mot driȝe.                                               
Wale þat ich nabbe here     Wenhauer mine quene!'
            Þa andswarede þe cniht: 'Lauerd, þu hauest unriht;
Ne sculde me nauere sweuen         mid sorȝen arecchen.
Þu ært þe riccheste mon      þa rixleoð on londen
And þe alre-wiseste             þe wuneð under weolcne.                          
ȝif hit weore ilumpe, swa nulle hit ure Drihte—
Þat Modred, þire suster sune,         hafde þine quene inume
And al þi kineliche lond         isæt an his aȝere hond,
Þe þu him bitahtest               þa þu to Rome þohtest,
And he hafde al þus ido       mid his swikedome,                                     
Þe ȝet þu mihtest þe awreken        wurðliche mid wepnen,
And æft þi lond halden         and walden þine leoden,
And þine feond fallen           þe þe ufel unnen,
And slæn heom alle clane,   þet þer no bilauen nane.'
            Arður þa andswarede,          aðelest alre kinge:                            
'Longe bið æuere     þat no wene ich nauere
Þat æuere Moddred mi mæi           [...]
Wolde me biswiken             for alle mine richen,
No Wenhauer mi quene       wakien on þonke;
Nulleð hit biginne,      for nane weorld-monne.’                                          
            Æfne þan worde forðriht       þa andswarede þe cniht:
'ich sugge þe soð, leofe king,          for ich æm þin vnderling.
Þus hafeð Modred idon:      þine quene he hafeð ifon,
And þi wunliche lond isæt an his aȝere hond.
He is king and heo is quene             of þine kume nis na wene:              
For no weneð heo nauere to soðe             þat þu cumen aȝain from Rome.
ich æm þin aȝen mon           and iseh þisne swikedom,
And ich æm icumen to þe seoluen             soð þe to suggen.
Min hafued beo to wedde   þat isæid ich þe habbe
Soð buten lese         of leofen þire quene,                                               
And of Modrede þire suster sune, hu he hafueð Brutlond þe binume.'
            Þa sæt hit al stille       in Arðures halle.
Þa wes þer særinæsse        mid sele þan kinge;
Þa weoren Bruttisce men     swiðe vnbalde uor þæn.
Þa umbe stunde       stefne þer sturede:                                                  
Wide me mihte iheren          Brutten iberen,
And gunne to tellen   a feole cunne spellen,
Hu heo wolden fordeme      Modred and þa quene
And al þat moncun fordon    þe mid Modred heolden.
            Arður þa cleopede, hendest alre Brutte:                                      
'Sitteð adun stille,      cnihtes inne halle,
And ich eou telle wulle          spelles vncuðe:
Nu, tomærȝe, þenne hit dæi bið,   and Drihten hine sende,
Forð ich wulle buȝe in toward Bruttaine,
And Moddred ich wulle slæn           and þa quen forberne                      
And alle ich wulle fordon       þa biluueden þen swikedom,
And her ich bileofuen wulle me leofuest monne,
Howel, minne leofue mæi,   hexst of mine cunne;
And half mine uerde ich bilæfuen a þissen ærde,
To halden al þis kinelond      þa ich habbe a mire hond,                          
And þenne þas þing beoð alle idone,       aȝan ich wulle to Rome,
And mi wunliche lond bitæche         Walwaine mine mæie,
And iuorþe mi beot seoððe            bi mine bare life;
Scullen alle mine feond         wæi-sið makeȝe.'
            Þa stod him up Walwain,     þat wes Arðures mæi,                    
And þas word saide             —þe eorl wes abolȝe:
'Ældrihten Godd,       domes waldend,
Al middelærdes mund,         whi is hit iwurðen
Þat mi broðer Modred          þis morð hafueð itimbred?
Ah, todæi, ich atsake hine, here,      biuoren þissere duȝeðe,                
And ich hine fordemen wulle            mid Drihtenes wille.
Miseolf ich wulle hine anhon             haxst alre warien,
Þa quene ich wulle mid Goddes laȝe         al mid horsen todraȝe:
For ne beo ich nauere bliðe             þa wile a beoð aliue
And þat ich habbe minne æm         awræke mid þan bezste.'               
Bruttes þa andswarede        mid baldere stefne:
'Al ure wepnen sunden ȝarewe;     nu, tomarȝen, we scullen uaren!'
            A marȝen, þat hit dæi wes and Drihten hine senden,
Arður uorð him wende          mid aðelen his folke.
Half he hit bilæfde     and half hit forð ladde.                                              
Forð he wende þurh þat lond          þat he com to Whitsond;
Scipen he hæfde sone,       monie and wel idone,
Ah feowertene niht fulle        þere læi þa uerde,
Þeos wederes abiden,        windes bidelde.
            Nu was sum forcuð kempe in Arðures ferde;                   
Anæn swa he demen iherde           of Modredes dede,
He nom his swein aneouste            and sende to þissen londe,
And sende word Wenhaueren        heou hit was iwurðen,
And hu Arður wes on uore   mid muclere ferde,
And hu he wolde taken on   and al hu he wolde don.      
            Þa quene com to Modred,   þat wæs hire leofuest monnes,
And talde him tidende          of Arðure þan kinge--
Hu he wolde taken an           and al hu he wolde don.
Modræd nom his sonde      and sende to Sexlond
After Childriche          —þe king wes swiðe riche—                                  
And bæd hine cume to Brutaine     þerof he bruke sculde.
Modræd bad Childriche,      þene stronge and þene riche,
Weide senden sonde          a feouwer half Sexlonde,
And beoden þa cnihtes alle             þat heo biȝeten mihte
þat heo comen sone            to þissen kinedome,                                    
And he wolde Childriche      ȝeouen of his riche,
Al biȝeonde þere Humbre,            for he him scolde helpe
To fihten wið his æme,         Arðuren kinge.
Childrich beh sone    into Brutlonde!
            Þa Modred hafde his ferde isomned of monnen,
Þa weoren þere italde          sixti þusende
Here-kempen harde             of heðene uolke
Þa heo weoren icumen hidere         for Arðures hærme,
Modred to helpen,    forcuðest monnen.
Þa þe uerde wes isome      of ælche moncunne,                         
Þa heo weoren þer on hepe           an hundred þusende,
Heðene and cristene,           mid Modrede kinge.
Arður lai at Whitsond             —feouwertene niht him þuhte to long,
And al Modred wuste           wat Arður þær wolde;
æche dæi him comen sonde           from þas kinges hirede.                   
Þa ilomp hit an one time       muchel rein him gon rine,
And þæ wind him gon wende         and stod of þan æst ende,
And Arður to scipe fusde     mid alle his uerde;
And hehte þat his scipmen brohten hine to Romerel,
Þer he þohte up wende       into þissen londe.                                         
            Þæ he to þere hauene com,            Moddred him wes auornon.
Ase þe dæi gon lihte            heo bigunnen to fihten;
Alle þene longe dæi             moni mon þer ded læi.
Summe hi fuhten a londe,    summe bi þan stronde;
Summe heo letten ut of scipen       scerpe garen scriþen.                      
Walwain biforen wende       and þene wæi rumde,
And sloh þer aneuste           þeines elleouene;
He sloh Childriches sune      þe was þer mid his fader icume.
To reste eode þe sunne.     wes þa monnen;
Þer wes Walwain aslæȝe    and idon of life-daȝe                        
Þurh an eorl Sexisne særi wurðe his saule!
            Þa wes Arður særi    and sorhful an heorte forþi,
And þas word bodede        ricchest alre Brutte:
'Nu ich ileosed habbe           mine sweines leofe.
ich wuste bi mine sweuene whæt sorȝen me weoren ȝeueðe.
Islaȝen is Angel þe king,      þe wes min aȝen deorling,
And Walwaine, mi suster sune        —Wa is me þat ich was mon iboren.
Up nu, of scipen biliue,         mine beornes ohte!'
æfne þæ worde        wenden to fihte
Sixti þusend anon     selere kempen
And breken Modredes trume;         and welneh himseolue wes inome.
Modred bigon to fleon         and his folc after teon,
Fluȝen ueondliche,    —feldes beoueden eke,
ȝurren þa stanes       mid þan blodstremes.
Þer weore al þat fiht idon,     ah þat niht to raðe com;                               
ȝif þa niht neore        islaȝen hi weoren alle.
Þe niht heom todelde           ȝeond slades and ȝeond dunen;
And Modred swa vorð com            þat he wes at Lundene.
Iherden þa burh-weren         hu hit was al ifaren,
And warnden him inȝeong, and alle his folke.                              
            Modred þeone wende        toward Winchastre,
And heo hine underuengen             mid alle his monnen,
And Arður after wende         mid alle his mahte
Þat he com to Winchestre    mid muchelre uerde
And þa burh al biræd;          and Modred þerinne abeod.                      
Þa Modred isæh       þat Arður him wes swa neh,
Ofte he hine biþohte            wæt he don mahte.
Þa a þere ilke niht      he hehte his cnihtes alle
Mid alle heore iwepnen        ut of burhȝe wenden,
And sæide þat he weolde   mid fihte þer atstonden.                               
He bihehte þere burȝe-were          auermare freo laȝe
Wið þan þa heo him heolpen         at heȝere neoden.
Þa hit wes dæiliht,     ȝaru þa wes heore fiht.
            Arður þat bihedde    —þe king wes abolȝe,
He lette bemen blawen       and beonnen men to fihten;            
He hehte alle his þeines       and aðele his cnihte
Fon somed to fihten and his ueond auallen,
And þe burh alle fordon       and þat burh-folc ahon.
Heo togadere stopen          and sturnliche fuhten.
Modred þa þohte     what he don mihte;
And he dude þere,   alse he dude elleswhare,
Swikedom mid þan mæste,            for auere he dude unwraste.
He biswac his iueren             biuoren Winchestren,
And lette him to cleopien     his leofeste cnihtes anan,
And his leoueste freond alle            of allen his folke,                               
And bistal from þan fihte      —þe feond hine aȝe!—
And þat folc gode lette         al þer forwurðe.
Fuhten alle dæi;         wenden þat here lauerd þer læi
And weore heom aneouste             at muchelere neode.
            Þa heold he þene wai          þat touward Hamtone lai,                
And heolde touward hauene,          forcuðest hæleðe,
And nom alle þa scipen       þa þer oht weore,
And þa steormen alle           to þan scipen neodde,
And ferden into Cornwalen,             forcuðest kingen a þan daȝen;
            And Arður Winchestre          þa burh bilai wel faste,                     
And al þe moncun ofsloh     —þer wes sorȝen inoh—
Þa ȝeonge and þa alde,      alle he aqualde.
Þa þat folc wes al ded,         þa burh al forswelde,
Þa lette he mid alle    tobreken þa walles alle.
Þa wes hit itimed þere          þat Merlin seide while:                                 
'Ærm wurðest þu, Winchæstre;       þæ eorðe þe scal forswalȝe.'
Swa Merlin sæide     —þe witeȝe wes mære.
Þa quene læi inne Eouwerwic,         —næs heo næuere swa sarlic;
Þat wes Wenhauer þa quene,        særȝest wimmonne.
Heo iherde suggen   soððere worden,
Hu ofte Modred flah and hu Arður hine bibah;
Wa wes hire þere while       þat heo wes on life!
Ut of Eouerwike         bi nihte heo iwende
And touward Karliun tuhte     swa swiðe swa heo mahte;                        
Þider heo brohten bi nihte    of hire cnihten tweiȝe.                                  
And me hire hafd biwefde   mid ane hali rifte,
And heo wes þer munechene,        karefullest wife.
Þa nusten men of þere quene         war heo bicumen weore,
No feole ȝere seoððe         nuste hit mon to soðe
Whaðer heo weore on deðe           …
Þa heo hireseolf weore        isunken in þe watere.
Modred wes i Cornwale      and somnede cnihtes feole:
To Irlonde he sende             aneoste his sonde,
To Sexlonde he sende        aneouste his sonde,
To Scotlonde he sende       aneouste his sonde;                                     
He hehten heom to cume alle anan             þat wolde lond habben
Oðer seoluer oðer gold        oðer ahte oðer lond.
On ælchere wisen     he warnede hine seoluen,
Swa deð ælc witer mon       þa neode cumeð uuenan.
            Arður þat iherde,       wraðest kinge,                                              
Þat Modred wæs i Cornwale          mid muchele mon-weorede,
And þer wolde abiden         þat Arður come riden.
Arður sende sonde   ȝeond al his kinelonde,
And to cumen alle hehte       þat quic wes on londe,
Þa to uihte oht weoren          wepnen to beren;                                        
And whaswa hit forsete        þat þe king hete,
Þe king hine wolde a folden             quic al forbernen.
Hit læc toward hirede            folc vnimete,
Ridinde and ganninde,          swa þe rim falleð adune.
            Arður for to Cornwale mid    unimete ferde.                                  
Modred þat iherde    and him toȝeines heolde
Micl vnimete folke     —þer weore monie uæie!
Uppen þere Tambre           heo tuhten togadere.
Þe stude hatte Camelford    —euermare ilast þat ilke weorde!
And at Camelforde wes isomned   sixti þusend,                                      
And ma þusend þerto          —Modred wes heore ælder.
Þa þideruard gon ride           Arður þe riche
Mid unimete folke      —uæie þah hit weore!
            Uppe þere Tambre             heo tuhte tosomne,
Heuen here-marken,             halden togadere,                                          
Luken sweord longe,            leiden o þe helmen—
Fur ut sprengen;        speren brastlien,
Sceldes gonnen scanen,      scaftes tobreken.
Þer faht al tosomne   folc vnimete;
Tambre wes on flode           mid vnimete blode!                                     
Mon i þan fihte non þer ne mihte     ikenne nenne kempe,
No wha dude wurse no wha bet,    swa þat wiðe wes imenged:
For ælc sloh adunriht,            weore he swein weore he cniht.
Þer wes Modred ofslaȝe     and idon of lif-daȝe,
And alle his cnihtes    islaȝe in þan fihte.
Þer weoren ofslaȝe alle þa snelle
Arðures hered-men,             hehȝe and lowe,
And þa Bruttes alle   of Arðures borde,
And alle his fosterlinges        of feole kineriches,
And Arður forwunded           mid wal-spere brade;                                  
Fiftene he hafde        feondliche wunden—
Mon mihte i þare laste          twa glouen iþraste!
Þa nas þer namare    i þan fehte to laue
Of twa hundred þusend monnen    þa þer leien tohauwen,
Buten Arður þe king ane      and of his cnihtes tweien.                             
Arður wes forwunded           wunder ane swiðe.
Þer to him com a cnaue        þe wes of his cunne:
He wes Cadores sune,        þe eorles of Cornwaile;
Constantin hehte þe cnaue he wes þan kinge deore.
Arður him lokede on,             þer he lai on folden,                                     
And þas word seide             mid sorhfulle heorte:
'Costæntin, þu art wilcume; þu weore Cadores sone.
ich þe bitache here    mine kineriche,
And wite mine Bruttes          a to þines lifes,
And hald heom alle þa laȝen           þa habbeoð istonden a mine daȝen,
And alle þa laȝen gode       þa bi Uðeres daȝen stode.
And ich wulle uaren to Aualun,         to uairest alre maidene,
To Argante þere quene,      aluen swiðe sceone;
And heo scal mine wunden makien alle isunde,
Al hal me makien       mid haleweiȝe drenchen.
And seoðe ich cumen wulle             to mine kineriche
And wunien mid Brutten       mid muchelere wunne.'
Æfne þan worden     þer com of se wenden
Þet wes an sceort bat liðen, sceouen mid vðen,
And twa wimmen þerinne    wunderliche idihte,
And heo nomen Arður anan,            and aneouste hine uereden,
And softe hine adun leiden,             and forð gunnen hine liðen.
Þa wes hit iwurðen    þat Merlin seide whilen:
Þat weore unimete care        of Arðures forðfare.
Bruttes ileueð ȝete   þat he bon on liue,
And wunnien in Aualun         mid fairest alre aluen;
And lokieð euere Bruttes ȝete        whan Arður cumen liðe.
