brocen (verb, past participle): (ge)brecan, strong class V. break
wurde (verb, past subjunctive singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
het (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, order, call, be named, vow
þa (adverb): then
hyssa (noun, genitive plural): hyse, strong masculine. young warrior
hwæne (indefinite pronoun, masculine accusative singular): hwa. any, anyone, someone, who, what
hors (noun, accusative singular): hors, strong neuter. horse
forlætan (verb, infinitive): strong class VII. let, let go, leave, permit
feor (adverb): far
afysan (infinitive): weak class I. hasten, urge, drive away
and (conjunction): and
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
gangan (verb, infinitive): (ge)gangan, strong class VII. go, move, advance, walk
hicgan (verb, infinitive): weak class III. think, consider, determine
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
handum (noun, dative plural): hand, feminine u-stem. hand
and (conjunction): and
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
hige (noun, dative singular): hyge, strong masculine. mind, heart, thought
godum (adjective, masculine dative singular): god. good
þa (conjunction): when
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
Offan (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Offa
mæg (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. kinsman
ærest (adverb, superlative): ær. before, earlier
onfunde (verb, past 3rd person singular): onfindan, stong class III. discover, find out
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
nolde (verb, past 3rd person singular negated): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
yrhðo (noun, accusative singular): yrgðo, strong masculine. cowardice
geþolian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. endure, suffer, tolerate
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
let (verb, past 3rd person singular): lætan, strong class VII. allow, let, let alone, cause to do, regard as
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
þa (adverb): then
of (preposition): of, from
handon (noun, dative plural): hand, feminine u-stem. hand
leofne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): leof. dear, beloved
fleogan (verb, infinitive): strong class II. fly, flee
hafoc (noun, accusative singular): hafoc, strong masculine. hawk
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, neuter genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
holtes (noun, genitive singular): holt, strong neuter. forest, wood
and (conjunction): and
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þære (demonstrative pronoun, feminine dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
stop (verb, past 3rd person singular): steppan, strong class VI. advance, step, go
be (preposition): by, with, according to, concerning
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
man (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): one, some
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
oncnawan (verb, infinitive): strong class VII. recognise, make known
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
cniht (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. young man, warrior
nolde (verb, past 3rd person singular negated): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
wacian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. weaken
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wige (noun, dative singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
þa (conjunction): when
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
wæpnum (noun, dative plural): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
feng (verb, past 3rd person singular): fon, strong class VII. take, seize, undertake
eac (preposition): together with, in addition to
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
wolde (verb, past 3rd person singular): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
Eadric (proper noun, nominative singular): Eadric
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
ealdre (noun, dative singular): ealdor, strong masculine. leader, lord, prince
gelæstan (verb, infinitive): (ge)læstan, weak class I. perform, serve, follow, fulfill
frean (noun, dative singular): frea, weak masculine. lord
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
gefeohte (noun, dative singular): gefeoht, strong neuter. battle
ongan (verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
þa (adverb): then
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
beran (verb, infinitive): (ge)beran, strong class IV. bear, bring, carry
gar (noun, accusative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
guþe (noun, dative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
hæfde (verb, past 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
god (adjective, neuter nominative singular): good
geþanc (noun, accusative singular): (ge)þanc, strong neuter. thought, mind, thanks
þa hwile þe (conjunction): whilst, as long as
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
mid (preposition): with, amongst
handum (noun, dative plural): hand, feminine u-stem. hand
healdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
and (conjunction): and
bradswurd (noun, accusative singular): bradsweord, strong neuter. broadsword
beot (noun, accusative singular): beot, strong neuter. boast, promise, threat
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
gelæste (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)læstan, weak class I. perform, serve, follow, fulfill
þa (conjunction): when
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
ætforan (preposition): in front of, before
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
frean (noun, dative singular): frea, weak masculine. lord
feohtan (verb, infinitive): (ge)feohtan, strong class III. fight
sceolde (verb, past 3rd person singular): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
ða (adverb): then
þær (adverb): there
Byrhtnoð (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Byrhtnoð
ongan (verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
beornas (noun, accusative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
trymian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. draw up, encourage, prepare
rad (verb, past 3rd person singular): ridan, strong class I. ride
and (conjunction): and
rædde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)rædan, weak class I. instruct, advise, read, rule
rincum (noun, dative plural): rinc, strong masculine. man, warrior
tæhte (verb, past 3rd person singular): tæcan, weak class I. teach, instruct, advise
hu (adverb): how
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
sceoldon (verb, past plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
standan (verb, infinitive): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
and (conjunction): and
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
stede (noun, accusative singular): stede, strong masculine. place, position
healdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
and (conjunction): and
bæd (verb,past 3rd person singular): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
randas (noun, accusative plural): rand, strong masculine. edge, shield rim, shield
rihte (adverb): rightly, correctly
heoldon (verb, past subjunctive plural): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
fæste (adverb): securely, firmly
mid (preposition): with, amongst
folman (noun, dative plural): folme, weak feminine. hand
and (conjunction): and
ne (adverb): not
forhtedon (verb, past subjunctive plural): forhtian, weak class II. fear, be afraid
na (adverb): no, not at all, never
þa (conjunction): when
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
hæfde (verb, past 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
folc (noun, accusative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
fægere (adverb): properly, well
getrymmed (verb, past participle): getrymman, weak class I. arrange
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
lihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): lihtan, weak class I. dismount, alight
þa (adverb): then
mid (preposition): with, amongst
leodon (noun, dative plural): leod, masculine u-stem. man, people
þær (adverb): where
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
leofost (adjective, neuter nominative singular superlative): leof. beloved, dear
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
þær (conjunction): where
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
heorðwerod (noun, accusative singular): heorðwerod, strong neuter. body of household retainers
holdost (adjective, neuter accusative singular superlative): hold. loyal, gracious, true
wiste (verb, past 3rd person singular): gewitan. know, understand
þa (adverb): then
stod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
stæðe (noun, dative singular): stæð, strong neuter. shore
stiðlice (adverb): loudly, sternly, firmly
clypode (verb, past 3rd person singular): clypian, weak class II. speak, call, cry out
wicinga (noun, genitive plural): wicing, strong masculine. Viking
ar (nominative singular): strong masculine. messenger
wordum (noun, dative plural): word, strong neuter. word
mælde (verb, past 3rd person singular): mælan, weak class I. speak
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
beot (noun, accusative singular): beot, strong neuter. boast, promise, threat
abead (verb, past 3rd person singular): abeodan, strong class II. deliver, announce, order
brimliþendra (adjective, genitive plural): brimliþend. seafaring
ærænde (noun, accusative singular): ærænde, strong neuter. message
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eorle (noun, dative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
þær (conjunction): where
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
ofre (noun, dative singular): ofer, strong masculine. shore
stod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
sendon (verb, past plural): (ge)sendan, weak class I. send
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þe (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative singular): þu. you
sæmen (noun, nominative plural): sæman, athematic. sailor, Viking
snelle (adjective, masculine nominative plural): bold, quick
heton (verb, past plural): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
ðe (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative singular): þu. you
secgan (verb, infinitive): (ge)secgan, weak class III. say
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
þu (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): you
most (verb, 2nd person singular): motan. may, can, must
sendan (verb, infinitive): (ge)sendan, weak class I. send
raðe (adverb): quickly
beagas (noun, accusative plural): beag, strong masculine. ring
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
gebeorge (noun, dative singular): gebeorg, strong neuter. peace, defence, protection
and (conjunction): and
eow (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative plural): ge. you
betere (adjective, nominative singular comparative): god, weak neuter. good
is (verb, 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ge (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative plural): you
þisne (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): þes. this
garræs (noun, accusative singular): garræs, strong masculine. storm of spears
mid (preposition): with, amongst
gafole (noun, dative singular): gafol, strong neuter. tribute
forgyldon (verb, subjunctive plural): forgieldan, weak class I. pay for, give up, buy off
þon (conjunction): þonne. when, than
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
hearde (adjective, feminine accusative singular): heard. hard, cruel
hilde (noun, accusative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
dælon (verb, subjunctive plural): dælan, weak class I. deal out, distribute, divide
ne (adverb): not
þurfe (verb, plural): þurfan. need
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): us
spillan (verb, infinitive): weak class I. destroy, kill, waste
gif (conjunction): if
ge (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative plural): you
spedaþ (verb, plural): spedan, weak class I. be prosperous, succeed
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
willað (verb, plural): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
golde (noun, dative singular): gold, strong masculine. gold
grið (noun, accusative singular): grið, strong neuter. truce, refuge
fæstnian (verb, infinitive): (ge)fæstnian, weak class II. fasten, secure, betroth
gyf (conjunction): if
þu (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): you
þat (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
gerædest (verb, 2nd person singular): (ge)rædan, weak class I. instruct, advise, read, rule
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
her (adverb): here
ricost (adjective, masculine nominative singular superlative): rice. rich, powerful, of high rank
eart (verb. 2nd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
þu (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): you
þine (adjective, possessive feminine accusative plural): þin. your
leoda (noun, accusative plural): leod, feminine. people, nation
lysan (verb, infinitive): weak class I. release, ransom, redeem
wille (verb, present subjunctive singular): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
syllan (verb, infinitive): (ge)sellan, weak class I. give, sell
sæmannum (noun, dative plural): sæman, athematic. sailor, Viking
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
sylfra (pronoun, indefinite genitive plural): self. self, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
dom (noun, accusative singular): dom, strong masculine. judgement, glory
feoh (noun, accusative singular): feoh, strong neuter. wealth, riches
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
freode (noun, accusative singular): freod, strong feminine. peace
and (conjunction): and
niman (verb, infinitive): (ge)niman, strong class IV. take, capture, accept
frið (noun, accusative singular): frið, strong masculine. peace
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
us (personal pronoun, 1st person dative plural): us
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
willaþ (verb, plural): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
mid (preposition): with, amongst
þam (demonstrative pronoun, dative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
sceattum (noun, dative plural): sceatt, strong masculine. coin, money
us (personal pronoun, 1st person dative plural): us
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
scype (noun, dative singular): scip, strong neuter. ship
gangan (verb, infinitive): (ge)gangan, strong class VII. go, move, advance, walk
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
flot (noun, accusative singular): flot, strong masculine. sea
feran (verb, infinitive): weak class I. go, travel
and (conjunction): and
eow (personal pronoun, 2nd person accusative plural): ge. you
friþes (noun, genitive singular): frið, strong masculine. peace
healdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
Byrhtnoð (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Byrhtnoð
maþelode (verb, past 3rd person singular): maþelian, weak class II. speak, make a speech
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
hafenode (verb, past 3rd person singular): hafenian, weak class II. raise
wand (verb, past 3rd person singular): windan, strong class III. wind, circle, brandish
wacne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): wac. slender, cowardly
æsc (noun, accusative singular): æsc, strong masculine. ash-tree, spear
wordum (noun, dative plural): word, strong neuter. word
mælde (verb, past 3rd person singular): mælan, weak class I. speak
yrre (adjective, masculine nominative singular): angry
and (conjunction): and
anræd (adjective, masculine nominative singular): resolute, single-minded
ageaf (verb, past 3rd person singular): ayfan, strong class IV. give, return
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
andsware (noun, accusative singular): andswaru, strong feminine. answer
gehyrst (verb, 2nd person singular): (ge)hyran, strong class II. hear, listen
þu (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): you
sælida (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. seafarer, sailor
hwæt (interrogative pronoun, neuter nominative singular): hwa. any, anyone, someone, who, what
þis (demonstrative pronoun, neuter nominative singular): þes. this
folc (noun, nominative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
segeð (verb, 3rd person singular): (ge)secgan, weak class III. say
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
willað (verb, plural): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
eow (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative plural): ge. you
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
gafole (noun, dative singular): gafol, strong neuter. tribute
garas (noun, accusative plural): gar, strong masculine. spear
syllan (verb, infinitive): (ge)sellan, weak class I. give, sell
ættrynne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): ættrene. deadly
ord (noun, accusative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
and (conjunction): and
ealde (adjective, neuter accusative plural): eald. old, ancient
swurd (noun, accusative singular): sweord, strong neuter. sword
þa (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
heregeatu (noun, accusative plural): heregeatu, strong feminine. war-gear
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, where, when
eow (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative plural): ge. you
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
ne (adverb): not
deah (verb, 3rd person singular): dugan. prosper, do well, do good
brimmanna (noun, genitive plural): brimman, masculine athematic. seaman, Viking
boda (noun, nominative singular): weak masculine. messenger
abeod (verb, imperative singular): abeodan, strong class II. deliver, announce, order
eft (adverb): afterwards, again, thereafter
ongean (adverb): opposite, back, again
sege (verb, imperative): (ge)secgan, weak class III. say