Nis nauer þe man iboren      of nauer nane burde icoren,
Þe cunne of þan soðe          of Arðure sugen mare.
Bute while wes an witeȝe    Mærlin ihate;                                                 
He bodede mid worde        —his quiðes weoren soðe—
Þat an Arður sculde ȝete      cum Anglen to fulste.
þa (tho, adverb): then, at that time
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come, arrive
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
in (preposition): at
are (on, numeral as adjective): one, a certain
tiden (tid(e, noun): time
oht (ought, adjective): worthy, trusty
mon (man, noun): man
riden (verb, infinitive): ride
brohte (bringen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): bring
tidinge (tiding(e, noun, plural): news, tidings
þan (than, definite article): the
kinge (king, noun): king
suster-sune (noun, compound of suster, noun, and sone, noun): nephew
he (pronoun): he [i.e., the messenger]
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
wilcume (welcom(e, adjective): welcome, gladly received
he (pronoun): he [i.e., Arthur]
wende (wenen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): think, believe
boden (bod, noun, plural): news
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): very
gode (god, adjective): good
lai (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): lie, remain
alle (al, adjective): all
longe (long, adjective): long
niht (night, noun): night
spac (speken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): speak, converse
wið (with, adverb): with
þene (that, definite article, dative): the
ȝeonge (yong, adjective): young
cniht (knight, noun): knight
swa (so, adverb): so that, in such a way that
nauer (never, adverb): not in any way
nulde ([= ne wulde], compound of ne, conjunction and willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing negative capability]
he (pronoun): he [i.e., the messenger]
him (pronoun): him [i.e., Arthur]
sugge (seien, verb, infinitive): say
soð (soth, noun): truth
hu (hou, adverb): how
hit (pronoun): it, things, the situation
ferde (faren, verb, 3rd perosn past indicative singular): turn out, happen, develop
hit (pronoun): it
dæi (dai, noun): day
a (preposition): on
marȝen (morn, noun): morning
duȝeðe (douth(e, noun): army
gon (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
sturien (stiren, verb, infinitive): stir, wake up
aras (arisen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): stand up
strehte (strecchen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): stretch out
ærmes (arm, noun, plural): arm
adun (adoun, adverb): down
sat (sitten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): sit
swulc (swich, adjective): as if
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
seoc (sik, adjective): sick, ill
axede (asken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): ask
hine (pronoun, accusative): him
uæir (fair, adjective): handsome, fair
lauerd (lord, noun): lord [term of polite address]
hu (hou, adverb): how
hauest (hauen, verb, 2nd person past indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
þu (thou, pronoun): you [pronoun of polite address]
iuaren (faren, verb, past participle): fare, do
toniht (tonight, adverb): tonight [i.e., last night]
þa (tho, adverb): then
andswarede (answeren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): answer, reply
a (preposition): in
mode (mod, noun, dative): mind
him (pronoun, dative): his
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
uneðe (unethe, adjective): uneasy
a (preposition): in
mine (pronoun, possessive): my
slepe (slep, noun): sleep
þer (ther, adverb): when, while, as
ich (pronoun): I
laei (lien, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): lie
on (preposition): in
bure (bour, noun): bedroom
me (pronoun, dative): to me
imætte (meten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): dream, have a dream happen
sweuen (sweven, noun): dream
þeruore (ther-for(e, adverb): on account of which
ful (adverb): very
sari (sori, adjective): grieved, distressed
æm (ben, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): am
þat (that, conjunction): that
mon (man, pronoun): someone
hof (heven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): raise, hoist
uppen (upon, preposition): upon
are (on, numeral as adjective): one, a certain
halle (hal(le, noun): hall
þa (that, definite article): the, that
gon (verb, 1st person past indicative singular): begin
bistriden (verb, infinitive): mount, sit astride
swulc (swiche, adjective): as if, in such a way as
wolde (willen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): want
riden (verb, infinitive): ride
alle (al, adjective): all
þa (that, definite article): the, that
lond (noun): land, country
þa (that, relative pronoun): that, which
ah (ouen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): have, possess
alle (al, noun): all
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place, from that place
ouer (over, prefix): over
sah (sen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): see
sat (sitten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): sit
biuoren (biforen, preposition): in front of
mi (pronoun, dative): me
sweord (sword, noun): sword
bar (beren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): hold
an (on, preposition): in
honde (hond(e, noun, dative): hand
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
faren (verb, infinitive): journey, travel
þere (ther, adverb): to that place
mid (preposition): with, accompanied by
unimete (adjective): immeasurable, extremely numerous
uolke (folk, noun): people
bar (beren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): carry, hold
ane (a, indefinite article): a
wi-ax (compound of wi, noun and ax(e, noun): battle-axe
stronge (strong, adjective): strong
bigon (biginnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
hewene (heuen, verb, infinitive): hew, chop
hardliche (hardli, adverb): vigorously
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): very
postes (post, noun, plural): supporting pillar
forheu (forheuen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): cut to pieces
þa (that, relative pronoun): which
heolden (holden, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): hold up, support
iseh (sen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): see
eke (ek, adverb): also
wimmonen (woman, noun, genitive plural): woman
leofuest (lef, adjective, superlative): beloved
me (pronoun, dative): to me
þere (that, demonstrative pronoun, genitive): that
muche (much(e, adjective): great, large
halle (hal(le, noun, genitive): hall
rof (noun): roof
mid (preposition): with
hire (hir(e, pronoun, possessive): her
honden (hond(e, noun, dative plural): hand
heo (he, pronoun): she
todroh (todrauen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): pull apart, destroy
gon (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
hælden (helden, verb, infinitive): collapse, fall
hæld (helden, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): fall down
grunden (ground, noun, dative): ground, earth
þat (that, conjunction): so that
riht (right, adjective): right [i.e., the relative direction]
ærm (arm, noun): arm
tobrac (tobreken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): break into pieces, shatter
seide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say
adun (adoun, adverb): down
ueol (fallen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): fall
gon (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
ualle (fallen, verb, infinitive): fall
feol (fallen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): fall
þere (that, definite article): the
eorðe (erthe, noun): earth
ærmes (arm, noun, plural): arm
breken (verb, infinitive): break, shatter
beine (bo, adjective): both
igrap (gripen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): grip, take hold of
leofe (lef, adjective): beloved, precious
mire (min, pronoun, dative): my
leoft (lift, adjective): left
smæt (smiten, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): strike, cut
of (adverb): off
is (his, pronoun, possessive): his
hafd (hed, noun): head
þat (that, conjunction): so that
wond (winden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): roll
þene (that, pronoun, dative): the
ueld (feld, noun): field, ground
quene (quen(e, noun): queen
al (adverb): completely
tosnaðde (tosneden, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): cut to pieces
deore (dere, adjective): dear, prized
mine (min, pronoun, possessive): my
sweorede (sword, noun): sword
seoððen (sitthen, adverb): then, subsequently
heo (pronoun, accusative): her
sette (setten, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): put, place
swarte (swart, adjective): dark, gloomy
putte (pit, noun): pit, hole
uolc (folk, noun): people
rice (riche, adjective): rich, prosperous
sette (setten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): enter a state of, begin
fleme (flemen, verb, infinitive): flee
nuste ([= ‘ne wuste’] compound of ne, conjunction, and witen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): not know
under (preposition): by, under the authority of
Criste (Crist, noun, genitive): Christ
whar (wher, conjuction): in what circumstances
heo (he, pronoun): they
bicumen (bicomen, verb, past participle): be in [a certain state], become
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
buten (but, preposition): by
miseolf (mi-self, pronoun): myself
gon (verb, infinitive): go
atstonden (at-stonden, verb, infinitive): stop, remain
uppen (upon, preposition): upon, up on
wolden (wold, noun): high ground, hilly country
wondrien (wandren, verb, infinitive): wander
agon (verb, infinitive): go
wide (wid(e, adverb): widely, far
ȝeond (yond, preposition): throughout, in every region of
þan (than, definite article): the
moren (mor, noun, plural): moor, open country
isah (seien, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): see
gripes (grip(e, noun, plural): griffin
grisliche (grisli, adjective): hideous, ugly
fuȝeles (foul, noun, plural): fowl, birds
þa (tho, adjective): then
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
guldene (golden, adjective): golden
leo (lioun, noun): lion
liðen (lithen, verb, infinitive): journey, travel
ouer (over, preposition): across
dune (doun(e, noun): open country
deoren (der, noun, genitive plural): wild animal
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): very, most
hende (hend(e, adjective): noble, powerful
þa (that, relative pronoun): that
ure (our(e, pronoun): our
Drihten (noun): Lord, Lord God
makede (maken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): make
me (pronoun, dative): to me
orn (rennen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): run
foren (forn, preposition): up before, up to
to (preposition): to
iueng (fongen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): seize, take
bi (preposition): by
þan (that, definite article, instrumental): the
midle (middel, noun): waist, middle, torso
forð (forth, adverb): forth, away
hire (hir(e, pronoun): it [see note]
gun (gon, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
ȝeongen (yongen, verb, infinitive): go forth, journey, travel
þere (the, definite article, dative): to the
(se, noun): sea
wende (wenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
isæh (sen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): see
þæ (tha, pronoun): the
vðen (ithe, noun, plural): wave
i (in, preposition): in
driuen (driven, verb, infinitive): rush
i (in, preposition): into
ulode (flod, noun): flood, sea
iwende (wenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
wið (with, preposition): along with
seolue (self, pronoun): myself
þa (tho, adverb): when
wit (with, adverb): together
i (in, preposition): into
(se, noun): sea
comen (verb, 1st person past indicative plural): come
vðen (ithe, noun, plural): wave
hire (hir(e, pronoun): her, it
binomen (binimen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): take away from
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
þer (ther, adverb): there, to that place
fisc (fish, noun): fish, [possibly] whale
liðe (lithen, verb, infinitive): travel, journey, sail
fereden (ferien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): carry, convey
londe (lond, noun): land, shore, dry land
wes (ben, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): be
al (adverb): completely, very
wet (adjective): wet, soaked
weri (adjective): exhausted
of (preposition): from, by
sorȝen (sorwe, noun): distress, adversity
seoc (sik, noun): sickness
gon (verb, 1st person past indicative singular): begin
iwakien (waken, verb, infinitive): awake
quakien (quaken, verb, infinitive): tremble
biuien (bivien, verb, infinitive): tremble, shake
swulc (swich, adjective): as if
furburne (forbrennen, verb, past participle): burn up, burn alive
swa (so, adverb): in this way
habbe (haven, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
al (adjective): all
sweuene (sweven, noun): dream
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): frequently
iþoht (thinken, verb, past participle): think
for (conjunction): because
wat (witen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): know
iwisse (iwis, adverb as noun): certainty
agan (agon, verb, past participle): go, depart
al (adjective): all
blisse (blis(se, noun): happiness
for (conjunction): because
a (o, adverb): for ever
to (preposition): in, during
liue (lif, noun): life
sorȝen (sorwe, noun): sorrow, adversity
mot (moten, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): be compelled to
driȝe (drien, verb, infinitive): tolerate, endure
wale (wei-la, interjection): woe
nabbe ([= ‘ne habbe’], compound of ne, conjunction and haven, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): not have
þa (tho, adverb): then, at that time
andswarede (answeren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): reply
lauerd (lord, noun): lord [term of polite address]
hauest (haven, verb, 2nd person present indicative singular): have
unriht (unright, noun): inaccuracy [see note]
ne (conjunction): not
sculde (shulen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing obligation]
me (pronoun): one, a person
nauere (never, adverb): in no way, not at all
mid (preposition): with
sorȝen (sorwe, noun): sorrow
arecchen (recchen, verb, infinitive): interpret
ært (ben, verb, 2nd person present indicative singular): be
riccheste (riche, adjective, superlative): mighty, powerful
mon (man, noun): person   
þa (that, relative pronoun): who
rixleoð (rixlen, verb, 2nd person present indicative singular): rule, reign
on (preposition): on, upon
londen (lond, noun, dative plural): land, country
alre-wiseste (compound of al, noun, genitive, and wis(e, adjective, superlative): wisest of all
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
wuneð (wonen, verb, 2nd person present indicative singular): dwell, live
weolcne (welken, noun): heaven, sky
ȝif (if, conjunction): if
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
ilumpe (limpen, verb, infinitive): happen, occur
swa (so, adverb): thus, so
nulle ([= ‘ne wulle’, compound of ne, conjunction, and willen, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): not wish
ure (our(e, pronoun): our
Drihte (Drihten, noun): Lord God
þire (thin, pronoun): your
suster sune (noun, compound of suster, noun, and sone, noun): nephew
hafde (haven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [pluperfect auxiliary]
inume (inimen, verb, past participle): take, seize, capture
kineliche (kinelich, adjective): royal
isæt (setten, verb, past participle): place, put
an (on, preposition): into
aȝere (ouen, adjective): own
hond (hond(e, noun): hand
þe (the, relative pronoun): which
him (pronoun): to him
bitahtest (bitechen, verb, 2nd person past indicative singular): bestow, entrust
þa (tho, adverb): when
þohtest (thinken, verb, 2nd person past indicative singular): intend to go
hafde (haven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [pluperfect auxiliary]
ido (don, verb, past participle): do
mid (preposition): with
swikedome (swikedom(e, noun): treason, betrayal
ȝet (yet, adverb): still, nevertheless
mihtest (mouen, verb): be able to
awreken (verb, infinitive): avenge, take revenge
wurðliche (worthli, adverb): appropriately
mid (preposition): with
wepnen (wepen, noun, plural): weapon
æft (eft, adverb): again, once more
halden (holden, verb, infinitive): hold, possess
walden (welden, verb, infinitive): rule over
leoden (led(e, noun, plural): people, nation
feond (fend, noun, plural): enemy
fallen (fellen, verb, infinitive): kill, make fall
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
þe (the, pronoun): to you
ufel (ivel, noun): evil
unnen (verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): offer
slæn (slen, verb, infinitive): slay kill
heom (hem, pronoun, plural, accusative): them
alle (al, adjective): all
clane (clene, adverb): fully, entirely
þer (ther, adverb): in that place
no (conjunction): not
bilauen (bileven, verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): remain
nane (non, pronoun): none
þa (tho, adverb): then
aðelest (athel, adjective, superlative): noble, excellent
alre (al, adjective, genitive plural): all
kinge (king, noun, genitive plural): king
longe (longe, adverb): for a long time
bið (ben, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): be
æuere (ever, adverb): for ever
no (conjunction): not
wene (wenen, verb, infinitive): believe
nauere (never, adverb): at no time, in no way
æuere (ever, adverb): at any time
mæi (mei, noun): male kinsman
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing purpose]
biswikien (biswiken, verb, infinitive): deceive
for (preposition): in order to obtain
richen (riche, noun): kingdom, royal authority
no (conjunction): nor
wakien (woken, verb): weaken, falter
on (preposition): in
thonke (thank, noun): good disposition, affection
nulleð ([= ne wulleð], compound of ne, conjunction, and willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing possibility]
hit (pronoun): it, that
biginne (biginnen, verb, infinitive): do
nane (non, adjective): no
weorld-monne (world-man, noun): man in the world
æfne (even, adverb): immediately after
worde (word, noun, plural): word
forðriht (forth-right, adverb): immediately
sugge (seien, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): say, tell
þe (the, pronoun): you
soð (soth, noun): truth
leofe (lef, adjective): dear, beloved
æm (ben, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): be
vnderling (underling, noun): subject
þus (thus, adverb): thus
hafeð (haven, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
idon (don, verb, past participle): do
þine (thin, pronoun): your
ifon (fon, verb, past participle): seize, take hold of
wunliche (winli, adjective): pleasant, agreeable
isæt (setten, verb, past participle): place, put
an (on, preposition): into
aȝere (ouen, adjective): own
hond (hond(e, noun): hand
heo (he, pronoun): she
kume (come, noun): return, arrival
nis ([= ‘ne is’], compound of ne, cojunction and ben, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): be not
na (no, adjective): no
wene (wen(e, noun): thought, hope
no (conjunction): not
weneð (wenen, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): think
heo (he, pronoun): she
nauere (never, adverb): in no way, not at all
to (preposition): as a matter of
soðe (soth, noun): truth
cumen (comen, verb, infinitive): come
aȝain (ayen, adverb): again, back
aȝen (ouen, adjective): own
mon (man, noun): man, subject, servant
iseh (isen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): see
þisne (this, pronoun, accusative): this
swikedom (swikedom(e, noun): betrayal, treachery
æm (ben, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
icumen (comen, verb, past participle): come
þe (the, pronoun): you
seoluen (self, pronoun): yourself
soð (soth, noun): truth
to (preposition): in order to
suggen (seien, verb, infinitive): say, tell
hafued (hed, noun): head
beo (ben, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): be
to (preposition): as
wedde (wed, noun): guarantee
isæid (iseien, verb, past participle): say
þe (the, pronoun): to you
habbe (haven, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
buten (boute(n, preposition): without
lese (les(e, noun): falsehood, lying
of (preposition): concerning
leofen (lef, adjective): dear, beloved
hu (hou, adverb): how
hafueð (haven, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
þe (the, pronoun): you
binume (binimen, verb, past participle): deprive, take away
Þa (tho, adverb): then
sæt (setten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be in a certain state
hit (pronoun): it
al (adverb): entirely
stille (adjective): noiseless, silent
Arðures (noun, genitive): Arthur
halle (hal(le, noun): hall
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
særinæsse (sorines(se, noun): sorrowfulness, grief
mid (preposition): in sympathy with
sele (sel(e, adjective): noble, virtuous
kinge (king, noun): king
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
Bruttisce (Brittish, adjective): British        
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): very
vnbalde (unbold(e, adjective): dispirited, dejective
uor (for, preposition): because of, on account of
þæn (that, pronoun): that, it
umbe (preposition): after
stunde (stound(e, noun): short space of time, little while
stefne (steven(e, noun): sound, noise, outcry
sturede (stiren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin, stir
wide (wid(e, adverb): widely
me (pronoun): one, a person
mihte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal verb expressing possibility]
iheren (verb, infinitive): hear
Brutten (Britoun, noun, plural): Briton, British person
iberen (verb, infinitive): cry out, lament
gunne (gon, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): begin
tellen (verb, infinitive): speak aloud
a (on, preposition): in
feole (fele, adjective): many
cunne (kin, noun, plural): way, manner
spellen (verb, infinitive): say
hu (hou, adverb): how
heo (he, pronoun): they
wolden (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): [modal auxiliary expressing intention]
fordeme (fordemen, verb, infinitive): condemn, destroy
al (adjective): all
moncun (man-kin, noun): people, race
fordon (verb, infinitive): destroy
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
mid (preposition): with, alongside
heolden (holden, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): hold with, support, honour
cleopede (clepen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): speak        
hendest (hend(e, adjective, superlative): courtly, knightly, noble
alre (al, adjective, genitive plural): all
Brutte (Britoun, noun, plural): Briton, British person
sitteð (sitten, verb, 2nd person present imperative plural): sit
adun (adoun, adverb): down
stille (adverb): quietly
inne (preposition): in
eou (you, pronoun, plural): you
telle (tellen, verb, infinitive): tell, say to
wulle (willen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): want, be about to, intend
spelles (spel, noun, plural): speech, declaration
vncuðe (uncouth, adjective): unknown, unheard-of
nu (nou, adverb): now
tomærȝe (tomorwe, adverb): tomorrow
þenne (thenne, adverb as conjunction): when
dæi (dai, noun): day
bið (ben, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): be
and (conjunction): if
hine (pronoun): it
sende (senden, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): cause to come, send
forð (forth, adverb): away
buȝe (bouen, verb, infinitive): travel, journey
in (preposition): in the direction of
toward (preposition): in the direction of
Bruttaine (Britaine, noun): Britain
slæn (slen, verb, infinitive): slay, kill
forberne (forbernen, verb, infinitive): burn to death, destroy with fire
alle (al, noun): all
fordon (verb, infinitive): destroy    
þa (that, relative pronoun): who
biluueden (biloven, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): love, be inclined towards
þen (than, definite article): this
swikedom (swikedom(e, noun): treason
bileofuen (bileven, verb, infinitive): leave behind
leofuest (lef, adjective, superlative): beloved
monne (man, noun): man, person
leofue (lef, adjective, superlative): beloved
mæi (mei, noun): kinsman
hexst (heigh, adjective, superlative): high, noble
cunne (kin, noun): kin, people
half (adjective): half
uerde (ferd(e, noun): army
bilæfuen (bileven, verb, infinitive): leave behind
a (on, preposition): in
þissen (this, pronoun): this
ærde (erd, noun): country, region
halden (holden, verb, infinitive): hold, keep
al (adjective): all
kinelond (noun): kingdom
þa (that, relative pronoun): that
habbe (haven, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): have
a (on, preposition):
mire (min, pronoun): my
hond (hond(e, noun, plural): hand
þenne (thenne, adverb as conjunction): when
þas (thos(e, pronoun): these
þing (thing, noun, plural): thing
beoð (ben, verb, 3rd person present imperative plural): be
alle (al, adjective): all
idone (don, verb, past participle): do, complete
aȝan (ayen, adverb):
wulle (willen, verb, 1st person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing attempt or plan]
wunliche (winli, adverb): delightful, pleasant
bitæche (bitechen, verb, infinitive): entrust, give over   
Walwaine (noun, dative): to Gawain
iuorþe (iforthen, verb, infinitive): carry out
beot (noun): boast, promise
seoððe (sitthe, adverb): afterwards
bi (preposition): by, on, at the risk of
bare (bar, adjective): bare, naked [see idiom note]
scullen (shulen, verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): [modal auxiliary expressing obligation]
feond (fend, noun, plural): enemy
wæi-sið (wo-sith, noun):  torment, trouble
makeȝe (maken, verb, infinitive): undergo, suffer
stod (stonden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): stand
him (pronoun): himself
þat (that, relative pronoun): who
mæi (mei, noun): kinsman, relative (usually male)
þas (thas, definite article): these
word (noun, plural): word
saide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say, utter
eorl (erl, noun): earl, high-ranking nobleman
abolȝe (abelȝen, verb, past participle): grow angry, become enraged
ældrihten (al-drihten, adjective): almighty
domes (dom, noun, genitive): justice, judgement
waldend (weldende, noun): lord, wielder
al (adjective): all
middelærdes (middel-erd, noun, genitive): earth, world
mund (mound(e, noun): protector
whi (adverb): why
iwurðen (iworthen, verb, past participle): happen, come to pass
broðer (brother, noun): brother
morð (morth, noun): sinful deed
hafueð (haven, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
itimbred (timbren, verb, past participle): cause, make happen
ah(ac, conjunction): but
atsake (atsaken, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): forsake, disown
biuoren (bifore(n, conjunction): before, in the presence of
þissere (this, pronoun): this
duȝeðe (douth(e, nuun): army, host        
fordemen (verb, infinitive): convict, condemn
wulle (willen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing desire]
mid (preposition): in accordance with
Drihtenes (Drihten, noun, genitive): the Lord
wille (wil(le, noun): will, desire
miseolf (mi-self, pronoun): myself
anhon (anhongen, verb, infinitive): hang, execute by hanging  
haxst (heigh, adjective, superlative): high
alre (al, adjective, genitive): all
warien (wari, noun, plural): criminal, miscreant
mid (preposition): in accordance with
Goddes (God, noun, genitive): God
laȝe (laue, noun): law
al (adverb): entirely
mid (preposition): with
horsen (hors, noun, plural): horse
todraȝe (todrauen, verb, infinitive): dismember
ne (conjunction): not
beo (ben, verb, 1st person present subjunctive singular): be
nauere (never, adverb): never, at any time, in any way
bliðe (blithe, adjective): happy
wile (while, conjunction): while
a (he, pronoun): she
beoð (ben, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): be
aliue (alive, adjective): alive
habbe (haven, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
minne (min, pronoun): my
æm (em, noun): uncle
awræke (awreken, verb, past participle): avenge
mid (preposition): with
bezste            (best, noun): best
Bruttes (Brit, noun, plural): Briton
andswarede (answeren, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): answer
mid (preposition): with
baldere (bold, adjective, dative): bold
stefne (steven(e, noun, dative): voice
ure (our(e, pronoun): our
wepnen (wepen, noun, plural): weapons
sunden (ben, verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): be
ȝarewe (yare, adjective): ready
nu (nou, adverb): now
uaren (faren, verb, infinitive): journey, go on one’s way
a (on, preposition): in
marȝen (morn, noun): morning
þat (that, conjunction): when
senden (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): cause to happen
uorð (forth, preposition): onwards
wende (wenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go, travel
aðelen (athel, adjective): noble
folke (folk, noun): people
bilæfde (bileven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): leave behind
ladde (leden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): lead
þurh (thurgh, preposition): through
þat (that, conjunction): until
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come, arrive
scipen (ship, noun, plural): ship
hæfde (haven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): have, obtain
sone (adverb): soon, immediately
monie (mani, adjective): many
wel (adverb): well
idone (don, verb, past participle): make, construct
ah (ac, conjunction): but
feowertene niht (fourte-night, noun): fortnight
fulle (ful, adjective): whole
þere (ther, adverb): there, in that place
læi (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): stay, lie, stay encamped
uerde (ferd(e, noun): army
þeos (thdefinite article, genitive)
wederes (weder, noun, genitive)
abiden (verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): wait
windes (wind, noun, genitive): wind
bidelde (bideled, past participle): deprived
nu (nou, adverb): now
sum (som, adjective): a certain
forcuð (forcouth, adjective): wicked
kempe (kemp(e, noun): warrior
ferde (ferd(e, noun): army
anæn (an-on, adverb): immediately
swa (so, adverb as conjunction): as
demen (verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): pass judgement
iherde (iheren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular):           
of (preposition): on
dede (noun, plural): deed
nom (nimen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): take, fetch
swein (noun): attendant, servant
aneouste (aneweste, adverb): immediately, quickly
sende (senden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): send
þissen (this, pronoun, dative): to this
londe (lond, noun): land, country
word (noun): message, news
Wenhaueren (Wenhauer, noun, dative): to Guenevere
heou (hou, adverb): how
iwurðen (worthen, verb, past participle): happen
hu (hou, adverb): how
on (preposition): in, on
uore (fore, noun): way, journey
mid (preposition): along with
muclere (muchel, adjective): great
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): intend
al (adverb): fully, entirely
hu (hou, adverb): in what way
don (verb, infinitive): proceed, act
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
þat (that, relative pronoun): who
hire (he, pronoun, dative): to her
leofuest (lef, adjective, superlative): beloved
monnes (mon, noun, genitive plural): man
talde (tellen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): tell, relate
tidende (tiding(e, noun): news
nom (nimen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): fetch
sonde (sond(e, noun, plural): messengers
sende (senden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): dispatch
þe (the, relative pronoun): who 
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): very
riche (adjective): rich, wealthy
bæd (beden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): request, ask
cume (comen, verb, infinitive): come
þerof (ther-of): of which
bruke (brouken, verb, infinitive): possess
sculde (shulen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing future possibility]
bad (bidden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): request, ask
þene (the, pronoun): the
stronge (strong, adjective): powerful
riche (adjective): wealthy
weide (wid(e, adverb): far and wide
senden (verb, infinitive): send, dispatch
a (on, preposition): towards
feouwer (four, numeral): four
half (noun, plural): quarter, corner
beoden (beden, verb, infinitive): summon
heo (he, pronoun): they
biȝeten (biyeten, verb, infinitive): obtain
mihte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): [modal auxiliary expressing ability]
comen (verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): come
sone (adverb): immediately
þissen (this, demonstrative pronoun, dative): this
kinedome (kinedom, noun): kingdom
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing intention]
ȝeouen (yeven, verb, infinitive): give
of (preposition): of, from
riche (noun): kingdom
al (noun): everything
biȝeonde (biyond(e, preposition): beyond
for (preposition): in exchange for
scolde (shulen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing futurity]
helpe (helpen, verb, infinitive): help
fihten (fighten, verb, infinitive): fight
wið (with, preposition): against
æme (em, noun, dative): uncle
Arðuren (Arthur, noun, dative): Arthur
kinge (king, noun, dative): king
beh (bouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go, travel
sone (adverb): immediately
into (in-to, preposition): to, into
Brutlonde (compound of Brit, noun and lond, noun): Britain
þa (tho, adverb): when
hafde (haven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [pluperfect auxiliary]
isomned (somnen, verb, past participle): summon, gather together, assemble
monnen (man, noun, plural, genitive): man
weoren (ben, verb 3rd person past indicative plural): be
þere (ther, adverb): in that place
italde (itellen, verb, past participle): count out, number
sixti (numeral): sixty
þusende (thousand, numeral): thousand
here-kempen (compound of here, noun, and kemp, noun, plural): armed warriors, 
harde (hard, adjective): tough
heðene (hethen, adjective): heathen, pagan
uolke (folk, noun): people
þa (tho, pronoun): those
weoren (ben, verb 3rd person past indicative plural): be
icumen (comen, verb, past participle): come
hidere (hider, adverb): to this aforementioned place
Arðures (Arthur, noun, genitive): Arthur
hærme (harm, noun): harm, destruction, ruin
to (preposition) in order to
helpen (verb, infinitive): help
forcuðest (forcouth, adjective, superlative): wicked, evil
monnen (man, noun, genitive, plural): man
isome (somnen, verb, past participle): summon, gather together, assemble
of (preposition): from
ælche (ech, pronoun): each
moncunne (man-kin, noun): human race
weoren (ben, verb 3rd person past indicative plural): be
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
on (preposition): as
hepe (hep, noun): group
cristene (Cristen, adjective): Christian
mid (preposition): with
lai (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): lie, stay, be encamped
him (pronoun, dative): to him
þuhte (thinken, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): seem
to (adverb): too, excessively
long (adjective): long
al (noun): everything
wuste (witen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): know
wat (what, pronoun): what, that
þær (ther, adverb): there, in that place
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): intend
æche (ech, pronoun as adjective): each, every
him (pronoun, dative): to him
comen (verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): come
sonde (sond(e, noun, plural): messengers
kinges (king, noun, genitive): king
hirede (hired, noun): army,
þa (tho, adverb): then
ilomp (ilimpen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): happen
hit (pronoun): it
an (on, preposition): at
one (on, numeral): a, a certain
time (noun): time
muchel (adjective): much, a great deal
rein (noun): rain
him (pronoun, dative plural): for them
gon (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
rine (rinen, verb, infinitive): rain
wind (noun): wind
him (pronoun, dative plural): for them
gon (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
wende (wenden, verb, infinitive): change direction
stod (stonden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be situated, blow from
of (preposition): from, out of
æst (est, noun as adjective): east
ende (noun): point of the compass, direction
to (preposition): to
scipe (ship, noun, plural): ship
fusde (fusen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): hasten, hurry
mid (preposition): with, along with
alle (al, adjective): all
uerde (ferd(e, noun): army
hehte (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): order, give an order, command
þat (that, conjunction): with the result that, to the effect that
scipmen (ship-man, noun, plural): sailor, seaman
brohten (bringen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): bring, convey
hine (pronoun): him
þer (ther, adverb): where, in which place
þohte (thinken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): intend
up (preposition): up, upwards
wende (wenden, verb, infinitive): advance, go    
into (in-to): into
þissen (this, pronoun, dative): this
londe (lond, noun): country
Þæ (tho, adverb): when
hauene (haven, noun): harbour
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
him (pronoun, dative): to him, with him
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
auornon (aforen-on, adverb): face-to-face, in opposition
ase (as, conjunction): as, while
dæi (dai, noun): day
gon (verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
lihte (lighten, verb, infinitive): dawn, grow light
heo (he, pronoun): they
bigunnen (biginnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): begin
fihten (fighten, verb, infinitive): fight, do battle
alle (al, adjective): all
longe (long, adjective): long
moni (mani, adjective): many
mon (man, noun, plural): man
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
ded (adjective): dead
læi (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): lie
summe (som, pronoun): some
hi (he, pronoun): they
fuhten (fighten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): fight, do battle
a (on, preposition): on
londe (lond, noun): land      
bi (preposition): next to
stronde (strond(e, noun): shore
heo (he, pronoun): they
letten (leten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): cause, make
ut (out(e, preposition): out
of (preposition): of, from
scipen (ship, noun, plural): ship
scerpe (sharp, adjective): sharp
garen (gore, noun, plural): spear
scriþen (scrithen, verb, infinitive): fly
biforen (bifore(n, preposition): in front, ahead
wende (wenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
wæi (wei, noun): way, path
rumde (rimen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): prepare, clear
sloh (slen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): slay, kill