þinum (possessive adjective, dative plural): þin. your
leodum (noun, dative plural): leod, feminine. people, nation
miccle (adverb): much
laþre (adjective, weak neuter accusative singular comparative): lað. hateful, hated, malignant
spell (noun, accusative singular): spell, strong neuter. story
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
her (adverb): here
stynt (verb, 3rd person singular): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
unforcuð (adjective, masculine nominative singular): reputable, honourable
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
mid (preposition): with, amongst
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
werode (noun, dative singular): werod, strong neuter. troop, army, host
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
wile (verb, 3rd person singular): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
gealgean (verb, infinitive): (ge)ealgian, weak class II. defend
eþel (noun, accusative singular): eþel, strong masculine. native land, homeland
þysne (demonastrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): þes. this
Æþelredes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Æþelred
eard (noun, accusative singular): eard, strong masculine. land, country
ealdres (noun, genitive singular): ealdor, strong masculine. leader, lord, prince
mines (possessive adjective, masculine genitive singular): min. my, mine
folc (noun, accusative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
and (conjunction): and
foldan (noun, accusative singular): folde, weak feminine. earth
feallan (verb, infinitive): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
sceolon (verb, plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
hæþene (adjective, masculine nominative plural): heathen
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
heanlic (adjective, neuter nominative singular): shameful
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
þinceð (verb, 3rd person singular): þyncan, weak class I. seem
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ge (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative plural): you
mid (preposition): with, amongst
urum (possessive adjective, dative plural): ure. our
sceattum (noun, dative plural): sceatt, strong masculine. coin, money
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
scype (noun, dative singular): scip, strong neuter. ship
gangon (verb, subjunctive plural): (ge)gangan, strong class VII. go, move, advance, walk
unbefohtene (adjective, masculine nominative plural): unfought
nu (conjunction): now that, since
ge (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative plural): you
þus (adverb): so, thus
feor (adverb): far, long ago
hider (adverb): hither, here
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
urne (possessive adjective, masculine accusative singular): ure. our
eard (noun, accusative singular): eard, strong masculine. land, country
in (adverb): in, inland
becomon (verb, past plural): becuman, strong class IV. come
ne (adverb): not
sceole (verb, plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
ge (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative plural): you
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
softe (adverb): softly
sinc (noun, accusative singular): sinc, strong neuter. rich
gegangan (verb, infinitive): (ge)gangan, strong class VII. go, move, advance, walk
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): us
sceal (verb, 3rd person singular): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
ord (noun, nominative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
and (conjunction): and
ecg (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. edge, blade, sword
ær (adverb): before, earlier
geseman (verb, infinitive): weak class I. reconcile
grim (adjective, masculine nominative singular): grimm. grim, savage, severe
guðplega (noun, nominative singular): weak masculine. battle-play
ær (adverb): before, earlier
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
gofol (noun, accusative singular): gafol, strong neuter. tribute
syllon (verb, subjunctive plural): (ge)sellan, weak class I. give, sell
het (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
beran (verb, infinitive): (ge)beran, strong class IV. bear, bring, carry
beornas (noun, accusative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
gangan (verb, infinitive): (ge)gangan, strong class VII. go, move, advance, walk
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
easteðe (noun, dative singular): easteð, strong neuter. riverbank
ealle (adjective, neuter nominative plural): eall. all, every
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
ne (adverb): not
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
þær (adverb): there
for (preposition): for, because of, on account of, before, in place of, in sight of
wætere (noun, dative singular): wæter, srong neuter. water
werod (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. army, troop
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
oðrum (indefinite pronoun, neuter dative singular): oðer. other, another
þær (adverb): there
com (verb, past 3rd person singular): cuman, strong class IV. come
flowende (verb, present participle): flowan, strong class VII. flow
flod (noun, nominative singular): masculine u-stem. water, flood, tide
æfter (preposition): after, by means of, on account of, through
ebban (noun, dative singular): weak masculine. ebb tide, low tide
lucon (verb, past plural): (ge)lucan, strong class II. lock, join
lagustreamas (noun, nominative plural): lagustream, strong masculine. water, sea currents
to (adverb): too, in addition, to
lang (adjective, neuter nominative singular): long, tall, lasting
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): it
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): hie. they, them
þuhte (verb, past 3rd person singular): þyncan, weak class I. seem
hwænne (conjunction): hwonne. when, until
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
togædere (adverb): together
garas (noun, accusative plural): gar, strong masculine. spear
beron (verb, past subjunctive plural): (ge)beran, strong class IV. bear, bring, carry
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
þær (adverb): there
Pantan (proper noun, feminine accusative singular): Pante. Pante (The Blackwater River)
stream (noun, accusative singular): stream, strong masculine. stream, current, sea
mid (preposition): with, amongst
prasse (noun, dative singular): prass, strong masculine. military force, proud array, tumult
bestodon (verb, past plural): bestandan, strong class VI. stand round or about, surround, beset
Eastseaxena (proper noun, masculine genitive plural): Eastseaxe. East Saxons
ord (noun, nominative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear,vangard
and (conjunction): and
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
æschere (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. spear-band, ship or naval force, army
ne (adverb): not
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
hyra (personal pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
ænig (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): any
oþrum (indefinite pronoun, neuter dative singular): oðer. other, another
derian (verb, infinitive): weak class I. harm
buton (conjunction): but, except, unless
hwa (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): any, anyone, someone, who, what
þurh (preposition): through, by, by means of
flanes (noun, gentive singular): flan, strong masculine. arrow
flyht (noun, accusative singular): flyht, strong masculine. flight
fyl (noun, accusative singular): fyll, strong masculine. fall, death
gename (verb, past subjunctive singular): (ge)niman, strong class IV. take, capture, accept
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
flod (noun, nominative singular): masculine u-stem. water, flood, tide
ut (adverb): out
gewat (verb, past 3rd person singular): gewitan, strong class I. depart
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
flotan (noun, nominative plural): flota, weak masculine. sailor, sea-farer, Viking
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
gearowe (adjective, masculine nominative plural): gearo. prepared, ready
wicinga (noun, genitive plural): wicing, strong masculine. Viking
fela (indefinite pronoun, indeclinable): many, much
wiges (noun, genitive singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
georne (adjective, masculine nominative plural): eager, yearning (for something)
het (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, order, call, be named, vow
þa (adverb): then
hæleða (noun, genitive plural): hæle, masculine dental-stem. man, warrior
hleo (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. protector, guardian
healdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
þa (demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
bricge (noun, accusative singular): bricg, strong feminine. bridge
wigan (noun, accusative singular): wiga, weak masculine. warrior
wigheardne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): wigheard. brave in battle
se (realtive pronoun, masculine nominative singular): that, which, who, when, where
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
haten (verb, past participle): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
Wulfstan (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Wulfstan
cafne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): caf. brave
mid (preposition): with, amongst
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
cynne (noun, dative singular): cynn, strong neuter. kin, family, kind, people
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
Ceolan (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Ceolan
sunu (noun, nominative singular): sunu, masculine u-stem. son
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
ðone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
forman (number, ordinal, neuter accusative singular): forma. first
man (noun, accusative singular): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
mid (preposition): with, amongst
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
francan (noun, dative singular): franca, weak masculine. spear
ofsceat (verb, past 3rd person singular): ofsceotan, strong class II. shoot down, kill
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
þær (adverb): there
baldlicost (adverb, superlative): most boldly
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þa (demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
bricge (noun, accusative singular): bricg, strong feminine. bridge
stop (verb, past 3rd person singular): steppan, strong class VI. advance, step, go
þær (adverb): there
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
mid (preposition): with, amongst
Wulfstane (proper noun, masculine dative singular): Wulfstan. Wulfstan
wigan (noun, nominative plural): wiga, weak masculine. warrior
unforhte (adjective, masculine nominative plural): unforht. unafraid, undaunted
Ælfere (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Ælfere
and (conjunction): and
Maccus (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Maccus
modige (adjective, masculine nominative plural): modig. brave, spirited, proud
twegen (number, cardinal, nominative plural): two
þa (relative pronoun, nominative plural): that, which, who, when, where
noldon (verb, past plural negated): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
þam (demonstrative pronoun, masculine dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
forda (noun, dative singular): ford, masculine u-stem. ford
fleam (noun, accusative singular): fleam, strong masculine. flight
gewyrcan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wyrcan, weak class I. prepare, perform, make, work, produce, dispose
ac (conjunction): but
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
fæstlice (adverb): strongly, resolutely
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
ða (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
fynd (noun, accusative plural): fynd, masculine nd-stem. adversary, enemy, fiend, devil
weredon (verb, past plural): werian, weak class I. defend
þa hwile þe (conjunction): whilst, as long as
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
wæpna (noun, genitive plural): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
wealdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wealdan, strong class VII. control, bring about, wield
moston (verb, past plural): motan. may, can, must
þa (conjunction): when
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
ongeaton (verb, past plural): ongietan, strong class V. perceive, understand
and (conjunction): and
georne (adverb): eagerly,sincerely, thoroughly
gesawon (verb, past plural): (ge)seon, strong class V. see, look
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
þær (adverb): there
bricgweardas (noun, accusative plural): bricgweard, strong masculine. guardian / defender of the bridge
bitere (adjective, masculine accusative plural): biter. bitter, painful, cruel
fundon (verb, past plural): findan, strong class III. find
ongunnon (verb, past plural): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
lytegian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. deceive
þa (adverb): then
laðe (adjective, masculine nominative plural): hateful, hated, malignant
gystas (noun, nominative plural): gyst, strong masculine. guest, visitor, stranger
bædon (verb, past plural): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
upgang (noun, accusative singular): upgang, strong masculine. ascent,approach, landing, passage
agan (verb, infinitive): have, possess
moston (verb, past subjunctive plural): motan. may, can, must
ofer (preposition): over, beyond, above, upon, against
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
ford (noun, accusative singular): ford, masculine u-stem. ford
faran (verb, infinitive): strong class VI. go, journey, travel
feþan (noun, accusative singular): feþa, weak masculine. infantry, foot-soldiers
lædan (verb, infinitive): (ge)lædan, weak class I. lead
ða (adverb): then
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
ongan (verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
for (preposition): for, because of, on account of, before, in place of, in sight of
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
ofermode (noun, dative singular): ofermod, strong neuter. confidence, excess of pride, arrogance
alyfan (verb, infinitive): weak class I. allow, grant, yield up
landes (noun, gentive singular): land, strong neuter. land, nation
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
fela (adjective, indeclinable): many, much
laþere (adjective, feminine dative singular): hateful, hated, malignant
ðeode (noun, dative singular): ðeod, strong feminine. people, nation
ongan (verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
ceallian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. call
þa (adverb): then
ofer (preposition): over, beyond, above, upon, against
cald (adjective, neuter accusative singular): cold
wæter (noun, accusative singular): wæter, srong neuter. water
Byrhtelmes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Byrhtelm. Bryhtelm
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
beornas (noun, nominative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
gehlyston (verb, past plural): (ge)hlystan, weak class I. listen
nu (adverb): now
eow (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative plural): ge. you
is (verb, 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
gerymed (verb, past participle): (ge)ryman, weak class I. open (a way), make space, yield
gað (verb, imperative plural): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
ricenen (adverb): quickly, promptly
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
us (personal pronoun, 1st person dative plural): us
guman (noun, nominative plural): guma, weak masculine. man
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
guþe (noun, dative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
God (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. God
ana (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular) an. one, a single, alone
wat (verb, present 3rd person singular): witan, know, understand
hwa (pronoun, interrogative, masculine nominative singular): who, what
þære (demonstrative pronoun, feminine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wælstowe (noun, genitive singular): wælstow, strong feminine. place of slaughter, battlefield
wealdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wealdan, strong class VII. control, bring about, wield
mote (verb, subjunctive singular): motan. may, can, must
wodon (verb, past plural): (ge)wadan, strong class VI. go, advance
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wælwulfas (noun, nominative plural): wælwulf, strong masculine. slaughter-wolf, warrior
for (preposition): for, because of, on account of, before, in place of, in sight of
wætere (noun, dative singular): wæter, srong neuter. water
ne (adverb): not
murnon (verb, past plural): murnan, strong class III. care about, mourn, be afraid of
wicinga (noun, genitive plural): wicing, strong masculine. Viking
werod (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. army, troop
west (adverb): west
ofer (preposition): over, beyond, above, upon, against
Pantan (proper noun, feminine accusative singular): Pante. Pante (The Blackwater River)
ofer (preposition): over, beyond, above, upon, against
scir (adjective, neuter accusative singular): shining
wæter (noun, accusative singular): wæter, srong neuter. water
scyldas (noun, accusative plural): scild, strong masculine. shield
wegon (verb, past plural): (ge)wegan, strong class V. carry, bear, support, bring, weigh
lidmen (noun, nominative plural): lidman, masculine athematic. seafarer
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
lande (noun, dative singular): land, strong neuter. land, nation
linde (noun, accusative plural): lind, strong feminine. linden shield, shield
bæron (verb, past plural): (ge)beran, strong class IV. bear, bring, carry
þær (adverb): there
ongean (adverb): opposite, back, again
gramum (adjective, dative plural): gram. angry, hostile, hostile one
gearowe (adjective, masculine nominative plural): gearo. prepared, ready
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
Byrhtnoð (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Byrhtnoð
mid (preposition): with, amongst
beornum (noun, dative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
mid (preposition): with, amongst
bordum (noun, dative plural): bord, strong masculine. shield
het (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
wyrcan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wyrcan, weak class I. prepare, perform, make, work, produce, dispose
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wihagan (noun, accusative singular): wihaga, strong masculine. battle-wall, shield-wall
and (conjunction): and
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
werod (noun, accusative singular): werod, strong neuter. army, troop
healdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
fæste (adverb): securely, firmly
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
feondum (noun, dative plural): feond, masculine nd-stem. enemy, adversary, fiend, devil
þa (adverb): then
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
feohte (noun, nominative singular): weak feminine. fight, battle
neh (adjective, feminine nominative singular): neah. near
tir (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. glory, fame
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
getohte (noun, dative singular): getoht, strong masculine. battle
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
seo (demonstrative pronoun, feminine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, she
tid (noun, nominative singular): strong feminine. time, season
cumen (verb, past participle): cuman, strong class IV. come
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
þær (adverb): there
fæge (adjective, masculine nominative plural): fæge. doomed, fated, destined to die
men (noun, nominative plural): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
feallan (verb, infinitive): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
sceoldon (verb, past plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
þær (adverb): there
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
hream (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. shouting, outcry, protest
ahafen (verb, past participle): ahebban, strong class VI. lift up, raise, exalt
hremmas (noun, nominative plural): hrefn, strong masculine. raven
wundon (verb, past plural): windan, strong class III. wind, circle, brandish
earn (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. eagle
æses (noun, genitive singular): æs, strong neuter. food, carrion
georn (adjective, masculine nominative singular): eager
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
eorþan (noun, dative singular): eorðe, weak feminine. earth
cyrm (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. cry, uproar
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
leton (verb, past plural): lætan, strong class VII. let, allow, regard as, cause, pretend, assign
þa (adverb): then
of (preposition): of, from
folman (noun, dative plural): folme, weak feminine. hand
feolhearde (adjective, neuter accusative plural): file-hard
speru (noun, accusative plural): spere, strong neuter. spear
gegrundene (verb, past participle): (ge)grindan, strong class III. grind, sharpen
garas (noun, accusative plural): gar, strong masculine. spear
fleogan (verb, infinitive): strong class II. fly, flee
bogan (noun, nominative plural): boga, weak masculine. bows
wæron (verb, past plural): beon, anomalous verb. be
bysige (adjective, masculine nominative plural): busy
bord (noun, nominative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
ord (noun, accusative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear
onfeng (verb, past 3rd person singular): onfon, strong class VII. receive, take
biter (adjective, masculine nominative singular): bitter, painful, cruel
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beaduræs (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. rush of battle
beornas (noun, nominative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
feollon (verb, past plural): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
gehwæðere (adjective, feminine accusative singular): gehwæðer. either
hand (noun,accusative singular): hand, feminine u-stem. hand
hyssas (noun, nominative plural): hyse, strong masculine. young warrior
lagon (verb, past plural): licgan, strong class V. lie
wund (adjective, masculine nominative singular): wounded
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
Wulfmær (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Wulfmær
wælræste (noun, accusative singular): wælræst, strong feminine. bed of slaughter, death bed
geceas (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)ceosan, strong class II. choose, decide
Byrhtnoðes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Byrhtnoð
mæg (noun, nominative singular): mæg, strong masculine. kinsman
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
mid (preposition): with, amongst
billum (noun, dative plural): bill, strong neuter. sword
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
swuster (noun, genitive singular): sweostor, feminine r-stem. sister
sunu (noun, nominative singular): sunu, masculine u-stem. son
swiðe (adverb): very, greatly, severely
forheawen (verb, past participle): forheawan, strong class VII. hew, cut down
þær (adverb): there
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
wicingum (noun, dative plural): wicing, strong masculine. Viking
wiþerlean (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. repayment, requital
agyfen (verb, past participle): ayfan, strong class IV. give, return
gehyrde (verb, past 1st person singular): (ge)hyran, strong class II. hear, listen
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
Eadweard (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Eadweard
anne (indefinite pronoun, masculine accusative singular) an. a, one, a certain one
sloge (verb, past subjunctive singular): (ge)slegan, strong class VI. slay, kill, strike
swiðe (adverb): very, greatly, severely
mid (preposition): with, amongst
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
swurde (noun, dative singular): sweord, strong neuter. sword
swenges (noun, genitive singular): sweng, strong masculine. swing, stroke
ne (adverb): not
wyrnde (verb, past 3rd person singular): wyrnan, weak class I. withhold
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
fotum (noun, dative plural): fot, masculine athematic. foot
feoll (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
fæge (adjective, masculine nominative singular): fæge. doomed, fated, destined to die
cempa (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. warrior
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
ðeoden (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. ruler, prince, king
þanc (noun, strong masculine): þanc, accusative singular. thought, mind, thanks
gesæde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)secgan, weak class III. say
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
burþene (noun, dative singular): burþen, strong masculine. chamberlain , page
þa (conjunction): when
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
byre (noun, accusative singular): byre, strong masculine. opportunity, occurrence
hæfde (verb, past 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
stemnetton (verb, past plural): stemnettan, weak class I. stand firm
stiðhicgende (adjective, masculine nominative plural): resolute
hysas (noun, nominative plural): hyse, strong masculine. young warrior
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
hogodon (verb, past plural): hicgan, weak class III. think, consider, determine
georne (adverb): eagerly,sincerely, thoroughly
hwa (pronoun, interrogative masculine nominative singular): hwa. any, anyone, someone, who, what
þær (adverb): there
mid (preposition): with, amongst
orde (noun, dative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
ærost (adverb, superlative): ær. before, earlier
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
fægean (adjective, weak masculine dative singular): fæge. doomed, fated, destined to die
men (noun, dative singular): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
feorh (noun, accusative singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
gewinnan (verb, infinitive): strong class III. win
wigan (noun, dative singular): wiga, weak masculine. warrior
mid (preposition): with, amongst
wæpnum (noun, dative plural): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
wæl (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. slaughter, carnage, dead bodies
feol (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
eorðan (noun, dative singular): eorðe, weak feminine. earth
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
stædefæste (adjective, masculine nominative plural): stædfæst. steadfast
stihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): stihtan, weak class I. command, direct
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person accusative plural): hie. they, them
Byrhtnoð (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Byrhtnoð
bæd (verb, past 3rd person singular): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hyssa (noun, genitive plural): hyse, strong masculine. young warrior
gehwylce (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): gehwelc. each, every
hogode (verb, past subjunctive singular): hicgan, weak class III. think, consider, determine
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
wige (noun, dative singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
Denon (proper noun, masculine dative plural): Dene. Danes, Vikings
wolde (verb, past 3rd person singular): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
dom (noun, accusative singular): dom, strong masculine. judgement, glory
gefeohtan (verb, infinitive): strong class III. fight
wod (verb, past 3rd person singular): wadan, strong class VI. go, travel
þa (adverb): then
wiges (noun, genitive singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
heard (adjective, masculine nominative singular): heard. hard, cruel
wæpen (noun, accusative singular): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
up (adverb): up
ahof (verb, past 3rd person singular): ahebban, strong class VI. raise up, lift
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
gebeorge (noun, dative singular): gebeorg, strong neuter. peace, defence, protection
and (conjunction): and
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beornes (noun, genitive singular): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
stop (verb, past 3rd person singular): steppan, strong class VI. advance, step, go
eode (verb, past 3rd person singular): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
anræd (adjective, masculine nominative singular): resolute, single-minded
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
ceorle (noun, dative singular): ceorl, strong masculine. freeman of a low class, peasant, churl
ægþer (indefinite pronoun, neuter nominative singular): each, both
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
oðrum (indefinite pronoun, masculine dative singular): oðer. other, another
yfeles (noun, genitive singular): yfel, strong neuter. evil, bad, wretched
hogode (verb, past 3rd person singular): hicgan, weak class III. think, consider, determine
sende (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)sendan, weak class I. send
ða (adverb): then
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
særinc (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. seaman, sailor, Viking
suþerne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): southern
gar (noun, accusative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
gewundod (verb, past participle): gewundian, weak class II. wound
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
wigena (noun, genitive plural): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
hlaford (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, the Lord
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
sceaf (verb, past 3rd person singular): scufan, strong class II. push
þa (adverb): then
mid (preposition): with, amongst
ðam (demonstrative pronoun, masculine dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
scyldas (noun, dative singular): scild, strong masculine. shield
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
sceaft (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. shaft
tobærst (verb, past 3rd person singular): toberstan, strong class III. break apart, burst, shatter
and (conjunction): and
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
spere (noun, accusative singular): spere, strong neuter. spear
sprengde (verb, past 3rd person singular): sprengan, weak class I. to cause to spring, to burst
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): it
sprang (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)springan, strong class III. spring
ongean (adverb): opposite, back, again
gegremod (verb, past participle): gegremian, weak class II. enrage, provoke
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
guðrinc (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. warrior
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
mid (preposition): with, amongst
gare (noun, dative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
stang (verb, past 3rd person singular): stingan, strong class III. sting, pierce, stab
wlancne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): wlonc. proud, arrogant, splendid
wicing (noun, accusative singular): wicing, strong masculine. Viking
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
þa (demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wunde (noun, accusative singular): wund, strong feminine. wound
forgeaf (verb, past 3rd person singular): forgifan, strong class V. give, forgive
frod (adjective, masculine nominative singular): old, wise
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
fyrdrinc (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. soldier, warrior
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
let (verb, past 3rd person singular): lætan, strong class VII. allow, let, let alone, cause to do, regard as
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
francan (noun, accusative singular): franca, weak masculine. spear
wadan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wadan, strong class VI. go, advance
þurh (preposition): through, by, by means of
ðæs (demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
hysses (noun, genitive singular): hyse, strong masculine. young warrior
hals (noun, accusative singular): hals, strong masculine. neck
hand (noun, nominative singular): hand, feminine u-stem. hand
wisode (verb, past 3rd person singular): wisian, weak class II. guide
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, masculine dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
færsceaðan (noun, dative singular): færsceaða, weak masculine. sudden attacker
feorh (noun, accusative singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
geræhte (verb, past 3rd person singular): geræcan, weak class I. reach, gain, give, strike, wound
ða (adverb): then
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
oþerne (indefinite pronoun, masculine accusative singular): oðer. other, another
ofstlice (adverb): quickly
sceat (verb, past 3rd person singular): sceotan, strong class II. shoot
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
seo (demonstrative pronoun, feminine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, she
byrne (noun, nominative singular): weak feminine. coat of mail, mail shirt
tobærst (verb, past 3rd person singular): toberstan, strong class III. break apart, burst, shatter
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
breostum (noun, dative plural): breost, strong neuter. breast
wund (noun, nominative singular): strong feminine. wound
þurh (preposition): through, by, by means of
ða (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
hringlocan (noun, accusative plural): hringloca, weak masculine. coat of ring-mail, chainmail
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
heortan (noun, dative singular): heorte, weak feminine. heart
stod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
ætterne (adjective, masculine nominative singular): attrene. poisonous
ord (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
þe (adverb): þy. on account of this, therefore
bliþra (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular comparative): bliðe. happy
hloh (verb, past 3rd person singular): hlehhan, strong class VI. laugh
þa (adverb): then
modi (adjective, masculine nominative singular): modig. brave, spirited, proud
man (noun, nominative singular): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
sæde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)secgan, weak class III. say
Metode (noun, dative singular): Metod, strong masculine. Creator, God
þanc (noun, strong masculine): þanc, accusative singular. thanks, thought, purpose
ðæs (demonstrative pronoun, neuter genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
dægweorces (noun, genitive singular): dægweorc, strong neuter. day’s work
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
Drihten (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. lord, the Lord
forgeaf (verb, past 3rd person singular): forgifan, strong class V. give, forgive
forlet (verb, past 3rd person singular): forlætan, strong class VII. let, let go, leave, permit
þa (adverb): then
drenga (noun, genitive plural): dreng, strong masculine. warrior
sum (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): some, one, a certain one
daroð (noun, accusative singular): daroð, strong masculine. spear
of (preposition): of, from
handa (noun, genitive singular): hand, feminine u-stem. hand
fleogan (verb, infinitive): strong class II. fly, flee
of (preposition): of, from
folman (noun, dative plural): folme, weak feminine. hand
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
to (adverb): too, in addition, to
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