aneuste (aneweste, adverb): immediately, quickly
þeines (thein, noun): knight, soldier
elleouene (elleven, numeral): eleven
sune (sone, noun): son
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
was (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [pluperfect auxiliary]
þer (ther, adverb): to that place
mid (preposition): with, along with
fader (noun): father
icume (icomen, verb, past participle): come
to (preposition): to
reste (rest(e, noun): rest
eode (yede, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
sunne (sonne, noun): sun   
(wo, noun, or we, noun): woe
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
þa (tho, adverb): then
monnen (man, noun, dative plural): man
aslæȝe (aslen, verb, past participle): kill
idon (don, verb, past participle): deprive
life-daȝe (lif-dai, noun, plural): existence, life
þurh (thurgh, preposition): by, by the hand of
eorl (erl, noun): earl, high-ranking nobleman
særi (sori, adjective): sorry, wretched, cursed
wurðe (worthen, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): be 
saule (soul(e, noun): soul
þa (tho, adverb): then
særi (sori, adjective): grieved, miserable
sorhful (sorweful, adjective): sorrowful, distressed
an (on, preposition): in
heorte (herte, noun): heart
forþi (for-thi, conjunction): because of that
þas (this, pronoun, plural): these
word (word, noun, plural): word
bodede (boden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): utter, proclaim      
ricchest (riche, adjective, superlative): rich, powerful, virtuous
alre (al, adjective, genitive plural): of all
Brutte (Brit, noun, plural): Briton
nu (nou, adverb): now
ileosed (losen, verb, past participle): lose
habbe (haven, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [past auxiliary]
sweines (swein, noun): attendant, retainer
leofe (lef, adjective): beloved, dear
wuste (witen, 1st person past indicative singular): know
bi (preposition): through, by means of
sweuene (sweven, noun): dream
whæt (what, conjunction): what
sorȝen (sorwe, noun, plural): sorrow
me (pronoun, dative): to me
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
ȝeueðe (yeven, verb, past participle): give
islaȝen (slen, verb, past participle): kill
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
aȝen (ouen, adjective): own
deorling (dereling, noun): dear one, beloved one
suster sune (noun, compound of suster, noun, and sone, noun): nephew
wa (wo, noun, or we, noun): woe
me (pronoun, dative): to me, for me, on me
þat (that, conjunction): for the fact that 
mon (man, noun): man
iboren (iberen, verb, past participle): give birth to
up (adverb): away, up
nu (nou, adverb): now
of (preposition): from
scipen (ship, noun, plural): ship
biliue (bilive, adverb): quickly
beornes (bern, noun, plural): knight, solider
ohte (ought, adjective): worthy, trusty
æfne (even, adverb): with, immediately after
þæ (than, pronoun): these
worde (word, noun, plural): word
wenden (verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): go
to (preposition): to 
fihte (fight, noun): fight, battle
anon (an-on, adverb): immediately
selere (sel(e, adjective): good, brave
kempen (kemp(e, noun, plural): solider, warrior
breken (verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): break
Modredes (Modred, noun, genitive): Mordred
trume (noun): force, ranks
welneh (wel-neigh, adverb): nearly
himseolue (him-self, pronoun): himself
inome (inimen, verb): take, capture
bigon (biginnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): begin
fleon (flen, verb, infinitive): flee, run away
folc (folk, noun): army, people
after (adverb): behind, following
teon (ten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): go, follow
fluȝen (flen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): flee, run away
ueondliche (fendli(che, adverb): desperately, quickly
feldes (feld, noun, plural): field
beoueden (bivien, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): tremble, quake
eke (ek, adverb): also
ȝurren (yerren, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): crash together
stanes (ston, noun, plural): stone
mid (preposition): together with
blodstremes (compound of blod, noun, and strem, noun, plural): streak of blood, stream of blood
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place, then
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): [see note]
al (adverb): very much
fiht (fight, noun): battle
idon (don, verb, past participle): carry on
ah (ac, conjunction): except
þat (that, conjunction): that
niht (night, noun): night
to (adverb): too, excessively
raðe (rath(e, adverb): quickly
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come, arrive
ȝif (if, conjunction): if
neore (compound of ne, conjunction, and ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be not
islaȝen (slen, verb, past participle): kill
hi (he, pronoun): they
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive plural): be
alle (al, adjective): all
niht (night, noun): night
heom (hem, pronoun): them
todelde (todelen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): separate
ȝeond (yond, preposition): throughout, all over
slades (slade, noun, plural): valley
dunen (doun(e, noun, plural): hill
swa (so, adverb): in this way
vorð (forth, adverb): away
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular):
þat (that, conjunction): until
at (preposition): at
iherden (iheren, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): hear, be informed
burh-weren (compound of burgh, noun, and wer, noun, plural): inhabitant of a town
hu (hou, adverb): how
was (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [pluperfect auxiliary]
al (adjective): all
ifaren (faren, verb, past participle): happen, turn out
warnden (wernen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): deny, refuse
inȝeong (inyong, noun): entry
alle (al, adjective): all
folke (folk, noun): people, troop, army
þeone (thenne, adverb): from that place
wende (wenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go, travel
toward (preposition): towards, in the direction of
heo (he, pronoun): they
hine (pronoun): him
underuengen (underfon, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): take in, receive
mid (preposition): along with
monnen (man, noun, plural, dative): man, solider
after (preposition): behind
wende (wenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
mid (preposition): with
mahte (might, noun): might, military force
þat (that, conjunction): until
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come, arrive
mid (preposition): along with
muchelre (muchel, adjective): great, powerful
uerde (ferd(e, noun): army
burh (burgh, noun): city
al (adverb): fully, entirely
biræd (biriden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): surround, besiege
þerinne (ther-in(ne, adverb): therein, in that place
abeod (abiden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): wait
þa (tho, adverb as conjunction): when
isæh (isen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): see, observe
þat (that, conjunction): that
him (pronoun, dative): to him
swa (so, adverb): so, so very, to the aforesaid extent
neh (neigh, adjective): near, close
ofte (oft(e, adverb): frequently, often
he (pronoun): he
hine (pronoun): himself
biþohte (bithinken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): consider, plan
wæt (what, conjunction): what
don (verb, infinitive): do
mahte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing future possibility]
þa (tho, adverb): then
a (on, preposition): on, during
ilke (pronoun): same
niht (night, noun): night
hehte (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): command
cnihtes (knight, noun, plural): knight
alle (al, adjective): all
mid (preposition): with
heore (her(e, pronoun): their
iwepnen (wepen, noun, plural): weapons
ut (out(e, preposition): out
of (preposition): of, from
burhȝe (burgh, noun): city
wenden (verb, infinitive): go
sæide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say
þat (that, conjunction):
weolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): want, desire
mid (preposition): with, by means of
fihte (fight, noun): battle
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
atstonden (at-stonden, verb, infinitive): make a stand, resist
bihehte (bihoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): promise, offer
burȝe-were (compound of burgh, noun, and wer, noun, plural): inhabitant of a town
auermare (ever-mo(r, adverb): for ever, perpetually, thenceforth
freo (fre, adjective): free
laȝe (laue, noun, plural): law
wið (with, preposition): [see idiom note]
þan (than, pronoun): [see idiom note]
þa (the, definite article): [see idiom note]
heo (he, pronoun): they
him (pronoun): him
heolpen (helpen, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive plural): help    
at (preposition): in
heȝere (heigh, adjective): great
neoden (ned(e, noun): need,
þa (tho, adverb): when
dæiliht (dai-light, noun): daylight, morning
ȝaru (yare, adjective): ready
þa (tho, adverb): when
heore (her(e, pronoun): their
fiht (fight, noun): fighting condition
þat (that, pronoun): that aforementioned situation
bihedde (biheden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): take heed
abolȝe (abelȝen, verb, past participle): grow angry, become enraged
lette (leten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): make, cause
bemen (beme, noun, plural): trumpet
blawen (blouen, verb, passive infinitive): blow
beonnen (bannen, verb, passive infinitive): summon
to (preposition): to, in order to
fihten (fighten, verb, infinitive): do battle
hehte (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): order, command
alle (al, adjective): all
theines (thein, noun, plural): soldiers, warriors
aðele (athel, adjective): noble, brave
cnihte (knight, noun, plural): knight
fon (verb, infinitive): begin
somed (samod, adverb): together
fihten (fighten, verb, infinitive): fight
ueond (fend, noun, plural): enemy
auallen (afellen, verb, infinitive): kill, destroy
burh (burgh, noun): city
alle (al, adverb): entirely
fordon (verb, infinitive): destroy completely, raze
þat (that, definite article): its
burh-folc (compound of burgh, noun, and folk, noun): inhabitant of a town
ahon (verb, infinitive): hang
heo (he, pronoun): they
togadere (togeder, adverb): together, towards each other
stopen (steppen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): step, advance
sturnliche (sternli, adverb): boldly, fiercely
fuhten (fighten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): fight, do battle
þa (tho, adverb): then
þohte (thinken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): plan, consider
don (verb, infinitive): do
mihte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing future possibility]
dude (don, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): do
þere (ther, adverb): there, in that place
alse (as, conjunction): just as
elleswhare (elleswher, adverb): in other places
swikedom (swikedom(e, noun): wicked behaviour, treachery
mid (preposition): [see idiom note]
mæste (most, superlative adjective): most
for (conjunction): for, because
auere (ever, adverb): always
unwraste (unwrest(e, adjective): immoral, evil, wicked
biswac (biswiken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): betray
iueren (ifere, noun, plural): companion, associate
biuoren (bifore(n, preposition): outside, in front of
lette (leten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): cause
him (pronon, dative): to him, to his side
to (preposition): to, into the presence of
cleopien (clepen, verb, passive infinitive): to call
leofeste (lef, adjective, superlative): beloved
cnihtes (knight, noun, plural): knight
anan (an-on, adverb): immediately
leoueste (lef, adjective, superlative): beloved
freond (frend, noun, plural): friend, close associate
alle (al, adjective): all
of (preposition): of, from
allen (al, adjective, genitive)
folke (folk, noun): people
bistal (bistelen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): steal away, sneak away
fihte (fight, noun): battle
feond (fend, noun): fiend, the Devil
hine (pronoun): him
aȝe (ouen, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): have, take, possess
folc (folk, noun): people
gode (god, adjective): good
lette (leten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): leave, abandon
al (al, adverb): entirely
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
forwurðe (forworthen, verb, past participle): destroy
fuhten (fighten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): fight
dæi (dai, noun): day
wenden (wenen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): think, believe
þat (that, conjunction): that
here (her(e, pronoun): their
lauerd (lord, noun): lord, master
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
læi (lien, verb, 3rd person past sunjunctive singular): be located, stay
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
heom (hem, pronoun): them
aneouste (aneweste, adverb): nearby    
at (preposition): in
muchelere (muchel, adjective): great
neode (ned(e, noun): need, trouble
heold (holden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): take, follow
wai (wei, noun): way, road
touward (toward, preposition): to
lai (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): lead
heolde (holden, verb 3rd person past indicative singular): carry on, continue
touward (toward, preposition): to, up to
hauene (haven, noun): harbour
forcuðest (forcouth, adjective, superlative): evil, wicked
hæleðe (heleth, noun, genitive plural): warrior
nom (nimen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): seize, commandeer, hijack
alle (al, adjective): all
scipen (ship, noun, plural): ship     
þa (that, relative pronoun): that
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
oht (ought, adjective): serviceable, seaworthy
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
steormen (stere-man, noun, plural): helmsman, navigator
to (preposition): into
scipen (ship, noun, plural): ship
neodde (neden, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): force
ferden (faren, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): journey
into (in-to, preposition): to
forcuðest (forcouth, adjective, superlative): wicked, evil
kingen (king, plural, genitive): king
a (on, preposition): in
þan (than, definite article): those
daȝen (dai, noun, plural): day, time
daȝen (dai, noun, plural): day, time
þa (that, definite article): the
burh (burgh, noun): city
bilai (bilien, 3rd person past indicative singular): besiege
wel (adverb): very
faste (fast(e, adverb): securely,
al (al, adjective): all
moncun (man-kin, noun): people
ofsloh  (ofslen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): kill
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
sorȝen (sorwe, noun): grief, lamentation, anguish
inoh (inough, adjective): abundant
ȝeonge (yong, adjective): young
alde (old(e, adjective): old
aqualde (aquellen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): kill
þa (tho, adverb): when
folc (folk, noun): people
al (al, adjective): all
ded (adjective): dead
burh (burgh, noun): city
al (al, adverb): entirely
forswelde (forswelen, verb, past participle): burn down, burn to the ground
lette (leten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): make, cause
mid (preposition): [see idiom note]
alle (al, adjective): [see idiom note]
tobreken (verb, passive infinitive): break down, break to pieces
walles (wal, noun, plural): wall
alle (al, adverb): entirely
hit (it, pronoun): it
itimed (timen, verb, 3d person past indicative singular): happen, come to pass
þere (ther, adverb): there
þat (that, relative pronoun): what, that which
seide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say
while (adverb): once
ærm (arm, adjective): miserable, wretched
wurðest (worthen, verb, 2nd person present indicative singular): be, will be
þu (thou, pronoun): you
eorðe (erthe, noun): earth
þe (the, pronoun): you
scal (shulen, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing futurity]
forswalȝe (forswolwen, verb, infinitive): swallow whole, engulf
swa (so, adverb): so, in this way, thus
sæide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
witeȝe (witie, noun): prophet, seer
mære (mer(e, adjective): great
quene (quen(e, noun): queen
læi (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be situated, be
inne (preposition): in
Eouwerwic: York
næs (compound of ne, conjunction and ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be not
heo (he, pronoun): she
næuere (never, adverb): never, at no time
swa (so, adverb): so, so very
sarlic (sorli, adjective): sorry, miserable
þat (that, pronoun): that
særȝest (sori, adjective, superlative): wretched, sorry
wimmonne (womman, plural, genitive): woman
iherde (iheren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): hear
suggen (seien, verb, infinitive): say
soððere (soth, adjective, plural): true
worden (word, noun, plural): word, report
hu (hou, adverb): how
ofte (oft(e, adverb): repeatedly
flah (flen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): flee, run away
hine (pronoun): him
bibah (bouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go after, pursue
wa (wo, noun, or we, noun): woe
hire (hir(e, pronoun): to her, hers
þere (thare, definite article): the, that
while (noun): while
þat (that, conjunction): that
heo (he, pronoun): she
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
on (prepostion): in a state of
life (lif, noun): life
ut (out(e, preposition): out
bi (preposition): by, during
nihte (night, noun): night
iwende (iwenden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go, travel
touward (toward, preposition): to, towards
tuhte (tighten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go towards, approach
swa (so, adverb): as
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): quickly
swa (so, adverb): as
mahte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be able to
þider (thider, adverb): to that place, there
brohten (bringen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural):
of (preposition): of, from the group of
hire (hir(e, pronoun): her
cnihten (knight, noun, plural): knight
tweiȝe (twein, numeral): two
me (pronoun): someone
hire (hir(e, pronoun): her
hafd (haven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): cause, make
biwefde (biweven, verb, past participle): cover
mid (preposition): with, using
ane (a, indefinite article): a
hali (holi, adjective): sacred, holy
rifte (rifte, noun): veil
þer (ther, adverb): in that place
munechene (minchen, noun): nun
karefullest (careful, adjective): wretched, miserable
wife (wif, noun): woman
nusten ([= ‘ne wusten’] compound of ne, conjunction, and witen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): not know
men (pronoun): people, they
of (preposition): regarding
þere (their(e, pronoun): their
war (wher, adverb): what
bicumen (bicomen, verb, past participle): happen to, become
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): [pluperfect auxiliary]
no (conjunction): [see idiom note]
feole (fele, adjective): many
ȝere (yer, noun, plural): year
seoððe (sitthe, preposition): afterwards
nuste ([= ‘ne wuste’] compound of ne, conjunction, and witen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): not know
mon (man, pronoun): someone, a person
to (preposition): as a matter of
soðe (soth, noun): truth
whaðer (whether, conjunction): whether, if
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
on (preposition): in a state of
deðe (deth, noun): death
þa (tho, adverb): when