gewat (verb, past 3rd person singular): gewitan, strong class I. depart
þurh (preposition): through, by, by means of
ðone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
æþelan (adjective, weak masculine accusative singular): noble
Æþelredes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Æþelred
þegen (noun, accusative singular): þegn, strong masculine. retainer, warrior, nobleman
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
be (preposition): by, with, according to, concerning
healfe (noun, dative singular): healf, strong feminine. half, side
stod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
hyse (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. young warrior
unweaxen (adjective, masculine nominative singular): undeveloped, ungrown, young
cniht (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. young man, warrior
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
gecampe (noun, dative singular): gecamp, strong masculine. battle
se (relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): that, which, who, when, where
full (adverb): full, very
caflice (adverb): bravely, boldly
bræd (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)bregdan, strong class III. pull, draw, weave
of (preposition): of, from
þam (demonstrative pronoun, masculine dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beorne (noun, dative singular): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
blodigne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): blodig. bloody
gar (noun, accusative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
Wulfstanes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Wulfstan
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
Wulfmær (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Wulfmær
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
geonga (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular): young
forlet (verb, past 3rd person singular): forlætan, strong class VII. let, let go, leave, permit
forheardne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): forheard. hard
faran (verb, infinitive): strong class VI. go, journey, travel
eft (adverb): afterwards, again, thereafter
ongean (adverb): opposite, back, again
ord (noun, nominative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
in (adverb): in, inland
gewod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)wadan, strong class VI. go, advance
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
eorþan (noun, dative singular): eorðe, weak feminine. earth
læg (verb, past 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
þeoden (noun, accusative singular): þeoden, strong masculine. ruler, prince, king
ær (adverb): before, earlier
þearle (adverb): severely, excessively
geræhte (verb, past 3rd person singular): geræcan, weak class I. reach, gain, give, strike, wound
eode (verb, past 3rd person singular): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
þa (adverb): then
gesyrwed (verb, past particile): (ge)syrwan, weak class I. arm, plot
secg (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. man
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eorle (noun, dative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wolde (verb, past 3rd person singular): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beornas (noun, genitive singular): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
beagas (noun, accusative plural): beag, strong masculine. ring
gefecgan (verb, infinitive): (ge)fetian. fetch, bring back, carry off
reaf (noun, accusative singular): reaf, strong neuter. clothing, garment
and (conjunction): and
hringas (noun, accusative plural): hring, strong masculine. ring
and (conjunction): and
gerenod (verb, past participle): gerenian, weak class II. decorate, ornament
swurd (noun, accusative singular): sweord, strong neuter. sword
þa (adverb): then
Byrhtnoð (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Byrhtnoð
bræd (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)bregdan, strong class III. pull, draw, weave
bill (noun, accusative singular): bill, strong neuter. sword
of (preposition): of, from
sceðe (noun, dative singular): sceð, strong feminine. sheath, scabbard
brad (adjective, neuter accusative singular): broad, wide
and (conjunction): and
bruneccg (adjective, neuter accusative singular): bruneccg. bright-edged
and (conjunction): and
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þa (demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
byrnan (noun, accusative singular): byrne, weak feminine. coat of mail, mail shirt
sloh (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)slegan, strong class VI. slay, kill, strike
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
raþe (adverb): raðe. quickly
hine (personal pronoun, reflexive 3rd person masculine accusative singular): himself
gelette (verb, past 3rd person singular): gelettan, weak class I. prevent, hinder
lidmanna (noun, genitive plural): lidman, masculine athematic. seafarer
sum (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): some, one, a certain one
þa (conjunction): when
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eorles (noun, genitive singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
earm (noun, accusative singular): earm, strong masculine. arm
amyrde (verb, past 3rd person singular): amyrran, weak class I. impede, injure, destroy
feoll (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
þa (adverb): then
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
foldan (noun, dative singular): folde, weak feminine. earth
fealohilte (adjective, neuter nominative singular): golden-hilted
swurd (noun, nominative singular): sweord, strong neuter. sword
ne (adverb): not
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
gehealdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
heardne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): heard. hard, cruel
mece (noun, accusative singular): mece, strong masculine. sword
wæpnes (noun, genitive singular): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
wealdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wealdan, strong class VII. control, bring about, wield
þa (adverb): then
gyt (adverb): yet, still
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
word (noun, accusative singular): word, strong neuter. word
gecwæð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)cweðan, strong class V. say, speak, call
har (adjective, masculine nominative singular): old, grey-haired
hilderinc (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. warrior
hyssas (noun, nominative plural): hyse, strong masculine. young warrior
bylde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)byldan, weak class I. encourage, bolster
bæd (verb, past 3rd person singular): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
gangan (verb, infinitive): (ge)gangan, strong class VII. go, move, advance, walk
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
gode (adjective, masculine accusative plural): god. good
geferan (noun, accusative plural): gefara, weak masculine. companion
ne (adverb): not
mihte (verb, past 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
þa (adverb): then
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
fotum (noun, dative plural): fot, masculine athematic. foot
leng (adverb, comparative): lange. long, for a long time
fæste (adverb): securely, firmly
gestandan (verb, infinitive): strong class VI. stand
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
heofenum (noun, dative plural): heofon, strong masculine. heaven
wlat (verb, past 3rd person singular): wlitan, strong class I. look
geþancie (verb, 1st person singular): (ge)þancian. thank
þe (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative singular): þu. you
ðeoda (noun, genitive plural): ðeod, strong feminine. people, nation
waldend (noun, nominative plural): wealdend, masculine nd-stem. ruler, lord, God
ealra (adjective, genitive plural): eall. all, each
þæra (demonstrative pronoun, genitive plural) se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wynna (noun, genitive plural): wynn, strong feminine. joy, pleasure
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
worulde (noun, dative singular): woruld, strong feminine. world
gebad (verb, past 1st person singular): (ge)biddan, strong class I. experience, wait, endure
nu (adverb): now that, since
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
ah (verb, 1st person singular): agan, have, possess
milde (adjective, masculine nominative singular): mild, gentle, kind
Metod (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. Creator, God
mæste (adjective, feminine accusative singular superlative): micel. much, great, large
þearfe (noun, accusative singular): þearf, strong feminine. need, suffering
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
þu (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): you
minum (possessive adjective, masculine dative singular): min. my, mine
gaste (noun, dative singular): gast, atrong masculine. spirit
godes (noun, genitive singular): god, strong neuter. good, goods
geunne (verb, subjunctive singular): (ge)unnan. give, grant, allow
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
min (possessive adjective, feminine nominative singular): my, mine
sawul (nominative singular): strong masculine. soul
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
ðe (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative singular): þu. you
siðian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. go, depart, travel
mote (verb, subjunctive singular): motan. may, can, must
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þin (possessive adjective, neuter accusative singular): your
geweald (noun, accusative singular): geweald, strong neuter. power
þeoden (noun, nominative singular): þeoden, strong masculine. ruler, prince, king
engla (noun, genitive plural): engel, strong masculine. angel
mid (preposition): with, amongst
friþe (noun, dative singular): frið, strong masculine. peace
ferian (verb, infinitive): weak class I. carry, convey, bring
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
eom (verb, 1st person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
frymdi (adjective, masculine nominative singular): frymdig. entreating
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þe (personal pronoun, 2nd person dative singular): þu. you
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person feminine accusative singular): hie. they
helsceaðan (noun, nominative plural): helsceaða, weak masculine. thieves, enemies from hell
hynan (verb, infinitive): (ge)hynan, weak class I. overcome, oppress, afflict, humiliate
ne (adverb): not
moton (verb, subjunctive plural): motan. may, can, must
ða (adverb): then
hine (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine accusative singular): he, it
heowon (verb, past plural): (ge)heawan, strong class VII. hew, cut, kill
hæðene (adjective, masculine nominative plural): heathen
scealcas (noun, nominative plural): scealc, strong masculine. man, retainer, warrior
and (conjunction): and
begen (indefinite pronoun, masculine accusative plural): both
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beornas (noun, accusative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
him (pronoun, reflexive, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
big (preposition): by, alongside, along, with
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
Ælfnoð (noun, masculine nominative singular): Ælfnoð
and (conjunction): and
Wulmær (proper name, masculine nominative singular): Wulmær
begen (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative plural): both
lagon (verb, past plural): licgan, strong class V. lie
ða (relative pronoun, nominative plural): that, which, who, when, where
onemn (preposition): beside
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
frean (noun, dative singular): frea, weak masculine. lord
feorh (noun, accusative singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
gesealdon (verb, past plural): (ge)sellan, weak class I. give, sell
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
bugon (verb, past plural): (ge)bugan, strong class II. bend, turn, submit, alter
þa (adverb): there
fram (preposition): from, by
beaduwe (noun, dative singular): beadu, strong feminine. battle
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
þær (adverb): there
beon (verb, infinitive): anomalous. be
noldon (verb, past plural negated): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
þær (adverb): there
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
Oddan (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Odda. Odda
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
ærest (adjective, masculine nominative superlative): first, before all
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
fleame (noun, dative singular): fleam, strong masculine. flight
Godric (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Godric
fram (preposition): from, by
guþe (noun, dative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
and (conjunction): and
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
godan (adjective, weak masculine accusative singular): good
forlet (verb, past 3rd person singular): forlætan, strong class VII. let, let go, leave, permit
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine dative singular): he. he, it
mænigne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): many, much
oft (adverb): often, always
mear (noun, accusative singular): mearh, strong masculine. horse
gesealde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)sellan, weak class I. give, sell
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
gehleop (verb, past 3rd person singular): gehleapan, strong class VII. leap onto, mount
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
eoh (noun, accusative singular): eoh, strong masculine. horse
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
ahte (verb, past 3rd person singular): agan. have, possess
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
hlaford (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, the Lord
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, dative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
gerædum (noun, dative plural): gerædu, strong neuter. harness, trappings for a horse
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): it
riht (adjective, neuter nominative singular): right, correct
ne (adverb): not
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
and (conjunction): and
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
broðru (noun, nominative plural): broðor, neuter r-stem. brother
mid (preposition): with, amongst
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine dative singular): he. he, it
begen (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative plural): both
ærndon (verb, past plural): ærnan, weak class I. run
Godwine (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Godwine
and (conjunction): and
Godwig (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Godwig
guþe (noun, accusative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
ne (adverb): not
gymdon (verb, past plural): gyman, weak class I. care, take care, heed
ac (conjunction): but
wendon (verb, past plural): (ge)wendan, weak class I. go, turn, change
fram (preposition): from, by
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wige (noun, dative singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
and (conjunction): and
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wudu (noun, accusative singular): wudu, masculine u-stem. wood, forest
seceð (verb, past plural): (ge)secan, weak class I. seek
flugon (verb, past plural): fleogan, strong class II. fly, flee
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þæt (relative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
fæsten (noun, accusative singular): fæsten, strong neuter. place of safety, stronghold
and (conjunction): and
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
feore (noun, dative singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
burgon (verb, past plural): beorgan, strong class III. save, preserve, protect
and (conjunction): and
manna (noun, genitive plural): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
ma (noun, indeclinable): neuter. more
þonne (conjunction): when, than
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): it
ænig (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): any
mæð (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. fitness, ability, decency
wære (verb, past subjunctive singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
gyf (conjunction): if
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
þa (demonstrative pronoun, accustative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
geearnunga (noun, accusative plural): geearnung, strong feminine. favour, reward
ealle (adjective, feminine accusative plural): eall. all, every
gemundon (verb, past subjunctive plural): gemunan. remember, bring to mind
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): he. he, it
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
duguþe (noun, dative singular): strong feminine. experienced troop, band of retainers, majesty, virtue
gedon (verb, past participle): (ge)don, anomalous. do, cause, take, put
hæfde (verb, past 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): he. he, it
Offa (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Offa
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
dæg (noun, accusative singular): dæg, strong masculine. day
ær (adverb): before, earlier
asæde (verb, past 3rd person singular): asecgan, weak class III. say, tell
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
meþelstede (noun, dative singular): meþelsted, strong masculine. meeting-place , assembly, battlefield
þa (conjunction): when
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
gemot (noun, accusative singular): gemot, strong masculine. assembly, meeting
hæfde (verb, past 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
þær (adverb): there
modiglice (adverb): proudly, bravely
manega (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative plural): manig. many
spræcon (verb, past plural): (ge)sprecan, strong class V. speak
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
eft (adverb): afterwards, again, thereafter
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
þearfe (noun, dative singular): þearf, strong feminine. need, suffering
þolian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. endure, suffer, tolerate
noldon (verb, past plural negated): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
þa (adverb): then
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
afeallen (verb, past participle): afeallan, strong class VII. fall, decline, be destroyed
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, neuter genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
folces (noun, genitive singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
ealdor (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, prince
Æþelredes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Æþelred
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
ealle (adjective, masculine nominative plural): eall. all, every
gesawon (verb, past plural): (ge)seon, strong class V. see, look
heorðgeneatas (noun, nominative plural): heorðfeneat, strong masculine. retainer, hearth-companion
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
heorra (noun, nominative singular): weak masculine. lord
læg (verb, past 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
ðær (adverb): there
wendon (verb, past plural): (ge)wendan, weak class I. go, turn, change
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
wlance (adjective, masculine nominative plural): wlonc. proud, arrogant, splendid
þegenas (noun, nominative plural): þegn, strong masculine. retainer, warrior, nobleman
unearge (adjective, masculine nominative plural): unearg. undaunted, not cowardly
men (noun, nominative plural): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
efston (verb, past plural): efstan, weak class I. hasten
georne (adverb): eagerly,sincerely, thoroughly
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
woldon (verb, past plural): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
þa (adverb): then
ealle (adjective, masculine nominative plural): eall. all, every
oðer (indefinite pronoun, neuter accusative singular): oðer. other, another
twega (cardinal number, genitive plural): two
lif (noun, accusative singular): lif. strong neuter. life
forlætan (verb, infinitive): strong class VII. let, let go, leave, permit
oððe (conjunction): or
leofne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): leof. dear, beloved
gewrecan (verb, infinitive): strong class V. avenge, tell
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person accusative plural): hie. they
bylde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)byldan, weak class I. encourage, bolster
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
Ælfrices (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Ælfric. Ælfric
wiga (noun, nominative singular): wiga, weak masculine. warrior
wintrum (noun, dative plural): winter, masculine u-stem. winter, year
geong (adjective, masculine nominative singular): young
wordum (noun, dative plural): word, strong neuter. word
mælde (verb, past 3rd person singular): mælan, weak class I. speak
Ælfwine (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Ælfwine
þa (adverb): then
cwæð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)cweðan, strong class V. say, speak, call
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
ellen (noun, accusative singular): ellen, strong neuter. courage, zeal
spræc (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)sprecan, strong class V. speak
gemunon (verb, subjunctive plural): gemunan. remember, bring to mind
þa (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
mæla (noun, accusative plural): mæl, strong neuter. time, season, meal
þe (conjunction): when, where, than
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
oft (adverb): often, always
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
meodo (noun, dative singular): medu, masculine u-stem. mead
spræcon (verb, past plural): (ge)sprecan, strong class V. speak
þonne (conjunction): when, than
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): we
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
bence (noun, dative singular): benc, strong feminine. bench
beot (noun, accusative plural): (ge)beot, strong neuter. boast, promise
ahofon (verb, past plural): ahebban, strong class VI. raise up, lift
hæleð (noun, nominative plural): hæle, masculine dental-stem. man, warrior
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
healle (noun, dative singular): heall, strong feminine. hall
ymbe (preposition): around, about, concerning
heard (adjective, neuter accusative singular): heard. hard, cruel
gewinn (noun, accusative singular): gewinn, strong neuter. battle
nu (adverb): now that, since
mæg (verb, 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
cunnian (verb, infinitive): (ge)cunnian, weak class II. find out, text, experience
hwa (indefinite pronoun, interrogative, masculine nominative singular): any, anyone, someone, who, what
cene (adjective, masculine nominative singular): brave
sy (verb, subjunctive singular): beon: anomalous verb. be
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
wylle (verb, 1st person singular): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
mine (adjective, possessive feminine accusative singular): min. my, mine
æþelo (accusative singular): æþelo, strong feminine. descent, origins, family
eallum (adjective, dative plural): eall. all, every
gecyþan (verb, infinitive): (ge)cyðan, weak class I. make known, explain, show
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
wæs (verb, past 1st person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
Myrcon (proper noun, masculine dative plural): Mierce. Mercia
miccles (adjective, neuter genitive singular): micel. much, great, large
cynnes (noun, genitive singular): cynn, strong neuter. kin, family, kind, people
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): my, mine
ealda (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular): eald. old, ancient
fæder (noun, nominative singular): masculine r-stem. father
Ealhelm (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Ealhelm
haten (verb, past participle): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
wis (adjective, masculine nominative singular): wise
ealdorman (noun, nominative singular): masculine athematic. leader, nobleman, chief
woruldgesælig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): prosperous, rich in worldly things
ne (adverb): not
sceolon (verb, plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þære (demonstrative pronoun, feminine dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
þeode (noun, dative singular): þeod, strong feminine. people, country
þegenas (noun, nominative plural): þegn, strong masculine. retainer, warrior, nobleman
ætwitan (verb, infinitive): strong class I. reproach
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
of (preposition): of, from
ðisse (demonstrative pronoun, feminine dative singular): þes. this
fyrde (noun, dative singular): strong feminine. army
feran (verb, infinitive): weak class I. go, travel
wille (verb, 1st person singular): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
eard (noun, accusative singular): eard, strong masculine. land, country
gesecgan (verb, infinitive): (ge)secgan, weak class III. say
nu (conjunction): now that, since
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): my, mine
ealdor (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, prince
ligeð (verb, 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
forheawen (verb, past participle): forheawan, strong class VII. hew, cut down
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
is (verb, 1st person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter nominative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
hearma (noun, genitive plural): hearm, strong masculine. harm, injury
mæste (adjective, neuter nominative singular superlative): micel. much, great, large
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
ægþer (conjuction): both
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): my, mine
mæg (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. kinsman
and (conjunction): and
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): my, mine
hlaford (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, the Lord
þa (adverb): then
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
eode (verb, past 3rd person singular): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
fæhðe (noun, accusative singular): fæhðo, strong feminine. feud, battle, struggle
gemunde (verb, past 3rd person singular): gemunan. remember, bring to mind
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
mid (preposition): with, amongst
orde (noun, dative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
anne (indefinite pronoun, masculine accusative singular) an. a, one, a certain one
geræhte (verb, past 3rd person singular): geræcan, weak class I. reach, gain, give, strike, wound
flotan (noun, accusative singular): flota, weak masculine. sailor, sea-farer, Viking
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
folce (noun, dative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
foldan (noun, dative singular): folde, weak feminine. earth
læg (verb, past 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
forwegen (verb, past participle): forwegan, strong class V. carry off, dispose of, kill
mid (preposition): with, amongst
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
wæpne (noun, dative singular): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
ongan (verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
þa (adverb): then
winas (noun, accusative plural): wine, strong masculine. friend, lord
manian (verb, infinitive): (ge)manian, weak class II. advise, urge
frynd (noun, accusative plural): freond, masculine nd-stem. friend
and (conjunction): and
geferan (noun, accusative plural): gefara, weak masculine. companion
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
eodeon (verb, past subjunctive plural): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
Offa (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Offa
gemælde (verb, past 3rd person singular): mælan, weak class I. speak
æscholt (noun, accusative singular): æscholt, strong neuter. ash-spear
asceoc (verb, past 3rd person singular): asceacan, strong class VI. shake
hwæt (interjection): indeed, so, behold!
þu (personal pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): you
Ælfwine (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Ælfwine
hafast (verb, 2nd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
ealle (adjective, masculine accusative plural): eall. all, every
gemanode (verb, past 2nd person singular): (ge)manian, weak class II. advise, urge
þegenas (noun, accusative plural): þegn, strong masculine. retainer, warrior, nobleman
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
þearfe (noun, dative singular): þearf, strong feminine. need, suffering
nu (conjunction): now that, since
ure (possessive adjective, masculine nominative plural): our, ours
þeoden (noun, nominative singular): þeoden, strong masculine. ruler, prince, king
lið (verb, 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
eorl (noun, nominative singular): eorl, strong masculine. nobleman, warrior, lord
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
eorðan (noun, dative singular): eorðe, weak feminine. earth
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): us
is (verb, 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
eallum (adjective, dative plural): eall. all, every
þearfe (noun, nominative singular): þearf, strong feminine. need, suffering
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ure (personal pronoun, 1st person genitive plural): of us
æghwylc (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): every, each
oþerne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): oðer. other, another
bylde (verb, subjunctive singular): (ge)byldan, weak class I. encourage, bolster
wigan (noun, accusative singular): wiga, weak masculine. warrior
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
wige (noun, dative singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
þa hwile þe (conjunction): whilst, as long as
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wæpen (noun, accusative singular): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
mæge (verb, subjunctive singular): magan. may, be able to
habban (verb, infinitive): weak class III. have, possess
and (conjunction): and
healdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)healdan, strong class VII. hold, preserve, govern, satisfy
heardne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): heard. hard, cruel
mece (noun, accusative singular): mece, strong masculine. sword
gar (noun, accusative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
and (conjunction): and
god (adjective, neuter accusative singular): good swurd (noun, accusative singular): sweord, strong neuter. sword
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): us
Godric (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Godric
hæfð (verb, 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
earh (adjective, neuter nominative singular): abject, cowardly, useless
Oddan (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Odda. Odda
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
ealle (adjective, masculine accusative plural): eall. all, every
beswicene (verb, past participle): beswican, strong class I. betray
wende (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)wendan, weak class I. go, turn, change
þæs (demonstrative pronoun, masculine genitive singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
formoni (adjective, masculine nominative singular): formonig. a great many
man (noun, nominative singular): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
þa (conjunction): when
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
meare (noun, dative singular): mearh, strong masculine. horse
rad (verb, past 3rd person singular): ridan, strong class I. ride
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
wlancan (adjective, weak neuter dative singular): wlonc. proud, arrogant, splendid
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wicge (noun, dative singular): wicg, strong neuter. horse
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
wære (verb, past subjunctive singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): it
ure (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): our, ours
hlaford (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, the Lord
forþan (adverb): therefore
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
her (adverb): here
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
felda (noun, dative singular): feld, masculine singular. field
folc (noun, accusative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
totwæmed (verb, past participle): totwæman, weak class I. divide
scyldburh (noun, accusative singular): scyldburh, feminine athematic. shield-wall
tobrocen (verb, past participle): tobrecan, strong class IV. break, smash
abreoðe (verb, subjunctive singular): abreoðan, strong class II. fail
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
angin (noun, nominative singular): anginn, strong neuter. beginning, undertaking, action
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
her (adverb): here
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
manigne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): manig. many
man (noun, accusative singular): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
aflymde (verb, past 3rd person singular): aflieman, weak class I. put to flight, force out
Leofsunu (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Leofsunu
gemælde (verb, past 3rd person singular): mælan, weak class I. speak
and (conjunction): and
his (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
linde (noun, accusative plural): lind, strong feminine. linden shield, shield
ahof (verb, past 3rd person singular): ahebban, strong class VI. raise up, lift
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
gebeorge (noun, dative singular): gebeorg, strong neuter. peace, defence, protection
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beorne (noun, dative singular): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
oncwæð (verb, past 3rd person singular): oncweðan, strong class V. reply, answer
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
gehate (verb, 1st person singular): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
heonon (adverb): heonan. from here, away, hence
nelle (verb, 1st person singular negated): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
fleon (verb, infinitive): strong class II. flee
fotes (noun, genitive singular): fot, masculine athematic. foot
trym (noun, accusative singular): trym, strong neuter. step, short space
ac (conjunction): but
wille (verb, 1st person singular): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
furðor (adverb): further
gan (verb, infinitive): anomalous verb. go, walk
wrecan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wrecan, strong class V. avenge, tell
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
gewinne (noun, dative singular): gewinn, strong neuter. battle
minne (possessive adjective, masculine accusative singular): min. my, mine
winedrihten (noun, accusative singular): winedryhten, strong masculine. friend and lord
ne (adverb): not
þurfon (verb, plural): þurfan. need
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
embe (preposition): ymb. around, about, concerning
Sturmere (proper noun, masculine accusative singular): Sturmer. Sturmer, Essex
stedefæste (adjective, masculine nominative plural): steadfast
hælæð (noun, nominative plural): hæle, masculine dental-stem. man, warrior
wordum (noun, dative plural): word, strong neuter. word
ætwitan (verb, infinitive): strong class I. reproach
nu (conjunction): now that, since
min (adjective, possessive masculine nominative singular): my, mine