hireseolf (hire-self, pronoun): herself
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
isunken (sinken, verb, past participle): sink
in (preposition): in
watere (water, noun): water
somnede (somnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): summon, gather
feole (fele, adjective): many
sende (senden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): send, dispatch
aneoste (aneweste, adverb): quickly
his (pronoun): his
sonde (sond(e, noun, plural): messenger
hehten (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): order, command
to (verbal particle): [see idiom note]                                                                                             
cume (comen, verb, infinitive): come
alle (al, adjective): all
anan (an-on, adverb): immediately
þat (that, relative pronoun): who
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): want, desire
lond (noun): land
habben (haven, verb, infinitive): have, possess
oðer (other, conjunction): or
seoluer (silver, noun): silver
oðer (other, conjunction): or
gold (noun): gold
ahte (aughte, noun): possessions, property
lond (noun): land
on (preposition): in, on
ælchere (ech, pronoun as adjective): each, every
wisen (wis(e, noun): way, side
warnede (warnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): protect, defend
hine (pronoun): him
seoluen (self, pronoun): self
swa (so, adverb): thus, so too
deð (don, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): do
ælc (ech, pronoun as adjective): each
witer (witter, adjective): wise, clever
mon (man, noun): person   
þa (tha, relative pronon): whom
neode (nede, noun): need
cumeð (comen, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): come
uuenan (ovenon, adverb): upon
þat (that, conjunction): that aforesaid thing
iherde (iheren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): hear
wraðest (wroth, adjective, superlative): angry, wrathful
kinge (king, noun, plural, genitive): king
wæs (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
i (in, preposition): in
mid (preposition): with
muchele (muchel, adjective): great, numerous
mon-weorede (compound of man, noun, and wered, noun): man-army, army of men
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): intend
abiden (verb, infinitive): wait, stay
þat (that, conjunction): until
come (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
riden (verb, infinitive): ride
sende (senden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): send, dispatch
sonde (sond(e, noun, plural): messenger
ȝeond (yond, preposition): throughout, everwhere
al (adjective): all
kinelonde (kinelond, noun): kingdom
to (verbal particle): [see idiom note]
cumen (comen, verb, infinitive): come
alle (al, noun): all
hehte (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): order
þat (that, relative pronoun): who
quic (quik, adjective): alive
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
on (preposition): in
londe (lond, noun): land, country
þa (that, relative pronoun): who
to (preposition): in
uihte (fight, noun): fight, battle
oht (ought, adjective): valuable, capable
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
wepnen (wepen, noun, plural): weapon
to (verbal particle): [see idiom note]         
beren (verb, infinitive): carry
whaswa (who-so, pronoun): whosoever, whoever
hit (pronoun): it
forsete (forsetten, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): disregard
þat (that, relative pronoun): what, that which
hete (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): order, command
hine (pronoun): him
wolde (willen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing future inevitability]
a (on, preposition): in
folden (feld, noun, dative):   field                                                               
quic (quik, adjective): alive
al (adverb): entirely
forbernen (forbrennen, verb, infinitive): burn to death
læc (louken, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): hasten, speed
hit (pronoun): it
toward (preposition): towards
hirede (hired, noun): royal court
folc (folk, noun): people, folk
vnimete (unimete, adjective): innumerable, an immense number of, immeasurable
ridinde (riden, verb, present participle): ride
ganninde (gon, verb, present participle): go on foot
swa (so, adverb): just as, in the same way that
rim (rim(e, noun): hoar-frost
falleð (fallen, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): fall
adune (adoun, adverb): down
for (faren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go, travel
to (preposition): to
mid (preposition): with, in the company of           
unimete (adjective): immeasurable
ferde (ferd(e, noun): army
þat (that, pronoun): that [aforementioned thing]
iherde (iheren, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): hear of
him (pronoun): to him
toȝeines (toyenes, adverb): concordantly, in reply
heolde (holden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): gather, command
micl (muchel, adjective): great
folke (folk, noun): people, multitude
þer (ther, adverb): in that number
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
monie (mani, adjective): many
uæie (fei(e, adjective): doomed, fated
uppen (upon, preposition): next to
þere (thare, definite article): the
heo (he, pronoun): they
tuhten (tighten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): draw close
togadere (togeder, adverb): together
stude (stede, noun): place
hatte (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be called, be known as
euermare (ever-mo(r, adverb): evermore, for ever
ilast (ilasten, verb, 3rd person present subjunctive singular): endure, continue
ilke (pronoun): same, very
weorde (word, noun): word
at (preposition): at
isomned (isamnen, verb, past participle): gather, summon together
ma (mo, adjective): more
þusend (thousand, noun, plural): thousand
þerto (ther-to, adverb): additionally, besides, moreover
heore (her(e, pronoun): their
ælder (alder, noun): leader, commander
þideruard (thiderward, adverb): to that place
gon (gon, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): go
ride (riden, verb, infinitive): ride
riche (adjective): powerful, splendid
mid (preposition): with, along with
uæie (fei(e, adjective): doomed, fated
þah (though, conjunction): though
hit (pronoun): it
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
uppe (up, preposition): alongside, next to
tosomne (tosamen, adverb): together
heuen (heven, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): raise
here-marken (compound of here, noun, and mark(e, noun): battle-standard
halden (holden, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): join
togadere (togeder, adverb): together
luken (louken, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): draw
sweord (sword, noun, plural): swords
longe (long(e, adjective): long
leiden (leien, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): lay blows
o (preposition): on
helmen (helm, noun, plural)
fur (fir, noun): fire, sparks
ut (out(e, preposition): out
sprengen (springen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): leap, fly
speren (spere, noun, plural): spear
brastlien (verb, infinitive): crash, rattle
sceldes (sheld, noun, plural): shield
gonnen (ginnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): begin
scanen (shenen, verb, infinitive): shatter, break into pieces       
scaftes (shaft(e, noun, plural): shaft of a spear
tobreken (verb, infinitive): shatter, break into pieces
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
faht (fighten, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): fight, do battle
al (adjective): all
tosomne (tosamen, adverb): together
on (preposition): in
flode (flod, noun): flood
blode (blod, noun): blood
mon (man, pronoun): one
i (in, preposition): in
fihte (fight, noun): battle
non (pronoun): no-one
þer (ther, adverb): in that place
ne (conjunction): not
mihte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): [modal auxiliary expressing possibiity]        
ikenne (ikennen, verb, infinitive): know, distinguish
nenne (non, pronoun): no, no single
kempe (kemp(e, noun): warrior
no (adjective): no, no single
wha (who, pronoun): one
dude (don, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): do, fare
wurse (wers(e, adjective): worse
no (adjective): no, no single
wha (who, pronoun): one
bet (adjective): better
swa (so, adverb): to such a great extent
þat (that, pronoun): that
wiðe (wither, noun): battle
imenged (imengen, verb, past participle): confuse, be in disorder
for (conjunction): for, because
ælc (ech, pronoun): each
sloh (slen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): strike
adunriht (adoun-right, adverb): directly, powerfully        
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
he (pronoun): he
swein (noun): attendant, common soldier
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
cniht (knight, noun): knight
ofslaȝe (ofslen, verb, past participle): kill, slay
idon (don, verb, past participle): deprive
lif-daȝe (lif-dai, noun, plural): existence, life
islaȝe (slen, verb, past participle): kill
fihte (fight, noun): battle
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
snelle (snel, adjective): bold, valiant
Arðures (Arður, noun, genitive): Arthur
hered-men (hired-man, noun): retainer, member of the royal household         
hehȝe (heigh, adjective): high, high-ranking
lowe (loue, adjective): low, lowly
Bruttes (Brit, noun, plural): Briton
alle (al, adjective): all
borde (bord, noun): table
fosterlinges (fosterling, noun): retainer, foster-son
of (preposition): from
feole (fele, adjective): many
kineriches (kineriche, noun, plural): kingdom, country
forwunded (forwounden, verb, past participle): wound grievously
mid (preposition): with
wal-spere (compound of wal, noun, and spere, noun): slaughter-spear
brade (brod, adjective): broad
fiftene (fif-tene, numeral): fifteen
hafde (haven, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): have
feondliche (fendlich, adjective): terrible
wunden (wound, noun, plural): wound
mon (man, pronoun): one
mihte (mouen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing possibility]
i (in, preposition): into
þare (thare, definite article): the
laste (lest(e, adjective): least, smallest
twa (two, numeral): two
glouen (glove, noun, plural): glove, gauntlet
iþraste (ithresten, verb, infinitive): thrust
þa (tho, adverb): then
nas ([= ‘ne was’], compound of ne, conjunction, and ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be not
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
namare (no-more, adjective): no more
i (in, preposition): in
fehte (fight, noun): battle
to (preposition): as
laue (love, noun): remainder
of (preposition): of
þusend (thousand, numeral): thousand
monnen (man, noun, plural, genitive): man
þer (ther, adverb): there, in that place
leien (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): lie
tohauwen (toheuen, verb, past participle): hew to bits, cut to pieces
buten (but, conjunction): except
ane (on, numeral as adjective): alone
cnihtes (knight, noun, plural): knight
tweien (twein, numeral as adjective): two
forwunded (forwounden, verb, past participle): wound grievously
wunder (wonder, adverb): exceedingly
ane (adverb): singularly
swiðe (swið(e, adverb): greatly
to (preposition): to, into the presence of
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
cnaue (knave, noun): young man   
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
cunne (kin, noun): kin, people, race
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
Cadores (Cador, noun, genitive): Cador
sune (sone, noun): son
þe (the, definite article): the
eorles (erl, noun, genitive): earl
hehte (hoten, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be called
cnaue (knave, noun): young man
he (pronoun): he
þan (than, definite article, dative): to the
kinge (king, noun, dative): king
deore (dere, adjective): beloved
him (pronoun): him
lokede (loken, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): look
on (prepostion): at
þer (ther, adverb): where
lai (lien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): lie
on (preposition): on
folden (feld, noun): field
þas (thos(e, pronoun): these
word (word, noun, plural): word
seide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say      
mid (preposition): with
sorhfulle (sorweful, adjective): sad, distressed
heorte (herte, noun): heart
þu (thou, pronoun): you
art (ben, verb, 2nd person present indicative singular): be
wilcume (welcom(e, adjective): welcome, gladly received
weore (ben, verb, 2nd person past indicative singular): be
sone (noun): son
þe (the, pronoun): you
bitache (bitechen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): entrust, bestow 
here (her, adverb): here, at this time
mine (min, pronoun): my
kineriche (noun): kingdom
and (conjunction): both
wite (witien, verb, 2nd person present imperative singular): defend
mine (min, pronoun): my
Bruttes (Brit, adjective, plural): Briton       
a (o, adverb): for ever
to (preposition): during
þines (thin, pronoun): your
lifes (lif, noun): life
hald (holden, verb, 2nd person present imperative singular): protect
heom (hem, pronoun): them
alle (al, adjective): all
þa (tha, definite article): the
laȝen (laue, noun, plural): law
þa (tha, relative pronoun): that
habbeoð (haven, verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): [past auxiliary]
istonden (verb, past participle): be in force, stand
a (on, preposition): in, during
mine (min, pronoun): my
daȝen (dai, noun, plural): day, time
gode (god, adjective): good
bi (preposition): in, during
Uðeres (Uðer, noun, genitive): Uther
daȝen (dai, noun, plural): day, time
stode (stonden, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): stand, be in force
wulle (willen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing futurity]
uaren (faren, verb, infinitive): go, travel
uairest (fair, adjective, superlative): fair
alre (al, adjective, plural, genitive): all
maidene (maiden, noun, plural, genitive): woman, maiden
þere (thare, definite article): the
quene (quen(e, noun): queen        
aluen (elf, noun, plural, genitive): elf
swiðe (swith(e, adverb): exceedingly, most
sceone (shene, adjective): beautiful
heo (he, pronoun): she
scal (shulen, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing futurity]
mine (min, pronoun): my
wunden (wound, noun, plural): wound      
makien (maken, verb, infinitive): make
alle (al, adverb): entirely
isunde (isound, adjective): sound, healthy
al (adverb): entirely
hal (hol(e, adjective): whole, healthy,
makien (maken, verb, infinitive): make
mid (preposition): with
haleweiȝe (hale-wei(e, noun): healing potion
drenchen (drench(e, noun, plural): drink
seoðe (sitthe, adverb): afterwards
cumen (comen, verb, infinitive): come
wulle (willen, verb, 1st person present indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing futurity]
mine (min, pronoun): my
kineriche (noun): kingdom
wunien (wonen, verb, infinitive): dwell, live
mid (preposition): with
muchelere (muchel, adjective): great
wunne (win, noun): joy
æfne (even, adverb): immediately after
þan (than, pronoun): these
worden (word, noun, plural): word
þer (ther, adverb): there, to that place
com (comen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): come
of (preposition): from, out of
se (noun): sea
wenden (verb, infinitive): go, move
þat (that, conjunction): what
sceort (short, adjective): short
bat (bot, noun): boat
liðen (lithen, verb, infinitive): sail
sceouen (shouven, verb, past participle): propel
mid (preposition): with, by
vðen (ithe, noun, plural): wave
twa (two, numeral as adjective): two
wimmen (womman, noun, plural): woman
þerinne (ther-in(ne, adverb): therein
wunderliche (wonderli, adverb): marvellously, wondrously
idihte (idighten, verb, past participle): array, bedeck
heo (he, pronoun): they
nomen (nimen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): take
anan (an-on, adverb): immediately
aneouste (aneweste, adverb): quickly
hine (pronoun): him
uereden (ferien, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): carry, convey
softe (soft(e, adverb): softly
adun (adoun, adverb): down
leiden (leien, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): lay, place
forð (forth, adverb): away
gunnen (ginnen, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): begin
liðen (lithen, verb, infinitive): convey, take
þa (tho, adverb): then
wes (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): be
hit (pronoun): it
iwurðen (iworthen, verb, past participle): happen, come to pass
þat (that, relative pronoun): that which
seide (seien, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): say
whilen (while, adverb): once, in the past
þat (that, conjunction): that
weore (ben, verb, 3rd person past subjunctive singular): be
unimete (adjective): immeasurable
care (noun): sorrow, grief
of (preposition): regarding, because of
Arðures (Arður, noun, genitive): Arthur
forðfare (forth-fare, noun): departure from life, death
ileueð (ileven, verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): believe
ȝete (yet, adverb): still
he (pronoun): he
bon (ben, verb, infinitive): be
on (preposition): in a state of
liue (lif, noun): life
wunnien (wonen, verb, infinitive): dwell, live
in (preposition): in, on
mid (preposition): with
fairest (fair, adjective, superlative): fair
alre (al, adjective, plural, genitive): all
aluen (elf, noun, plural genitive): elf
lokieð (loken, verb, 3rd person present indicative plural): expect, anticipate, hope
euere (ever, adverb): always
ȝete (yet, adverb): still
whan (whanne, adverb): when
cumen (comen, verb, infinitive): come
liðe (lithen, verb, 3rd person indicative singular): come, journey
nis ([‘ne is’], compound of ne, conjunction and ben, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): be not
nauer (never, adverb): in no way, not at all
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
man (noun): man
iboren (iberen, verb, past participle): be born
of (preposition): of
nauer (never, adverb): to whatever degree
nane (non, pronoun): no [person, etc.]
burde (birde, noun): noble lady
icoren (ichesen, verb, past participle): choose
þe (the, relative pronoun): who
cunne (connen, verb, 3rd person present indicative singular): know
of (preposition): regarding
þan (than, definite article): the
soðe (soth, noun): truth
of (preposition): about
sugen (seien, verb, infinitive): speak, say
mare (mo, adverb): any more
bute (but, conjunction): but
while (adverb): once
witeȝe (witie, noun): seer
ihate (hoten, verb, past participle): be called
bodede (boden, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): foretell, presage
mid (preposition): with
worde (word, noun, plural): word
his (pronoun): his
quiðes (quide, noun, plural): prophecy, prediction
weoren (ben, verb, 3rd person past indicative plural): be
soðe (soth, adjective): true
þat (that, conjunction): that
an (indefinite article): an
sculde (shulen, verb, 3rd person past indicative singular): [modal auxiliary expressing futurity]
ȝete (yet, adverb): yet
cum (comen, verb, infinitive): come
Anglen (Engle, noun, plural): English person
to (preposition): in order to
fulste (filsten, verb, infinitive): aid, help, comfort
are tiden: ‘at a certain time’.
riden: although ‘riden’ is an infinitive, it is here part of the idiomatic phrase ‘comen riden’ meaning ‘to come riding [on horseback]’, and so should not be translated with an infinitive. This construction is characteristic of Laȝamon’s idiom, and will be encountered frequently.