wine (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. friend, lord
gecranc (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)cringan, strong class III. fall, die
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
hlafordleas (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leaderless, without a lord
ham (adverb). home, homewards
siðie (verb, subjunctive singular): siðian, weak class II. go, depart, travel
wende (verb, subjunctive singular): (ge)wendan, weak class I. go, turn, change
fram (preposition): from, by
wige (noun, dative singular): wig, strong neuter. war, conflict, battle
ac (conjunction): but
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
sceal (verb, 3rd person singular): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
wæpen (noun,nominative singular): strong neuter. weapon
niman (verb, infinitive): (ge)niman, strong class IV. take, capture, accept
ord (noun, accusative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
and (conjunction): and
iren (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. iron, iron weapon
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
ful (adverb): very
yrre (adjective, masculine nominative singular): angry
wod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)wadan, strong class VI. go, advance
feaht (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feohtan, strong class III. fight
fæstlice (adverb): strongly, resolutely
fleam (noun, accusative singular): fleam, strong masculine. flight, fleeing
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
forhogode (verb, past 3rd person singular): forhicgan, weak class III. despise, scorn
Dunnere (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Dunnere
þa (adverb): then
cwæð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)cweðan, strong class V. say, speak, call
daroð (noun, accusative singular): daroð, strong masculine. spear
acwehte (verb, past 3rd person singular): accweccan, weak class I. shake
unorne (adjective, masculine nominative singular): humble, simple
ceorle (noun, dative singular): ceorl, strong masculine. freeman of a low class, peasant, churl
ofer (preposition): over, beyond, above, upon, against
eall (adjective, neuter accusative singular): eall. all, every
clypode (verb, past 3rd person singular): clypian, weak class II. speak, call, cry out
bæd (verb, past 3rd person singular): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
beorna (noun, genitive plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
gehwylc (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): gehwelc. each, every
Byrhtnoð (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Byrhtnoð
wræce (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)wrecan, strong class V. avenge, tell
ne (adverb): not
mæg (verb, present 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
na (adverb): no, not at all, never
wandian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. flinch
se þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
wrecan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wrecan, strong class V. avenge, tell
þenceð (verb, past 3rd person singular): geþencan, weak class I. think, think to, imagine
frean (noun, accusative singular): frea, weak masculine. lord
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
folce (noun, dative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
ne (adverb): not
for (preposition): for, because of, on account of, before, in place of, in sight of
feore (noun, dative singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
murnan (verb, infinitive): strong class III. care about, mourn, be afraid of
þa (adverb): then
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
eodon (verb, past plural): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
feores (noun, genitive singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
ne (adverb): not
rohton (verb, past plural): recan, weak class I. care
ongunnon (verb, past plural): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
hiredmen (noun, nominative plural): hiredman, masculine athematic. retainer, warrior
heardlice (adverb): sternly, fiercely
feohtan (verb, infinitive): (ge)feohtan, strong class III. fight
grame (adjective, masculine nominative plural): gram. angry, hostile, hostile one
garberend (noun, nominative plural): garberend, masculine nd-stem. spear-bearer, warrior
and (conjunction): and
God (noun, accusative singular): strong masculine. God
bædon (verb, past plural): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
moston (verb, past subjunctive plural): motan. may, can, must
gewrecan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wrecan, strong class V. avenge, tell
hyra (personal pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
winedrihten (noun, accusative singular): winedryhten, strong masculine. friend and lord
and (conjunction): and
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
hyra (personal pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
feondum (noun, dative plural): feond, masculine nd-stem. enemy, adversary, fiend, devil
fyl (noun, accusative singular): fyll, strong masculine. fall, death
gewyrcan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wyrcan, weak class I. prepare, perform, make, work, produce, dispose
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person, masculine dative plural): he. he, it
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
gysel (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. hostage
ongan (verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, strong class III. begin, attempt, undertake
geornlice (adverb): eagerly, earnestly
fylstan (verb, infinitive): weak class I. help, assist
he (personal pronoun 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
Norðhymbron (proper noun, masculine dative plural): Norðhymbre. Northumbrians
hearde (adjective, neuter genitive singular): heard. hard, cruel
cynnes (noun, genitive singular): cynn, strong neuter. kin, family, kind, people
Ecglafes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Ecglaf
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
Æscferð (proper name, masculine nominative singular): Æscferð
nama (noun, nominative singular): weak masculine. name
he (personal pronoun3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
ne (adverb): not
wandode (verb, past 3rd person singular): wandian, weak class II. flinch
na (adverb): no, not at all, never
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wigplegan (noun, dative singular): wigplega, weak masculine. battle-play
ac (conjunction): but
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
fysde (verb, past 3rd person singular): fysan, weak class I. send, shoot, hasten
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
flan (noun, accusative singular): flan, strong masculine. arrow
genehe (adverb): frequently, sufficiently
hwilon (adverb): hwilum. occasionally, at times
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
sceat (verb, past 3rd person singular): sceotan, strong class II. shoot
hwilon (adverb): hwilum. occasionally, at times
beorn (noun, accusative singular): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
tæsde (verb, past 3rd person singular): tæsan, weak class I. tear apart, wound
æfre (adverb): always
embe (preposition): ymb. around, about, concerning
stunde (noun, accusative singular): stund, strong feminine. moment, period of time
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
sealde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)sellan, weak class I. give, sell
sume (indefinite pronoun, feminine accusative singular): sum. some, one, a certain one
wunde (noun, accusative singular): wund, strong feminine. wound
þa hwile þe (conjunction): whilst, as long as
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wæpna (noun, genitive plural): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
wealdan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wealdan, strong class VII. control, bring about, wield
moste (verb, past 3rd person singular): motan. may, can, must
þa (adverb): then
gyt (adverb): yet, still
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
orde (noun, dative singular): ord, strong masculine. point, spear, vanguard
stod (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
Eadweard (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Eadweard
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
langa (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular): long, tall, lasting
gearo (adjective, masculine nominative singular): prepared, ready
and (conjunction): and
geornful (adjective, masculine nominative singular): eager
gylpwordum (noun, dative plural): word, strong neuter. boasting word
spræc (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)sprecan, strong class V. speak
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
nolde (verb, past 3rd person singular negated): willian, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
fleogan (verb, infinitive): strong class II. fly, flee
fotmæl (noun, accusative singular): fotmæl, strong neuter. foot’s length
landes (noun, gentive singular): land, strong neuter. land, nation
ofer (preposition): over, beyond, above, upon, against
bæc (noun, accusative singular): bæc, strong neuter. back
bugan (verb, infinitive): (ge)bugan, strong class II. bend, turn, submit, alter
þa (conjunction): when
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
betera (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular comparative): god. good
leg (verb, past 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
bræc (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)brecan, strong class V. break
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
bordweall (noun, accusative singular): bordweall, strong masculine. shield-wall
and (conjunction): and
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
þa (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
beornas (noun, accusative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
feaht (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feohtan, strong class III. fight
oðþæt (conjunction): until
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
sincgyfan (noun, accusative singular): sincgyfa, strong masculine. treasure-giver, lord
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
sæmannum (noun, dative plural): sæman, athematic. sailor, Viking
wurðlice (adverb): worthily, admirably
wrec (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)wrecan, strong class V. avenge, tell
ær (adverb): before, earlier
he (pronoun, personal, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
wæle (noun, dative singular): wæl, strong masculine. slaughter, carnage, dead bodies
læge (verb, past subjunctive singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
dyde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)don, anomalous. do, cause, take, put
Æþeric (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Æþeric
æþele (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular): æðel. noble
gefera (noun, nominative singular): gefara, weak masculine. companion
fus (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ready, brave, eager
and (conjunction): and
forðgeorn (adjective, masculine nominative singular): eager to advance
feaht (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feohtan, strong class III. fight
eornoste (adverb): earnestly, resolutely
Sibyrhtes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Sibyrht. Sibyrht
broðor (noun, nominative singular): neuter r-stem. brother
and (conjunction): and
swiðe (adverb): very, greatly, severely
mænig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): many, much
oþer (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): oðer. other, another
clufon (verb, past plural): clufan, weak class II. cleave, split
cellod (adjective, neuter accusative plural): a type of shield?
bord (noun, accusative plural): bord, strong masculine. shield
cene (adverb): bravely
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
weredon (verb, past plural): werian, weak class I. defend
bærst (verb, past 3rd person singular): berstan, strong class III. burst
bordes (noun, genitive singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
lærig (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. rim
and (conjunction): and
seo (demonstrative pronoun, feminine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, she
byrne (noun, nominative singular): weak feminine. coat of mail, mail shirt
sang (verb, past 3rd person singular): singan, strong class III. sing
gryreleoða (noun, genitive singular): gryreleoð, strong neuter. terrible / terrifying song
sum (indefinite pronoun, neuter accusative singular): some, one, a certain one
þa (adverb): then
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
guðe (noun, dative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
sloh (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)slegan, strong class VI. slay, kill, strike
Offa (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Offa
þone (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
sælidan (noun, accusative singular): sælida, strong masculine. seafarer, sailor
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
eorðan (noun, dative singular): eorðe, weak feminine. earth
feoll (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
and (conjunction): and
ðær (adverb): there
Gaddes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Gadd
mæg (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. kinsman
grund (noun, accusative singular): grund, strong masculine. depths, bottom, land, earth
gesohte (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)secgan. seek, look for
raðe (adverb): quickly
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
Offa (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Offa
forheawen (verb, past participle): forheawan, strong class VII. hew, cut down
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
hæfde (verb, past 3rd person singular): habban, weak class III. have, possess
ðeah (adverb): though, nevertheless
geforþod (verb, past participle): geforþian, weak class II. carry out
þæt (relative pronoun, neuter accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
frean (noun, dative singular): frea, weak masculine. lord
gehet (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)hatan, strong class VII. command, call, be named, vow
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
beotode (verb, past 3rd person singular): beotian, weak class II. boast, promise, vow
ær (adverb): before, earlier
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he. he, it
beahgifan (noun, accusative singular): beagifa, weak masculine. ring-giver, lord
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
sceoldon (verb, past subjunctive plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
begen (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative plural): both
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
burh (noun, accusative singular): burg, feminine athematic. stronghold, fortified town, city
ridan (verb, infinitive): strong class I. ride
hale (adjective, masculine nominative plural): hal. healthy, hale, in one piece
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
hame (noun, dative singular): ham, strong masculine. home
oððe (conjunction): or
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
here (noun, dative singular): here, strong masculine. army, Viking troop
crincgan (verb, infinitive): (ge)cringan, strong class III. fall, die
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
wælstowe (noun, dative singular): wælstow, strong feminine. place of slaughter, battlefield
wundum (noun, dative plural): wund, strong feminine. wound
sweltan (verb, infinitive): strong class III. die
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
læg (verb, past 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
ðegenlice (adverb): thane-like, faithfully
ðeodne (noun, dative singular): ðeoden, strong masculine. ruler, prince, king
gehende (adverb): next to, near
ða (adverb): then
wearð (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)weorðan, strong class III. become, happen, change, be
borda (noun, genitive plural): bord, strong masculine. shield
gebræc (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. crash, clash
brimmen (noun, nominative plural): brimman, masculine athematic. seaman, Viking
wodon (verb, past plural): (ge)wadan, strong class VI. go, advance
guþe (noun, dative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
gegremode (verb, past participle): (ge)gremian, weak class II. provoke, incite, anger
gar (noun, accusative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
oft (adverb): often, always
þurhwod (verb, past 3rd person singular): þurhwadan, strong class VI. go through, penetrate, pierce
fæges (adjective, masculine genitive singular): fæge. doomed, fated, destined to die
feorhhus (noun, accusative singular): feorhhus, strong masculine. spirit-house, body
forð (adverb): forth, forwards, onwards, away
þa (adverb): then
eode (verb, past 3rd person singular): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
Wistan (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Wistan
Þurstanes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Þurstan
sunu (noun, nominative singular): sunu, masculine u-stem. son
wið (preposition): with, by, near, towards, against, from
þas (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): þes. this
secgas (noun, accusative plural): secg, strong masculine. man
feaht (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feohtan, strong class III. fight
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
geþrange (noun, dative singular): geþrang, strong neuter. throng, group
hyra (personal pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
þreora (cardinal number, gentive plural): ðreo. three
bana (noun, nominative singular): weak masculine. killer, murderer
ær (adverb): before, earlier
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person, masculine dative singular): he. he, it
Wigelmes (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Wig(h)elm. Wighelm
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wæle (noun, dative singular): wæl, strong neuter. slaughter, carnage, dead bodies
læge (verb, past subjunctive singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
þær (adverb): there
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
stið (adjective, neuter nominative singular): stiff, firm, hard
gemot (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. assembly, meeting
stodon (verb, past plural): (ge)standan, strong class VI. stand
fæste (adverb): securely, firmly
wigan (noun, nominative plural): wiga, weak masculine. warrior
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
gewinne (noun, dative singular): gewinn, strong neuter. battle
wigend (noun, nominative plural): wigend, masculine nd-stem. warrior
cruncon (verb, past plural): (ge)cringan, strong class III. fall, die
wundum (noun, dative plural): wund, strong feminine. wound
werige (adjective, neuter nominative plural): werig. weary
wæl (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. slaughter, carnage, dead bodies
feol (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)feallan, strong class VII. fall
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
eorþan (noun, dative singular): eorðe, weak feminine. earth
Oswold (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Oswold
and (conjunction): and
Eadwold (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Eadwold
ealle (adjective, feminine accusative singular): eall. all, every
hwile (noun, accusative singular): hwil, strong feminine. time, period of time
begen (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative plural): both
þa (demonstrative pronoun, nominative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
gebroþru (noun, nominative plural): gebroðor, masculine r-stem. brothers
beornas (noun, accusative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
trymedon (verb, past plural): trymian, weak class II. draw up, encourage, prepare
hyra (pronoun, personal, 3rd person genitive plural): hie. they
winemagas (noun, accusative plural): winemæg, weak masculine. beloved kinsman
wordon (noun, dative plural): word, strong neuter. word
bædon (verb, past plural): biddan, strong class V. ask, pray
þæt (conjunction): that, so that, in order that
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie. they
þær (adverb): there
æt (prepostition): at, from, near, before
ðearfe (noun, dative singular): þearf, strong feminine. need, suffering
þolian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. endure, suffer, tolerate
sceoldon (verb, past plural): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
unwaclice (adverb): bravely
wæpna (noun, genitive plural): wæpen, strong neuter. weapon
neotan (verb, infinitive): strong class II. use, employ
Byrhtwold (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Bryhtwold
maþelode (verb, past 3rd person singular): maþelian, weak class II. speak, make a speech
bord (noun, accusative singular): bord, strong masculine. shield
hafenode (verb, past 3rd person singular): hafenian, weak class II. raise
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wæs (verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
eald (adjective, masculine nominative singular): old, ancient
geneat (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. retainer
æsc (noun, accusative singular): æsc, strong masculine. ash-tree, spear
acwehte (verb, past 3rd person singular): accweccan, weak class I. shake
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
ful (adverb): very
baldlice (adverb): boldly
beornas (noun, accusative plural): beorn, strong masculine. man, warrior
lærde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)læran, weak class I. teach, advise, convince
hige (noun, nominative singular): hyge, strong masculine. mind, heart, thought
sceal (verb, 3rd person singular): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
þe (adverb): þy. on account of this, therefore
heardra (adjective, masculine nominative singular comparative): heard. hard, cruel
heorte (noun, nominative singular): weak feminine. heart
þe (adverb): þy. on account of this, therefore
cenre (adjective, masculine nominative singular comparative): cene. brave
mod (noun, nominative singular): mod, strong neuter. mind, heart, courage, spirit, pride
sceal (verb, 3rd person singular): sculan. be obliged, must, have to, ought to, shall, should
þe (adverb): þy. on account of this, therefore
mare (adjective, feminine nominative singular comparative): micel. much, great, large
þe (conjunction): though, because
ure (possessive adjective, neuter nominative plural): our, ours
mægen (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. strength, might, merit
lytlað (verb, 3rd person singular): lytlian, weak class II. fade, diminish, wane
her (adverb): here
lið (verb, 3rd person singular): licgan, strong class V. lie
ure (possessive adjective, masculine nominative plural): our, ours
ealdor (noun, nominative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, prince
eall (adverb): all, completely
forheawen (verb, past participle): forheawan, strong class VII. hew, cut down
god (adjective, masculine nominative singular): good
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
greote (noun, dative singular): greot, strong neuter. grit, earth
a (adverb): always, eternally
mæg (verb, present 3rd person singular): magan. may, be able to
gnornian (verb, infinitive): weak class II. mourn
se ðe (relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): that, which, who, when, where
nu (adverb): now
fram (preposition): from, by
þis (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): þes. this
wigplegan (noun, dative singular): wigplega, weak masculine. battle-play
wendan (verb, infinitive): (ge)wendan, weak class I. go, turn, change
þenceð (verb, 3rd person singular): geþencan, weak class I. think, think to, imagine
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
eom (verb, 1st person singular): beon, anomalous verb. be
frod (adjective, masculine nominative singular): old, wise
feores (noun, genitive singular): feorh, strong masculine. life, spirit
fram (adverb): away
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
ne (adverb): not
wille (verb, 1st person singular): willan, anomalous verb. wish, desire, intend, will
ac (conjunction): but
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): I
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I
be (preposition): by, with, according to, concerning
healfe (noun, dative singular): healf. strong feminine. half
minum (possessive adjective, masculine dative singular): min. my, mine
hlaforde (noun, dative singular): strong masculine. leader, lord, the Lord
be (preposition): by, with, according to, concerning
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
leofan (adjective, weak masculine dative singular): leof. dear, beloved
men (noun, dative singular): man, masculine athematic. man, husband, person
licgan (verb, infinitive): strong class V. lie
þence (verb, 1st person singular): geþencan, weak class I. think, think to, imagine
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
hi (personal pronoun, 3rd person accusative plural): hie. They
Æþelgares (proper noun, masculine genitive singular): Æþelgar
bearn (noun, nominative singular): strong neuter. child
ealle (adjective, masculine accusative plural): eall. all, every
bylde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)byldan, weak class I. encourage, bolster
Godric (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Godric
to (preposition): to, towards, against, at, as, on, from, for
guþe (noun, dative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
oft (adverb): often, always
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
gar (noun, accusative singular): gar, strong masculine. spear
forlet (verb, past 3rd person singular): forlætan, strong class VII. let, let go, leave, permit
wælspere (noun, accusative singular): wælspere, strong neuter. slaughter-spear, deadly-spear
windan (verb, infinitive): strong class III. wind, circle, brandish
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þa (demonstrative pronoun, accusative plural): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
wicingas (noun, accusative plural): wicing, strong masculine. Viking
swa (adverb): so, in such a way, such, thus, as
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
þam (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
folce (noun, accusative singular): folc, strong neuter. people, nation, troop
fyrmest (adjective, masculine nominative singular superlative): forma. first
eode (verb, past 3rd person singular): gan, anomalous verb. go, walk
heow (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)heawan, strong class VII. hew, cut, kill
and (conjunction): and
hynde (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)hynan, weak class I. fell, afflict injure
oðþæt (conjunction): until
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, it
on (preposition): on, upon, in, to, at, against
hilde (noun, dative singular): hild, strong feminine. battle
gecranc (verb, past 3rd person singular): (ge)cringan, strong class III. fall, die
næs (verb, past 3rd person singular negated): beon, anomalous verb. be
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, neuter nominative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
na (adverb): no, not at all, never
se (demonstrative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
Godric (proper noun, masculine nominative singular): Godric
þe (relative pronoun): that, which, who, when, where
ða (demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular): se. the, that, this, the aforementioned, he
guþe (noun, accusative singular): guþ, strong feminine. war, battle
forbeah (verb, past 3rd person singular): forbugan, strong class II. flee from, evade
to wæpnum feng – took up arms
fleam gewyrcan – take flight
Byrhtelmes bearn – son of Byrhtelm (i.e. Byrhtnoth himself)
feorh geræhte– reached [the] life (i.e. dealt a mortal wound)
Geþancie þe – [I] thank you
þe hit riht ne wæs – which was not right
Gemunan þa mæla – [I] remember the times
ealda fæder – grandfather
to þearfe – to what is required
abreoðe his angin – curse his actions!
ofer bæc – backwards / to the rear
brocen wurde – The opening lines to the poem are lost. The original manuscript was destroyed in the Cotton Library fire of 1731, but thankfully it had been copied by the deputy keeper of the collection some years before. At the time this copy was made the original manuscript was already fragmentary and missing its opening and conclusion, estimated by Scragg to be fewer than sixty lines from the beginning and a little more than sixty from the end (1981, p. 4). The manuscript may have been used as a binding for a medieval book.
The Battle of Maldon, ed. by D. G. Scragg (Manchester: MUP, 1981).
het – The subject here is Byrhtnoth, presumably referred to in the lost opening.
hors forlætan – The fact that the English abandoned their horses prior to the battle is considered important by many people. It is tempting to think particularly of events that took place nearly seventy years after Maldon at the politically far more consequential Battle of Hastings in 1066. Many people see this reference as a clear indication that even by the end of the tenth century the English were extremely reluctant to fight on horseback (see also l. 23a). They were willing to ride to the battle, and the saddle is referred to elsewhere as an article of war-gear, but the Anglo-Saxons certainly preferred to fight on foot. At the Battle of Hastings the traditional infantry tactics of the English (notably the shield wall we see referred to here) were exposed to the Norman cavalry charges.
hicgan to handum and to hige godum – Mitchell and Robinson provide the translation ‘to give thought to their hands and to virtuous courage’.
Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, 8th edn (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012)
þæt – Mitchell and Robinson correctly observe that this second ‘þæt’ will present problems when translating. It is presented as an example of ‘anticipation’ in Old English, wherein the poet uses the pronoun ‘þæt’ to anticipate a noun clause. One comes away with the feeling that this is a clumsy construction! A modern reader may feel more comfortable with changing the second ‘þæt’ to the abbreviation ‘i.e.’ or to something like ‘that is to say’. To find out more about this see Mitchell and Robinson, p. 66.
handon – The -on ending is unusual for a dative plural, as one would usually expect -um. This is a feature of late Old English, and we know that Maldon was certainly written after 991 (the date of the battle itself). Other examples which illustrate this in the poem are ‘leodon’ (l. 23), ‘Denon’ (l. 129), ‘hwilon’ (l. 270), and ‘wordon’ (l. 306). Note also the unusual forms of the subjunctive as witnessed in ‘heoldon’ (l. 20) and elsewhere. For a good listing of these features see Scragg’s discussion of the language of the poem (Scragg, 1981, pp. 23-28)].
þæt cniht nolde / wacian æt þam wige – These lines are important in terms of what happens later on in the poem, and serve two main purposes. Firstly, they accentuate the crime of Odda’s sons in line 185 when they do the exact opposite and run from the fight (taking many able-bodied soldiers with them). Secondly, this was a period of history where loyalty was scarce and many of the misfortunes suffered by the English under Æþelræd’s reign were put down to bad leadership, cowardice, and above all treachery (see, for example, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for the year 992, Mitchell and Robinson, p. 213). Scragg (1981, pp. 68-9) also noted that the releasing of the hawk in l. 8 is a symbolic gesture of loyalty. We might consider whether the poet is making a ‘political’ point with relation to the events at the end of the tenth century.
Ða þær Byrhtnoð…heorðwerod holdost wiste – The poet appears to present Byrhtnoð as a model leader and seasoned military commander in these lines. He encourages and reassures his troops, and arranges them in the proper formation - namely the famous Anglo-Saxon shield-wall.
heoldon - We tend to associate -on with the indicative, but ‘heoldon’ is subjunctive. Like the peculiar forms of the dative plural noted on line 4 and elsewhere, this seemingly aberrant morphology is an instance of the weakening of unstressed vowels. Mitchell and Robinson point also to ‘forgyldon’ (l. 32), ‘dælon’ (l. 33), ‘gangon’ (l. 56), ‘syllon’ (l. 61), and ‘eodon’ (l. 229). Like the peculiar forms of the dative plural noted on line 4 and elsewhere, this is instance of the weakening of unstressed vowels. Mitchell and Robinson point also to ‘forgyldon’ (l. 32), ‘dælon’ (l. 33), ‘gangon’ (l. 56), ‘syllon’ (l. 61), and ‘eodon’ (l. 229).
heton ðe secgan – We might ask who is being commanded (‘heton’) to pass on the message to the English. The subject, i.e. the person who is being told to pass on the message of the Vikings, is left unexpressed. We know from the context of the poem that it is the Viking messenger, the ‘ar’ of line 26, but this is not made explicit at this point. We would expect l. 30a to read ‘they commended me to tell you’ but there is clearly no word for ‘me’ here. Instead, if we are to keep exactly to the Old English, we would translate this uncomfortably as ‘they ordered to make known to you’. For more information on why this might be so, see Mitchell and Robinson, p. 75 (§161).
beagas wið gebeorge and gehyrst þu, sælida . . . þe eow æt hilde ne deah. - The Viking messenger is asking for treasure in exchange for peace here, and it may be significant the poet chooses to include both his speech and Byrhtnoth’s forceful reply. Perhaps this is an indication of the poet’s views on how one should (and should not) deal with such enemies. The Chronicle entry for 991 (Mitchell and Robinson, p. 213) notes that in that year the English ‘geald ærest gafol Deniscan mannum’ (‘first paid tribute to the Danish men’); this is the same year as the disaster at Maldon. In this poem the messenger is clearly suggesting the English adopt such a policy, but Byrhtnoth’s reply is scornful. The poem may have been composed in full awareness that such a view contradicts what became standard practice of buying off the invaders. It is a common misconception to apply the term ‘Danegeld’ to such payments during Æþelræd’s reign, but in fact this term (or more correctly ‘heregeld’) should only be applied to the tax introduced in 1012 onwards to pay for mercenaries. The term more commonly associated with what we are witnessing at Maldon is ‘gafol’, i.e. a simple tribute. Such tributes were often sizeable - £10,000 in 991, and £48,000 in 1012 to name but two examples.
garræs - Scandinavian words in Maldon include: ‘grið’ (l. 35), ‘garræs’ (l. 32), ‘þon’ (l. 33), ‘hilde dælan’ (l. 33), ‘wæpna neotan’ (l. 308), ‘drenga’ (l. 149), ‘syllan…sylfra dom’ (l. 38). Griffith (1998) noted that many of the words we would associate with an eastern or south-eastern dialect of Old English cluster in the speeches of Byrhtnoth or Leofsunu, e.g. ‘gofol’ (l. 61), ‘ættrynne’ (l. 47), ‘stynt’ (l. 51), ‘gealgan’ (l. 52), ‘trym’ (l. 247). Scragg interpreted these words as evidence that the whole poem was composed in Essex or Kent, but Griffith suggests that the words give deliberate dialectal colouring to the speech of particular characters.
M. Griffith, ‘Dialect and literary dialect in The Battle of Maldon’, Notes and Queries 45 (1998), pp. 272-3.
þon we swa hearde hilde dælon - This line has caused some difficulties over the years. First we have the term ‘þon’. Many editors emend this to ‘þonne’ but Robinson has successfully argued that ‘þon’ is a Scandinavianism. In the same line, the eighteenth-century transcript has ‘-ulde’, not a recognisable Old English word. Faced with this sort of problem editors have a choice to make. Do they accept the transcription and keep the word as it stands, shrugging it off as a rare form, or indeed possibly a new word; or do they emend (as Mitchell and Robinson do) to ‘hilde’ and decide that the transcriber in the 1700s simply copied it down wrong? If we accept that these rare forms are original and deliberate, what stylistic effect might the poet have been aiming for?