Arðure þan kinge: : these are all dative forms, and therefore should be translated as ‘to [or ‘for’] Arthur the king’.
suster sune: from Old English ‘sweoster sunu’ (‘nephew’).
Arðure: as above, this is a dative form, meaning ‘to Arthur’ or similar.
boden: the MED only contains one citation of this form of bod, so we cannot tell whether it is singular or plural without recourse to context. A look at the rest of the line shows that it agrees with ‘gode’, the accusative plural form of ‘god’, so it must have the same case and number itself.
þene: this is an accusative form, descended from OE ‘þone’, the masculine accusative singular form of the definite article.
swa nauer nulde he him sugge soð hu hit ferde: [the messenger spoke to Arthur] ‘in such a way that he could not at all say to him the truth of how the situation had turned out’.
a marȝen: a phrase meaning ‘on the morrow’; ‘the following morning’ .
gon: this could be a form of the verb gon (this is the MED’s preference), or of ginnan, which can have the same past form. The meaning is the same in both cases
iuaren: the past participle of this verb is formed with a prefix (see ‘i-’) in the Old English manner. However, this prefix is not always an indicator of past participle forms; as in Old English, many verbs in the infinitive or other forms keep the prefix. Laȝamon often uses verbs in this way.
a mode: ‘a’ is an unstressed variety of ‘on’ (preposition) or ‘of’ (preposition); in this case on; ‘a mode’ is therefore identical with the common Middle English phrase ‘on mode’ (‘in [his/her] mind’).
a mode him wes uneðe: literally ‘in the mind for him [he] was uneasy’; idiomatically ‘he was uneasy in his mind’.
me imætte a sweuen: this verb (‘meten’, the most common Middle English verb of dreaming) takes an indirect object; ‘me’ therefore takes the dative case. Literally, the phrase means ‘a dream happened to me’, but the usual translation is ‘I had a dream’.
me imette þat: a close-to-literal translation might be ‘it happened as a dream for me that’, but idiomatically, we would say ‘I dreamed that’.
to hewene: this is an inflected infinitive, a characteristically Old English construction, and should be translated with the present participle here: ‘hewing’.
wimmonen leofuest me: ‘of [all] women the most dear to me’. ‘wimmonen’ is plural and takes the genitive case to create this partitive construction, and ‘me’ takes the dative.
to hælden: this is an inflected infinitive and means ‘quaking’ or ‘to quake’.
haue þat: ‘take that!’; a phrase of scornful triumph.
to ualle: this is an inflected infinitive and means ‘falling’ or ‘to fall’.
þere: ‘eorth’ was a feminine noun in Old English, and although gender inflections are falling away from English at this point, Laȝamon’s language still preserves many of the old forms. This pronoun is the feminine dative singular of the Old Englis definite article/demonstrative pronoun ‘se’, in agreement with its referent noun ‘eorðe’.
Modred is hafd: ‘is’ could either be the pronoun ‘his’, as suggested in this glossary, or a way of rendering the genitive form ‘Modredes’ (Modred’s). The meaning is identical in both constructions, however.
to flemen: this is an inflected infinitive and means ‘fleeing’ or ‘to flee’.
whar heo bicumen weoren: idiomatically, ‘what had become of them’
gon atstonden: ‘went and stopped’. This is an odd construction – both forms are evidently infinitives, but the sense clearly requires ‘gon’ to be a main verb. The past forms of gon are generally supplied by yede, gangen, and wenden. This ‘gon’ could be an unattested form of gangen, but this is only the least unlikely option. It is also possible that this verb, along with ‘agon’ in the line below, take the form that they do by analogy with ‘com’ in l. 14007. Still, however we construe these words, the sense of the line remains clear.
wondrien agon: ‘go wandering’. See idiom note to ‘gon atstonden’ in the previous line.
com … liðen: In Laȝamon’s characteristic manner, this infinitive ‘liðen’ following a main verb ‘com’ should be understood as a single modal verb, with the infinitive acting as an adverbial modifier to the main verb: ‘came travelling’.
swiðe: although this word generally means ‘very’, ‘extremely’, its use with the partitive genitive ‘deoren’ means that its meaning is likely to be superlative: ‘best’, ‘greatest’.
bi þan midle: the form of ‘þan’ is a relic of the OE instrumental case, which expresses the means by which, or the instrument with which, something is achieved, as in this sentence: ‘he seized me by the waist’ (= ‘he used my waist to seize me’).
hire: the lion takes the feminine pronouns and adjectives throughout this sequence, for reasons which are unclear – the Old English noun is masculine.
 
gun ȝeongen: ‘went travelling’. See idiom note to ‘gon atstonden’. This glossary construes ‘gun’ as a main verb, but the MED claims it as a form of the past participle.
þere sæ: ‘sea’ is a masculine noun in Old English; this occurrence of its direct Middle English descendent should therefore strictly take a masculine, not a feminine, article.
me seolue: the second pronoun intensifies the first: ‘me myself’.
com … liðe: ‘came travelling’. Another example of Laȝamon’s typical treatment of phrases with more than one verb.
fereden: this is an apparently plural verb with a singular subject – perhaps a scribe has erroneously transposed an /n/ from ‘liðe’ in the previous half-line (both ‘liðe’ and ‘liðen’ are both acceptable infinitive forms). It is also possible that ‘fereden’ has attracted an /n/ by analogy with the plural verb (‘binomen’) in the previous line. Alternatively, the line could be correct: another possibility is that the subject ‘waves’ also governs this verb, which gives us the following translation: ‘then a fish came travelling to that place and they [i.e., the waves and the fish] carried me to land.’
swulc ich al furburne: ‘as if I [were being] burned’.
to iwisse: ‘for certain’, ‘as a matter of certainty’
wale þat ich nabbe here Wenhauer mine quene!: ‘Woe [is me] that I do not have Guenevere my queen here!
hauest unriht: ‘haven unright’ (literally, ‘to have inaccuracy’) is a phrase meaning ‘to be wrong’.
ne sculde me nauere: this double negative intensifies, rather than cancels – ‘one should not in any way’.
mid sorȝen: this is an adverbial phrase meaning ‘sorrowfully’ or ‘pessimistically’.
ȝif hit weore ilumpe: an idiomatic translation would be ‘if it happened’ or ‘if it were to happen’.
swa nulle hit ure Drihte: an expression of hope – ‘may God not desire it!’
hafde þine quene inume: this phrase is in the pluperfect because of the sequence of tenses in this conditional sentence – because the primary tense is past (‘if it happened that …’), the historic tense must be the pluperfect:  ‘... [Modred] had captured your queen’.
þe þe ufel unnen: ‘who [1st ‘þe’] offer you [2nd ‘þe’] evil’.
þet þer no bilauen nane: this double negative has an intensifying effect –  ‘so that none at all remain there’.
alre kinge: partitive genitive: ‘of all kings’.
longe bið æuere þat no wene ich nauere / þat æuere Moddred mæi: This phrase contains a large number of intensifying adverbs – ‘may I not in any way think for a very long time that ever Modred my kinsman in any way …’
no Wenhauer mi quene wakien on þonke; / nulleð hit biginne, for nane weorld-monne: the negatives in this phrase stack, instead of cancelling – ‘nor [that] Guenevere my queen [would] weaken in her affection; she would not do that, for any man in the world’.
þus hafeð Modred idon: ‘Modred has done thus’
nis na wene: these double negatives do not cancel out – ‘there is no hope’ (or ‘expectation’).
no weneð heo nauere: these double negatives perform an intensifying function: ‘they do not believe at all’.
to soðe: phrase meaning ‘in truth’, ‘to speak truly’.
þat þu cumen aȝain: literally, ‘that you come again’, but the context shows that a future meaning for ‘cumen’ is necessary: ‘that you will come again’.
æm icumen: ‘comen’ takes ‘ben’ as its past auxiliary instead of ‘haven’.
þe seoulen: ‘you yourself’.
min hafued beo to wedde þat isæid ich þe habbe / soð buten lese: ‘may my head be a guarantee that I have told you the truth without falsehood’.
þa sæt hit al stille in Arðures halle: translate ‘sæt’ here with ‘to be’ – ‘then it was entirely still in Arthur’s hall’.
mid: means ‘with’, ‘in the company of’, and thus by extension, ‘along with’ and ‘in sympathy with’, which is what it means here.
uor-þæn: this is a form of the Old English adverb ‘for-ðam’ (‘consequently’), and has the same meaning in this context.
and gunne to tellen a feole cunne spellen: ‘and began to speak [and] in many ways say …’
sitteð adun stille: not the usual form for the imperative, but the context makes it clear that this is what is required.
nu, tomærȝe: the ‘nu’ here has only a weak temporal force. We might today begin a spoken sentence with the words ‘now then’, and this is exactly the same usage.
in toward: there is some redundancy here with these two prepositions – ‘toward’ alone would have sufficed to communicate the sense.
and alle ich wulle fordon þa biluueden þen swikedom: ‘and I will kill all those who supported this devilry’.
to halden al þis kinelond þa ich habbe a mire hond: ‘in order to keep all this kingdom which I have in my possession’; i.e., Rome and Britain.
bi mine bare life: this idiom means literally ‘by my unprotected life’, but could be intelligently translated as ‘by my very life’, ‘on pain of death’ or similar.
domes waldend: ‘wielder of fate’; a phrase strongly resonant of Old English poetry.
al middelærdes mund: ‘protector of the earth’; a phrase strongy resonant of Old English poetry.
mid Drihtenes wille: ‘in accordance with the Lord’s will’.
haxt alre warien: this phrase contains a partitive genitive – ‘highest of all warriors’.
al mid horsen todraȝe: ‘completely dragged to pieces with horses’.
mid þan bezte: ‘in the best way possible’.
and Drihten hine senden: this glossary suggests that ‘senden’ is a main verb, because the sense of a main verb is required, but it does not appear to be a singular form. The phrase means ‘and the Lord caused it [i.e. the day] to happen’.
þeos wederes abiden, windes bidelde: the cases impart a great deal of the sense here – ‘they waited [for] the weather, deprived [of] the wind’.
nu: this is only a weakly temporal adverb.
anæn swa: ‘as soon as’.
demen iherde: the grammatical identity of ‘demen’ is unclear. It could be, as this glossary suggests, a main verb, but it could also be an unattested form of the past participle.
taken on: phrase meaning  ‘act’, or ‘behave’; ‘how
þat wæs hire leofuest monnes: ‘who was to her the most beloved of all men’.
þe king wes swiðe riche: ‘who was a very rich king’.
þerof he bruke sculde: ‘that he might possess some of it’.
a feouwer half Sexlonde: ‘half’ does not have to mean a thing divided once, and this phrase therefore means ‘to the four corners of Saxony’.
for he him scolde helpe: ‘in return for his help’.
þa Modred hafde his ferde isomned of monnen: ‘when Modred had summoned his army of soldiers’.
þa weoren þere italde sixti þusende: literally, ‘italde’ means ‘counted’, but a good translation would be ‘then were there, all told, sixty thousand’.
weoren icumen: ‘comen’ takes ‘ben’ as its past auxiliary, not ‘haven’.
on hepe: ‘as a group’, ‘in total’.
æche dæi him comen sonde from þas kinges hirede: ‘every day messengers came to him from the king’s household’.
þa ilomp hit an one time muchel rein him gon rine: ‘then it happened at a certain time that a great deal of rain began to fall on them’ or ‘... for them’.
him: ‘for them’.
æst ende: ‘eastern quarter’, ‘eastern direction’ – easterly winds (i.e. winds originating in the east, like this one) blow west, so this is a favourable wind for crossing the Channel from the French side.
to fihten: this is an inflected infinitive, and should be translated as ‘fighting’ or ‘to fight’.
summe heo letten ut of scipen scerpe garen scriþen: ‘Some [they] made sharp spears fly out of the ships’.
Wæ wes þa monnen: ‘Woe was there for men’
þa wes Arður særi and sorhful an heorte forþi, / and þas word bodede ricchest alre Brutte: ‘Then Arthur was sorry and distressed in his heart because of this, and this man, who was the most powerful of all the Britons, uttered these words’.
whæt sorȝen me weoren ȝeueðe: ‘what sorrow had been given to me’.
wa is me þat ich was mon iboren: there is no need to translate ‘mon’ in this sentence, since it has only an indefinite meaning: ‘Woe is me that I was born!’
up nu, of scipen biliue, mine beornes ohte!: there is no main verb in this sentence, so we must supply one: ‘Up, now, [advance] quickly from the ships, my brave men!’
æfne þæ worde wenden to fihte / sixti þusend anon selere kempen: ‘with these words sixty thousand brave men went into battle’.
and welneh himseolue wes inome: ‘and [Modred] was nearly captured himself’.
þer weore al þat fiht idon, ah þat niht to raðe com; / ȝif þa niht neore islaȝen hi weoren alle: ‘that fight would have carried on there fiercely, except that night came too quickly; if night had not come they would all have been killed.’
swa: ‘in this way’; i.e., ‘aided by this great confusion’.
and Modred þerinne abeod: ‘and Modred waited in there’.
þa Modred isæh þat Arður him wes swa neh: ‘when Modred saw that Arthur was so near to him [i.e., near enough to besiege him]’.
a þere ilke niht: ‘on the same night’.
mid fihte þer atstonden: ‘make a stand there in battle’
wið þan þa: an idiom that cannot be translated literally, but which introduces a conditional clause, and therefore means ‘if’, ‘on the condition that’.
he lette bemen blawen and beonnen men to fihten: ‘He caused trumpets to be blown and men to be gathered in order to fight’.
aðele his cnihte: Middle English word-order is flexible, and the case of these words makes it clear that they mean his brave knights’
heo: ‘they’, i.e., the two armies.
and he dude þere, alse he dude elleswhare: ‘and he did in that place, just as he did elsewhere’.
mid þan mæste: literally, ‘with the most’, but this idiom means ‘of the greatest kind’.
And lette him to cleopien: ‘to’ is a preposition used postpositively in this phrase – ‘and caused to be called into his presence’.
þe feond hine aȝe!: a curse – ‘may the devil take him!’
fuhten: the subject of this verb is the ‘folc’ of the previous line.
þa heold he þene wai þat touward Hamtone lai: ‘then he took the road that went in the direction of Southampton’.
þa þer oht weore: ‘[all the ships] in that place that were seaworthy’.
Winchestre þa burh bilai: ‘besieged the town of Winchester’.
alle he aqualde: ‘he killed everyone’.
mid alle: an adverbial phrase meaning ‘entirely’, ‘completely’.
æm wurðest þu: this phrase is in the present tense, but a future sense is clearly intended, since this is a prophecy – ‘You will be wretched’.
þæ eorðe þe scal: `who was a great prophet'.
þe witeȝe wes mære: `who was a great prophet'
næs heo næuere swa sarlic: intensifying double negative – literally, ‘she was not ever so sorry’, although Modern English tense rules mean that we would translate the phrase as ‘she had never been so sorry’.
særȝest wimmonne: ‘the sorriest of women’ (partitive genitive).
wa wes hire þere while þat heo wes on life!: ‘Woe was to her, at that time, that she was alive’
war heo bicumen weore: ‘what had become of her’.
on deðe: ‘in a state of death’, i.e., ‘dead’.
Þa heo hireseolf weore isunken in þe watere: ‘when she was herself submerged in the water’.
hehten heom to cume: with verbs of ordering, infinitives often attract the meaningless verbal particle ‘to’ – ‘he ordered them to come’.
alle anan þat wolde lond habben / oðer seoluer oðer gold oðer ahte oðer lond: ‘immediately, everyone who wanted to have land or silver or gold or possessions or property’.
on ælchere wisen he warnede hine seoluen, / swa deð ælc witer mon þa neode cumeð uuenan: ‘he defended himself on every side, as does every prudent man for whom the necessity arises’.
come riden: although ‘riden’ is an infinitive, it is here part of the idiomatic phrase ‘comen riden’ meaning ‘to come riding [on horseback]’, and so should be translated as a participle. Because of the sequence of tenses in this sentence, the participle required is the past: ‘[until Arthur] came riding’.
to cumen: this verb, like others in this passage, has attracted the meaningless verbal particle ‘to’ because its main verb is a verb of ordering.
to uihte: this verb, like others in this passage, has attracted the meaningless verbal particle ‘to’ because its main verb is a verb of ordering.
to beren: this verb, like others in this passage, has attracted the meaningless verbal particle ‘to’ because its main verb is a verb of ordering.
and whaswa hit forsete þat þe king hete, / þe king hine wolde a folden quic al forbernen: ‘and whosoever disregarded what the king ordered, the king would burn him alive on the spot.’
hit læc toward hirede folc vnimete, / ridinde and ganninde, swa þe rim falleð adune: the subject of this sentence (‘folc’) is anticipated by the pronoun ‘hit’, and is therefore strictly redundant – the sentence means ‘an immeasurable army hastened towards the royal presence, riding and on foot, as [plentifully as] the hoar-frost falls down’.
þer weore monie uæie: ‘in that [army] were many doomed ones’.
euermare ilast þat ilke weorde: ‘may the name last forever!’
uæie þah hit weore: ‘still, though, it was doomed’ (i.e., despite being immeasurably large).
mon i þan fihte non þer ne mihte ikenne nenne kempe: ‘no-one in that fight could recognize any soldier’.
no wha dude wurse no wha bet, swa þat wiðer wes imenged: ‘no-one did worse and no-one better, so greatly confused was the battle’.
weore he swein weore he cniht: ‘whether he were common soldier or knight’.
idon of lif-daȝe: the same phrase is used to describe Gawain’s death in l. 14140 – a phrase that is highly reminiscent of Anglo-Saxon idiom.
alle þa snelle / Arðures hered-men: the case ending show us that this line means ‘all the brave retainers of Arthur’, rather than ‘all the retainers of brave Arthur’.
and þa Bruttes alle of Arðures borde: ‘and all the Britons of Arthur’s [round] table’.
and Arður forwunded: we need to supply a verb here – ‘and Arthur [was] grievously wounded’.
fiftene he hafde feondliche wunden— / mon mihte i þare laste twa glouen iþraste: ‘he had fifteen terrible wounds – one could have thrust two gloves into the least of them’.
þa nas þer namare i þan fehte to laue / of twa hundred þusend monnen þa þer leien tohauwen,/ buten Arður þe king ane and of his cnihtes tweien: ‘nobody remained from the battle of the two hundred thousand men who lay there hewn to bits, except Arthur the king alone and two of his knights.’
Arður wes forwunded wunder ane swiðe: this line is pleonastic –  ‘Arthur was grievously wounded, very badly, exceedingly, singularly.’
he wes Cadores sune, þe eorles of Cornwaile: ‘he was the son of Cador, the earl of Cornwall’.
þan kinge deore: this phrase is in the dative, and therefore means ‘dear to the king’.
Arður him lokede on, þer he lai on folden: ‘Arthur looked at him, as he lay there on the field’.
and wite mine Bruttes a to þines lifes, / and hald heom alle þa laȝen þa habbeoð istonden a mine daȝen, / and alle þa laȝen gode þa bi Uðeres daȝen stode: ‘and defend my Britons for as long as your life lasts, and protect all those laws that were in force in my lifetime, and all the good laws that were in force in Uther’s day.’
alre maidene: partitive genitive – ‘of all maidens’.
aluen swiðe sceone: because of the partitive genitive in the previous line, we know that this occurrence of swiðe probably has a superlative force – ‘of elves the most beautiful’.
mid haleweiȝe drenchen: this line contains two nouns meaning ‘potion’; it literally means ‘with healing-potion drinks’ but we might translate it as ‘with a healing-potion and [with other] potions’.
þer com of se wenden / þat wes an sceort bat liðen: ‘to that place there came moving in from the sea [something] that was a short boat, sailing’.
and forð gunnen hine liðen: ‘and they began to convey him away’.
Þa wes hit iwurðen þat Merlin seide whilen: / þat weore unimete care of Arðures forðfare: ‘Then what Merlin once said had come to pass, that there would be immeasurable sorrow at Arthur’s departure’.
ileueð ȝete þat he bon: ‘[they] still believe that he is’.
on live: ‘alive’.
alre aluen: partitive genitive – ‘of all elves’.
Nis nauer þe man iboren of nauer nane burde: this stack of negatives has a highly emphatic force – ‘there is not in any way any man who was born of any noble lady at all’.
icoren: this past participle functions as an adjective – ‘chosen’, therefore ‘exalted’.
þe cunne of þan soðe of Arðure sugen mare. / Bute while wes an witeȝe Mærlin ihate: ‘who knows how to say more regarding the truth of Arthur, except that once there was a prophet called Merlin …’.
þat an Arður: ‘that an Arthur’ – the indefinite article is a highly meaningful part of this sentence.
Arðure þan kinge: as the extract begins, Arthur is in Burgundy, preparing to advance on Rome with his army. He has previously defeated the Roman army under the command of the emperor Lucius, who was killed along with his entire force. Rome is therefore an easy target, and Arthur’s intention to conquer the Roman Empire seems easily accomplished.
for he wende þat he brohte boden swiðe gode: this is a moment of dramatic irony, since the poem makes it clear at various points that Modred will commit treason. When Arthur leaves England and entrusts the kingdom to Modred and Guenevere, the narrator foreshadows the ‘swikedome’ described in this extract. See ll. 12723-34.
swa nauer nulde he him sugge soð hu hit ferde: it is not exactly clear why the ‘ȝeonge cniht’ does not make his disclosure immediately. One possible implication of the line is that he finds himself incapable of breaking the bad news, either through fear or sympathy; another is that he wishes to wait until the entire court is assembled.
he aras up and adun sat swulc he weore swiðe seoc: this line prefigures the bad news that is to follow.
a sweuen: the poem makes it clear that Arthur regards this as dream as being meaningful and prophetic, but other types of dreams were believed to exist. Arthur’s dreams have been shown to have prophetic force earlier in the poem, for instance when he presages the fight with the giant of Mont St. Michel in ll. 12751ff. Arthur therefore has good cause to be worried about this dream
Walwain: Gawain, the son of Arthur’s brother-in-law Lot, is the most noble knight of the Round Table in this rendition of Arthurian legend.
Moddred: Modred is Gawain’s brother, and Laȝamon tells us in l. 12721 that it was for this reason that he was respected in Arthur’s court. The poem makes it clear from the point of his introduction into the narrative that Modred will eventually commit treachery. A reader familiar with the earlier parts of the poem would thus be well acquainted with the idea that Modred was not to be trusted.
þa halle: in the interpretation of the dream, this building is metonymic for the community of Arthur’s people. In this sense, the image functions in a very similar way to the mead-hall in Beowulf, to take one example from a literature that seems to have influenced Laȝamon heavily.
Wenheuer: Guenevere, Arður’s beloved wife, is generally described by the narrator as having an excellent character. The degree to which she is guilty of betraying Arthur along with Modred is more ambiguous than in the case of Modred himself, as we will see in this extract.
wimmonnen leofuest me: This line is another moment of dramatic irony, since the narrator has already implied fairly strongly that Guenevere’s love for Arthur might not match his.
and Walwain gon to ualle: this line presages Gawain’s death later in the poem. Is it significant that Gawain, who breaks both of his arms in the dream, dies in the final battle against Modred, while Arthur – who breaks only his right arm – suffers a more ambiguous fate?
mid mire leoft honde: Arthur has broken his right arm, which would be usually be the sword-arm, and so is forced to fight with his non-dominant hand.
and smæt of Modred is hafd: this could be regarded as specifically predicting the manner, as well as the fact, of Modred’s death in battle. The word ‘ofslen’, used in l. 14254 to describe the death of Modred, can mean ‘decapitate’ as well as simply ‘kill’.
and þa quene ich al tosnaðde mid deore mine sweorede / And seoððen ich heo adun sette in ane swarte putte: The degree to which these line predict the fate of Guenevere is not clear. The text of the poem has suffered a lacuna at the point where Guenevere’s death is described. One thing that is certain is that she does not die in the same battle as Modred and Gawain.
sette to fleme: if, as suggested above, Arthur’s hall is metonymic for the British people, then its burning clearly prefigures the death of so many of Arthur’s retainers and subjects at the final battle with Modred.
an guldene leo liðen ouer dune, / Deoren swiðe hende þa ure Drihten makede: in medieval bestiaries, the lion was often a symbol of the salvific Jesus. Although it is unclear what the lion’s intentions are when it seizes Arthur, its characterization in these lines shows that it is a symbol of goodness.
and þe leo i þan ulode iwende wið me seolue: Can these lines be read as casting doubt on the narrative of Arthur’s departure to Avalon at the end of this extract? Many interpretations of this part of the dream are possible. Another plausible suggestion is that the lion represents Arthur’s good fortune (that is, his military victories and his imminent conquest of Rome), the waves represent the tumultuous events that interrupt this progression, and the fish (which appears below) represents the forces that deliver him from death and save him from a painful death.
com þer an fisc liðe and fereden me to londe: a parallel between this line and the story of Jonah could be drawn. In both, a sea-creature saves the narrative subject from drowning and ferries them to land (in Jonah’s case, after a much longer intervening period).
for ich wat to iwisse agan is al mi blisse: Arthur is entirely certain that his dream is both prophetic and accurate in its prediction of difficult times to come. Given the accuracy of previous dreams, this is not unreasonable. We might therefore understand this line as a reflection of his good judgement. On the other hand, only the first half of the dream recognizably maps onto events that occur later in the poem.
þu ært þe riccheste mon þa rixleoð on londen: this is not simply flattery – after all, the extract begins at the height of Arthur’s achievement. He has just defeated the Roman army and killed the emperor, and was about to advance on Rome itself and capture it. The implication – a fairly accurate one before Modred gains the support of Childric – is that the forces available to Modred would not stand a very good chance against Arthur’s army.
swa nulle hit ure Drihte: the knight speaking is still reluctant to admit the possibility of treachery on the part of Modred and Guenevere. It is unclear whether this is due to genuine skepticism or to a wish not to insult prematurely the honour of Arthur’s wife and nephew.
þe … unnen: this is a rhetorically impressive set of parallel clauses that might betray an attempt on Laȝamon’s part to distinguish the register of direct speech from that of his narrative. The end of the first half-line of each of these lines contains an infinitive (‘awreken’, ‘halden’, ‘fallen’) all describing actions of which Arthur is capable in the cause of defending his sovereignty.
longe bið æuere: there is a certain irony – intentional on Laȝamon’s part? – in this phrase, since it is immediately followed by a revelation that shatters Arthur’s confidence in his wife and nephew expressed in these lines.
no Wenhauer mi quene wakien on þonke: the poem has not previously given us a good idea of what Guenevere’s betrayal will involve. The implication of sexual infidelity found in this line is one of the first points at which the poem describes Guenevere’s actions as prompted by anything but Modred’s coercion.
þin vnderling: this assertion of obedience stands in implicit contrast to the presumably large number of Arthur’s subjects who have capitulated with Modred.
hafeð ifon: the verb suggests that the queen has been coerced into supporting Modred’s coup, but this could simply be politeness or caution on the part of the knight, since the narrator makes it clear that Guenevere actively supports Modred’s actions.
of þine kume nis na wene: / for no weneð heo nauere to soðe þat þu cumen aȝain from Rome: Arthur has been gone for a long time, and the Roman empire was a formidable opponent. This is not an entirely unreasonable belief. This line presents an interesting parallel with – or contrast to – the Britons’ expectation that Arthur will return from Avalon.
þa sæt hit al stille in Arðures halle: this is not just Arthur’s tragedy, after all. The army of Britons have just found out that their country is no longer under the control of their leader – and of course a fight will be necessary to claim Britain back. This is a highly charged moment, particularly in a text that takes such an interest in land and nationality.
wide me mihte iheren Brutten iberen: the narrator imagines observers or listeners in order to draw the camera back and create a somewhat cinematic moment. Similar techniques are used to narrate scenes such as battles in a wide variety of Middle English texts.
þe mid Modred heolden: it is clear to the British, as well as to the reader, that Modred did not take control of England alone, and as we will see later in this extract, his abettors do not escape punishment.
Walwain, þat wes Arðures mæi: Gawain is Arthur’s principal sidekick at this point in the narrative, but it is particularly important that he speaks here, because he is Modred’s brother, and therefore has strong blood loyalties to him.
ah, todæi, ich atsake hine, here, biuoren þissere duȝeðe: This formal act of renunciation must be performed in public, and this is why we are told that it happens in the presence of the army.
and Drihten hine senden: this phrase mirrors the second half-line of l. 14063.
Whitsond: Wissant, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais; in other words, on the other side of the English channel.
scipen he hæfde sone, monie and wel idone: the narrative does not say how Arthur came by these ships, but there is a contrast between the poem’s treatment of this scene and its treatment of Modred’s escape to Cornwall later in the extract (see l. 14190ff), in which he seizes ships forcibly and against the will of their navigators.
nu was sum forcuð kempe in Arðures ferde: this treacherous soldier plays a necessary role in the narrative, since someone needs to tell Modred about Arthur’s movements and plans. However, as we will see, the traitor in Arthur’s army does not send his envoy to the person we might expect him to (see note to l. 14098)
and sende word Wenhaueren: it is important that Guenevere, not Modred, is the recipient of this information, because it allows the poem to show her capitulating with Modred. She has a clear choice not to reveal the information, but does so anyway, and in doing so gives the reader an extremely clear indication of her sympathies.
þat wæs hire leofuest monnes: this phrase mirrors others that have often been used in the poem to describe Arthur’s feelings towards Guenevere (for instance, in l. 13992), and thus presents an ironic, or at least an unfortunate, contrast. It is clear at this point that the notion of her being forced into capitulation by Modred is probably far-fetched.
Hu he wolde taken an and al hu he wolde don: this phrase mirrors the earlier description of the information regarding Arthur’s movements passed to Guenevere by the traitor, and thus strengthens the narrative force of her betrayal – the information has been passed on in exact terms.
Childriche: a Saxon leader, not to be confused with a previous antagonist with a similar name. Modred needs the support of non-British soldiers to stand a good chance against Arthur’s army. The violation of national identity represented by this act of allowing foreign troops to defend Britain against the British shows Modred’s disrespect for the country in contrast to Arthur’s love for it and its people
þerof he bruke sculde: Modred offers Childrich a large part of Britain in return for his military support. This agreement seems somewhat desperate, and reflects the difficulty Modred would have had raising an army when most of the British nobility was away fighting the Romans.
al biȝeonde þere Humbre: ‘biȝeonde’ here means ‘north’ – Modred is therefore offering Childrich a large part of Yorkshire and, presumably, Scotland as well.
Childrich beh sone into Brutlonde: Childrich’s haste to travel to Britain could well reflect the extremely generous terms of the offer.
sixti þusende: this is already a large army, especially since Arthur’s forces are depleted from fighting the Romans.
of heðene uolke: these men are not, for the most part, British people – instead, Modred must rely on the support of foreign, non-Christian soldiers to field a large army. These soldiers resemble Christian knights in every outward respect, but the very fact that they are not British is important, since it produces an unusual situation in which the British must attack foreign soldiers in their own country in order to reclaim ownership of their country.
forcuðest monnen: the narrator never shirks from telling us exactly what we are to think of Modred, even before he begins to behave in a reprehensible way. This half-line epithet can be compared with the one used regularly to describe Arthur: ‘aðelest alre kinge’ (l. 14035; similar examples elsewhere).
an hundred þusende: although this is not as large as the army of four hundred thousand men assembled by Lucius, the Roman emperor, it is still an extremely formidable force for a tired, numerically depleted army to contend with.
æche dæi him comen sonde from þas kinges hirede: the spies who send news of Arthur’s movements now seem to be going directly to Modred, instead of via Guenevere.
up wende: Arthur’s army lands at Romney Marsh, in Kent. The preposition ‘up’ might here be used in a genuinely directional manner – Romney is extremely low-lying, and Arthur’s army would be genuinely advancing ‘up’ into England.
into þissen londe: i.e., England. The demonstrative pronoun chosen here indicates that the narrative voice imagines itself as being located in England, as opposed to being in some indefinite place. This line therefore gives a further impression of the poem’s (and the narrator’s) own sense of its nationality. Even though Britain is, strictly speaking, no longer Britain, but rather England, the poem implies the existence of a strong continuity here and elsewhere.
Moddred him wes auornon: This is an unexpected proximity on Arthur’s part – presumably, he does not know about the treachery that has caused his whereabouts and intentions to become known to Modred, and it would therefore be a great surprise to find Modred waiting there for him, having levied a large army.
Walwain biforen wende and þene wæi rumde, / and sloh þer aneuste þeines elleouene; / he sloh Childriches sune þe was þer mid his fader icume: Gawain, as usual, shows great prowess in battle, and kills a very large number of knights, including an important, high-ranking one (who would presumably be better protected and equipped than lower-ranking nobles).
þer wes Walwain aslæȝe and idon of life-daȝe / þurh an eorl Sexisne —særi wurðe his saule!: the narrator frequently states that the identity of the knight who has killed a particular person in battle is unknown because of the confusion of the melee. However, in this case, the general identity of the killer is known – a Saxon earl – but his name is not considered important.
bodede: this verb is often used in connection with prophetic utterances, and it is therefore interesting that the poem uses it to have Arthur comment on the fulfilment of a prophetic dream.
ich wuste bi mine sweuene whæt sorȝen me weoren ȝeueðe: Arthur’s confidence in the truth of his distressing dream has been confirmed by the outcome of this battle. Gawain, who broke both of his arms in the dream, has been killed in real life.
Modred bigon to fleon: Modred, as we will see at various points later in the narrative, is very cowardly, and refuses to stand and fight with his army when a battle does not go in his favour.
ȝurren þa stanes mid þan blodstremes: this graphic image is a standard topos of chivalric romance; it is found in Havelok and Beues of Haumtone, to take two examples.
he bihehte þere burȝe-were auermare freo laȝe / wið þan þa heo him heolpen at heȝere neoden. Þa hit wes dæiliht, ȝaru þa wes heore fiht: this is an extravagant offer that reflects Modred’s increasing desperation and worsening position. Post-Conquest England had a very strong centralized judicial system, and this offer could therefore be regarded as going against the tendencies of insular society. The citizens of Winchester quickly prepare themselves for battle, just as Childrich immediately marched for England in response to Modred’s offer – both agreements are extremely favourable to them.
and he dude þere, alse he dude elleswhare / swikedom mid þan mæste, for auere he dude unwraste: this gives us a context in which to interpret Modred’s actions throughout the narrative – a useful tool in a text which is so often elliptical in its description of motives. Modred’s flight at this point in the poem is explicitly depicted as a reprehensible act, and it can be regarded as one of the worst things that he does. His abandonment of the people of Winchester under false pretences is a serious crime, since it causes Britons to fight other Britons needlessly, It is also, of course, a significant betrayal of Modred’s promise to the people of Winchester.
and bistal from þan fihte: this is the second time that Modred has fled instead of standing and fighting. The line in which Modred claims to be making a final stand (l. 14175)  is revealed as disingenuous here.
folc gode: does this phrase mean that the people who stay and fight (who seem mostly to be the inhabitants of Winchester) are morally good, or simply good fighters? They are certainly loyal to Modred, and they present a strong defence against the British assault, but it is hard to interpret the word as referring to anything more than these qualities, especially given the fate of Winchester and its inhabitants that is described shortly after this passage.
muchelere neode: this phrase mirrors the terms of Modred’s promise to the people of Winchester, who agree to help him in his ‘heȝere neode’ (l. 14177). This link with the original promise serves to emphasise Modred’s betrayal of their agreement.
And nom alle þa scipen þa þer oht weore, / and þa steormen alle to þan scipen neodde: when Arthur needed ships earlier in the extract, the narrative simply relates that he soon came into possession of some, without describing the means by which he acquired them, but this passage seizes upon the opportunity to show Modred behaving with ‘swikedom’, and therefore describes him commandeering ships and forcing their steersmen to accompany him.
þa ȝeonge and þa alde, alle he aqualde: this might seem an excessive punishment, but it is justified by the idea that the inhabitants of Winchester committed treason when they sheltered Modred. The fact that London had refused to take him in before he was given shelter in Winchester shows that the inhabitants of the city had a choice.
hu ofte Modred flah and hu Arður hine bibah: the inevitability of Modred’s defeat is clear by this point.
and me hire hafd biwefde mid ane hali rifte, / and heo wes þer munechene, karefullest wife: this retreat into an enclosed order should be understood as Guenevere’s attempt to atone for a recognized sin. Taking the veil (or the habit) was often characterized as being like death, since physical aspects of earthly life are suppressed in favour of spiritual contemplation and prayer. Important to this process is the shedding of previous worldly identities, and it is for this reason that Guenevere’s whereabouts remain a secret.
no feole ȝere seoððe nuste hit mon to soðe / whaðer heo weore on deðe … / þa heo hireseolf weore isunken in þe watere: it is unclear how much has been lost from the story at this point, but if it is only a half-line, then it is difficult to see how the allusion to Guenevere’s death by drowning in the last of these lines could have been given sufficient explanation. There is no other reference to this event in the rest of the poem, or indeed in Laȝamon’s sources, that could help us to explain this line. It remains a major crux of the poem, and one that will probably never be explained satisfactorily. 
to Irlonde he sende aneoste his sonde, / to Sexlonde he sende aneouste his sonde, / to Scotlonde he sende aneouste his sonde; / he hehten heom to cume alle anan þat wolde lond habben / oðer seoluer oðer gold oðer ahte oðer lond: this emphatic repetition of the places to which Modred sent his messengers could suggest his increasing desperation. The repetition of the extravagant offers of treasure and land first made a few lines earlier is a similar indication of possible panic or desperation. Modred is promising the kingdom’s assets in order to save it for himself – the strong implication is that, concerns about treachery or moral right aside, Britain would not be better off under such a reckless ruler.
on ælchere wisen he warnede hine seoluen, / swa deð ælc witer mon þa neode cumeð uuenan: unusually, this passage stresses that Modred’s behaviour in defending himself so thoroughly was a sensible step. This act does not indicate cowardice in the same way that fleeing the field of battle does.
and þer wolde abiden þat Arður come riden: Modred essentially dictates the terms of all of the battles between him and Arthur. He surprises Arthur’s army with the first battle, when he thinks that he will be at an advantage, but then forces Arthur to come to him on each subsequent engagement, since he would be fighting on uneven terms and therefore does not want to force a battle. What do these characterizations of Modred’s behaviour imply? A common question in medieval depictions of warfare asks where the line between bravery and recklessness lies – two famous early examples are the Battle of Maldon and the Chanson de Roland. How does a military leader tell when courage and prudence end and ofermod and desmesure begin? A comparison of the various moral values assigned to Modred’s deeds in this extract could at least indicate Laȝamon’s likely opinion.
swa þe rim falleð adune: hoar-frost is made up of intricate structures that form over the entire surface of exposed objects in the correct conditions. The image therefore attempts to give us an impression of a very large army seen from far away, with a great deal of detail visible, covering an extremely wide area. It may also invoke the image of light shining on armour seen from far away, and seek to compare this visual effect (often commented upon in romances and battle-narratives in the middle ages) with the similar effect caused by light shining on frost.
þat: i.e., Arthur’s arrival.
þer weore monie uæie: this line mirrors l. 14243 below (see note).
heo tuhten togadere: this is the first occurrence of what can almost be seen as a ‘refrain’. In this passage there are several similar half-lines (l. 14244, l. 12449) that function as restatements of the basic event (‘they drew close together’) followed by varied descriptions of other subsidiary events. This is a similar technique to the laisses parallèles found in Old French chansons de geste, in which a repeated line can act as an anchor for varied descriptions of a scene.
euermare ilast þat ilke weorde: Laȝamon, like Wace, whose Roman de Brut is one of the Brut’s principal sources, has a great interest in place-names and the historical resonances that they preserve. The preeminent example of this in both poems is the words ‘Briton’ and ‘British’ – both refer back to the name Brutus, who founds Britain early in the poem and names it after himself. Although Brutus of course dies early in both texts, the words used to describe the nationality and country of his descendants preserve his name throughout.
unimete folke: the adjective ‘unimete’ (‘immeasurable’) is used four times in this passage. In restricting its vocabulary thus the narrative imparts a sense of difficulty – the scene defies language’s attempts to describe it.
uæie þah hit weore: this line mirrors l. 14237 above, which asserts that Modred’s army is doomed. Taken with this parallel, the line can be read as serving to emphasize the great losses on both sides of the battle. In romance narratives, the army of the morally superior leader often suffers many fewer losses than a given opposing army. This line could be read as an attempt as ‘historical’ hyperrealism, emphasising through exaggeration that morality and likelihood of death in battle are not connected.
heo tuhte tosomne: the second occurrrence of the ‘refrain’ first seen in l. 14238.
heuen here-marken, halden togadere, / luken sweord longe, leiden o þe helmen— / fur ut sprengen; speren brastlien, / sceldes gonnen scanen, scaftes tobreken: The eight verbs in these lines, one for each half-line, work to create a vivid scene, full of violence and movement. The effect of confusion initially created in this passage is extended in the lines that follow.
mon i þan fihte non þer ne mihte ikenne nenne kempe, / no wha dude wurse no wha bet, swa þat wiðer wes imenged: it would have been extremely hard to distinguish friend from foe in any battle when Laȝamon was writing, since the combatants would have been wearing armour, and yet there was still no universal system of heraldic identification. These lines seem to indicate that the knights were scattered throughout the battle, rather than being grouped into two opposing sides, something that would make the task of identifying one’s enemies nearly impossible.
þer wes Modred ofslaȝe and idon of lif-daȝe: we do not find out who killed Modred, presumably because of the great confusion that prevailed during the battle. Arthur’s dream  at the beginning of this extract mentions Modred’s decapitation specifically, and it is therefore perhaps significant that the verb ‘ofslen’ in this line can mean ‘to decapitate’.
and alle his cnihtes             islaȝe in þan fihte. / Þer weoren ofslaȝe alle þa snelle / Arðures hered-men, hehȝe and lowe: This may well be the fulfilment of the prediction made in l. 14002, when Arthur describes dreaming that all his people would be made to flee. It also fulfils the assertion in l. 14243 that Arthur’s men were ‘fated’.
mid wal-spere brade: although we do not know who wounded Arthur, so badly, we do know what weapon created the wounds. The unusual name for the weapon and the lack of a named killer is another contribution to the air of mystery that surrounds Arthur’s departure in this scene.
þa nas þer namare i þan fehte to laue / of twa hundred þusend monnen þa þer leien tohauwen, / buten Arður þe king ane and of his cnihtes tweien: the total slaughter on both sides surely emphasizes the meaningless nature of the conflict, and Modred’s near-total responsibility for the death of two hundred thousand men. The great victories of Arthur’s earlier career are tempered with this ugly scene.
ich þe bitache here mine kineriche, / and wite mine Bruttes a to þines lifes, / and hald heom alle þa laȝen þa habbeoð istonden a mine daȝen, / and alle þa laȝen gode þa bi Uðeres daȝen stode: Arthur’s first duty is to his people and his country, and these lines make this dedication explicit. Whereas Modred was happy to bend the law in the service of personal interest when trying to bargain with the population of Winchester, Arthur’s concern is for the safety of his people accomplished through the rule of law. These lines thus form yet another contrast between Arthur’s conduct and Modred’s.
And ich wulle uaren to Aualun, to uairest alre maidene, / to Argante þere quene, aluen swiðe sceone; / and heo scal mine wunden makien alle isunde, / al hal me makien mid haleweiȝe drenchen: this assertion comes as a great surprise, and is unparalleled anywhere else in the Brut. Arthur does not claim to have had a dream to this effect; instead, he predicts his departure as a matter of certainty. It is unclear what Laȝamon intends to show with this prediction (which is not found in his sources). Perhaps its only function is to increase the ambiguous, other-worldly tone of these lines.
And seoðe ich cumen wulle to mine kineriche / and wunien mid Brutten mid muchelere wunne: the first half of this prediction above is immediately fulfilled, whereas the second is not. What is the point of this contrast? Does Laȝamon put this statement in Arthur’s mouth to create the source for the British belief in Arthur’s return?
Æfne þan worden þer com of se wenden / þat wes an sceort bat liðen, sceouen mid vðen,/ and twa wimmen þerinne wunderliche idihte, / and heo nomen Arður anan, and aneouste hine uereden, / and softe hine adun leiden, and forð gunnen hine liðen: surprisingly, Arthur’s prediction, which we might (on a first reading) have been ready to discount as the hallucinations of a dying man, are given narrative authority and are stated to have happened.
Bruttes ileueð ȝete þat he bon on liue, / and wunnien in Aualun: the obvious impossibility of a mortal living for so long imparts a supernatural quality to this awaited Arthur.
mid fairest alre aluen: the exact terms used by Arthur to describe Argante in l. 14278 are repeated by the narrator, thus giving further authority to the king’s prediction.
his quiðes weoren soðe: Laȝamon has gone to great lengths to prove that Merlin’s prophecies were true at many points throughout the Arthurian section of his poem (which is greatly expanded in comparison to his sources). But if the entire narrative has been leading up to this point, then why does his final prediction not seem to come true?
an: this leaves some room for uncertainty in Merlin’s prediction. He does not say that Arthur will return, but only that someone called Arthur will return. Perhaps Laȝamon intends to present the British belief in the return of Arthur Pendragon as based on an incorrect interpretation of Merlin’s prophecy. But if this is the point of this part of the narrative, then the description of Arthur’s departure for Avalon sits uneasily.
Anglen: the prediction is that Arthur will return to help the English, not the British, who by this point have been displaced to the margins of the British Isles by the English. Of course, the English have themselves been displaced after the Norman Conquest. Does the text attempt to draw a parallel between the idea of the British being marginalized by the English and the idea of the English being marginalized by the Normans? Will a new Arthur come to help the English in the same way that the old Arthur helped the British? If this is the case, then will this help consist of a series of great triumphs followed by a precipitous fall? Any attempt to tease a coherent symbolism out of this passage must be doomed to failure, but this word is a remarkable – and a masterful – choice in the sense that it immediately invokes a contemporary discourse on nationality and identity that has only been faintly implicit in previous parts of the poem.