F. C. Robinson, ‘Some Aspects of the Maldon Poet's artistry’, Journal of English and Germanic Philology 75 (1976), 25-40. Reprinted in his The Tomb of Beowulf and Other Essays on Old English. Oxford, 1993.
heregeatu - This is a pun. The word can mean ‘armour’ but it also means ‘tax’ as in the modern (though rarely used) English word ‘heriot’. In other words, Byrhtnoth is being ironic.
C. Brett, ‘Notes in Old and Middle English’, MLR 22 (1927), p. 260.
eþel þysne / Æþelredes eard - Byrhtnoth outlines his obligations to his King, establishing his duty to his lord and the expectations he has of his own men. See also his reference to ‘urne eard’ (‘our land/soil’) in line 58, which suggests that he felt he was defending England and its people from an enemy invader. Byrhtnoth’s loyalty to the King is reinforced in lines 151 and 203 when he is referred to as Æþelræd’s earl.
lucon leagustreamas - The tides on the Blackwater are such that the whole causeway can be submerged at certain times. This would have prohibited the Vikings from making their way across to the mainland in the face of resistance from Byrhtnoth’s troops.
Pante - Now known as the River Blackwater. The poem is very specific about the geography of the battle, to the extent that we can be reasonably sure of the location when comparing it with existing topographical features; note also the following line’s reference to the men of Essex (‘Eastseaxena ord’).
mid prasse bestodon – the noun prass is sometimes translated ‘pomp’, or ‘splendour’, raising the possibility that the phrase is being used in a pejorative sense, highlighting the pride before the defeat. Alternatively, Breeze suggests it may be related to the Middle Welsh word pres, meaning ‘military force’ or ‘soldiers in array’, the unusual word deployed because of the need to alliterate with Pante.
Andrew Breeze: ‘Maldon 68: Mid prasse bestodon’, English Studies 73:4 (1992), 289-291
Ceolan sunu - Here the prestige of Wulfstan is heightened by repeating his lineage.
francan - This word indicates a spear of Frankish origin (see also line 134 ‘suþerne gar’). This attention to detail may suggest that the poet was at the battle or was working from the report of someone who witnessed it first-hand. Superior weapons made on the Continent were prized by the Vikings.
lytegian – as Scragg points out, this word is a happax legomenon, related to the adjective lytig, ‘cunning’, and probably meaning ‘to act with cunning’. See also J. E. Cross, ‘Mainly on Philology and the Interpretative Criticism of Maldon’Old English Studies in honour of John C. Pope, ed. Robert B. Burlin and Edward B. Irving, Jr. (Toronto, 1974), pp. 235-53.
for his ofermode - This is one of the most debated half-lines in Old English poetry. The discussion hinges on the word ‘ofermode’ which can be translated as ‘confidence’ or ‘arrogance’. If it is the former then any criticism of the tactic of allowing the Vikings across the river is oblique. If it is the latter then clearly the poet is blaming Byrhtnoth for bowing to his pride (Mitchell and Robinson suggest that the Vikings actually play on this). One can debate at length the rights and wrongs of Byrhtnoth’s decision to engage the Vikings in the field at Maldon, rather than allowing them to escape and harry the coast wherever they wanted to. Yet it is important to think about the poet’s stance in relation to this decision.
The best discussion of this (and summary of earlier criticism) is Gneuss’s article ‘The Battle of Maldon 89: Byrhtnoth’s ofermod Once Again’ (1976). Cavill’s more recent treatment of this question is also worth reading as it looks at the wider issue of how one would interpret ‘ongunnon lytegian’ (l. 86) and ‘landes to fela’ (l. 90). Cavill concludes that the criticism and blame is actually levelled both at the Vikings for being ‘underhand’ (p. 158), and at Byrhtnoth, possibly for being too ‘eager for battle’, but more importantly criticizing his tactics in allowing the Vikings too much room to manoeuvre once they had reached the mainland en masse. Pulsiano (1997) agrees with this, elaborating on just how guileful the Vikings are, suggesting (and citing examples to support his argument) that ‘the manipulation through words to gain advantage, would seem to be a long-established tradition’ amongst Scandinavians.
To see how the word ‘ofermode’ is used elsewhere in Old English go to the Old English corpus and search for ‘ofermod’ {FRAGMENTARY in VERSE}. You should get 11 hits back. Note that the first few are from the Old English poems on Genesis and the term is used to refer to Lucifer (the angel of pride). Would this connotation have been accepted by the audience of Maldon?
P. Cavill, 'Maxims in The Battle of Maldon', Neophilologus 82 (1998), 631-44.
H. Gneuss, ‘The Battle of Maldon 89: Byrhtnoth's ofermod Once Again’, Studies in Philology 73.2 (1976), 117-37.
A. D. Mills, ‘Byrhtnoð’s Mistake in Generalship’, NM 67 (1966), 14-27.
P. Pulsiano, ''Danish men's words are worse than murder': Viking guile in The Battle of Maldon', Journal of English and Germanic Philology 96 (1997), 13-25.
landes to fela – This reference to granting ‘too much land’ to the invaders might be compared with later boasts by Byrhtnoth’s faithfull retainer Eadward that he will not flee a single fotmæl lands, or ‘foot-length of land’ (l. 275), and repeated references to standing firm or stepping forward to engage the ememy. The poet’s attention to such details is at once practical and deeply symbolic, helping to reinforce the sense of nationhood and the connection of the people to the land.
God ana wat // hwa þære wælstowe wealdan mote. - Byrhtnoth clearly states that the fate of the battle is in God’s hands. When he is victorious in individual combat later in the poem (line 147) he ‘sæde Metode þanc’ (‘said thanks to the Lord’).
hremmas, earn - The appearance of the ravens and the eagle is important. This is a common topos in Old English (and Old Norse) poetry known as the ‘beasts of battle’ trope. The appearance of these creatures (the wolf is the other standard animal used) would alert the audience to the fact that a battle was approaching.
feolhearde - Hough argues that this hapax legomenon should be translated as ‘hardened by the file’. She refers also to H. Genuss’s chapter on language in The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, where he observes that of the 47 compounds that only ever occur in poetry (i.e. not in prose), 16 are unique to Maldon.
C. Hough, ‘The Battle of Maldon line 191b’, ANQ 13 (2000), 3-8.
H. Genuss, ‘The Old English Language’ in The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature, ed. by Godden and Lapidge (Cambridge (1991), pp. 48-49.
swustersunu - Mitchell and Robinson note the importance of this, as it displays the very close relationship in Anglo-Saxon society between uncle and nephew.
stemnetton - Harris suggests that this may mean ‘they stopped talking’ as opposed to the usual translation of ‘stood fast’. He notes that it is unique in Old English and that in the context of the poem either translation is possible. Etymological evidence provides us with little clue, but he does point to a single occurrence in Middle English (in the Life of St Katherine) where it does appear to mean ‘to keep quiet’. It is up to you as to whether you accept Harris’s suggestion, but it is another interesting example of how one decides on the meaning of words, especially in Old English where it is uncertain whether what survives is at all representative. Faced with tricky words like this, we can first look at other occurrences in Old English to see if a clear meaning emerges; look at comparative languages and literatures; look at other possible etymological routes; and finally see if forms of the word survive into later periods.
Harris, J., ‘Stemnettan: Battle of Maldon, Line 122a’, Philological Quarterly 55.1 (1976), 113-7.
cniht on gecampe - The fact that a youth remains loyal to his lord now that he has fallen emphasises the treachery of Odda’s sons in lines 185 following. The whole scene surrounding the death of Byrhtnoth is adapted by Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings (‘The Battle of Pelennor Fields’).
se - This refers to the Viking who had originally wounded Byrhtnoth.
He to heofenum wlat - Either the second half of this line is missing or it never existed - an example of the looser metrics permissible in late Old English verse.
hæðene - Note the description of the Vikings as heathens, in contrast to Byrhtnoth and his Christian troops.
þe hit riht ne wæs - This is an example of a common device used in Old English poetry, generally called ‘Germanic understatement’ or more formally ‘litotes’. To accentuate the crime the poet deliberately underplays it. A modern day equivalent would be to describe something wonderful as ‘not bad’.
flugon on þæt…duguþe gedon hæfde - The poet emphasises the treachery of desertion. By leaving the battlefield, able-bodied men forgot their sworn loyalty to their lord. In other words, this is both a military disaster, and an affront to the accepted rules of Anglo-Saxon society whereby Byrhtnoth’s kindness in happier times ought to be repaid by his soldiers in this time of need (see Mitchell and Robinson, p. 136, §237).
gemunan – Hough lists nine editions of Maldon where this word has been emended to either ‘gemuna’, ‘gemunaþ’, ‘gemunan’, or left as ‘gemunu’. She agrees with Robinson however (‘Some Aspects of the Maldon Poet’s Artistry’) in which the arguments for changing the verb to an imperative or subjunctive are dismissed, and instead the whole speech is construed in the first person singular (i.e. a personal statement by Ælfwine about the loss of his leader).
Hough, C., 'Odda in The Battle of Maldon', Notes and Queries 45 (1998), 169-172.
æt meodo spræcon - Ælfwine suggests that many boasts made in the mead-hall are never realised in the cold light of day. His words are reminiscent of lines 198-201, in which Offa warns Byrhtnoth that many people who spoke brave words before the battle would not fight bravely.
on Myrcon – The provenance and status of the retainers whose speeches close Maldon are important. Here Ælfwine points out that he is from Mercia, yet he is prepared to fight to defend Essex. Does the range of speakers emphasise a social and national solidarity, even in defeat?
fyrde – the make up of the fyrd, or army serving under Byrhtnoth, has been a key question for critics and historians, particularly the question of whether these were professional troops or represented the so-called ‘great fyrd’ of local freemen who might be called upon to serve in defence of their shire. There is certainly a body of personal followers, the heorðwerod, distinguished from the massed troops, but the emphasis in this part of the poem is on personal loyalty, irrespective of experience or rank. On the question of the professionalism of the fyrd, attention has focused on Bryhtnoth’s instruction of his troops in lines 17-21, suggesting an untrained force, but as Scragg points out, this passage reflects more on the leader’s qualities and his tactics in this particular situation than on instructions as to how to fight (1981, p. 21).
unorne ceorl - The status of Dunnere is important. Even a simple churl remains loyal when Godric, a nobleman who received gifts from the ealdorman, has fled.
hiredmen – these troops are sometimes identified with the heorðwerod, or personal retinue of Byrhtnoth, though Scragg points out that Ælfric uses the term to refer simply to armed men (1981, p. 49, note 95), which would make more sense due to the varied rank and status of the individuals who remain to fight.
gysel - The fact that even Ashferth (Æscferð), a Northumbrian hostage, remains loyal to Byrhtnoth emphasises the cowardice of those who fled, despite the loyalty they owed to their lord.
tæsde - This verb normally indicates the teasing of wool, i.e. pulling it from the comb. Here it is used to imply ‘tearing apart’.The two half-lines are not bound by alliteration, though they do rhyme (as in l. 282). Perhaps this is another example of the later, looser style of the Maldon poet.
He bræc þone bordweall – Eadweard’s heroic efforts are emphasised by his apparent success in breaking through the shield-wall of the Vikings, his individual actions in defeat perhaps highlighting what might have been achieved had more of the fyrd lived up to such heroic standards.
cellod - We have no real idea as to what this word means, apart from the fact that it must describe the shield. In normal circumstances we would see if we can find the word elsewhere in Old English; find occurences in comparable languages, or see if a form of the word survives into a later date, by looking at the Online Oxford English Dictionary, for example.
and seo byrne sang // gryreleoða sum - The corslet or coat of chain mail is turned into a living object (‘personification’ or ‘prosopopoeia’) and sings a dirge (the traditional song sung at a funeral). Prosopopoeia is a common feature of the Old English Riddles; see particularly Riddle 5, in which a shield describes how it is hacked in battle and can withstand many blows.
burh – the stronghold referred to might be Maldon, or one of the many towns in Essex owing allegiance to Byrhtnoth. We do not know where Byrhtnoth held his seat as ealdorman of Essex, though his lands were extensive and he certainly had holdings and influence outside of the Eastern counties.
him - Mitchell and Robinson suggests this is a reflexive pronoun and need not be translated. This though causes confusion as it must then mean (as does Mitchell and Robinson’s translation) that Wistan, son of þurstan, is also the son of Wigelin. Could Wigelin be his mother? Could the ‘bearn’ in l. 300 simply mean descendant? Scragg (1981) agrees with the interpretation that both phrases refer to the same man but notes the confusion caused.
The Battle of Maldon, ed. by D. G. Scragg (Manchester: MUP, 1981).
wæl feol on eorþan - Identical to line 126b.
Hige sceal þe …ure mægen lytlað - ‘þe’ may seem unfamiliar but it is actually the instrumental of ‘þæt’ (more often spelt ‘þy’). See Mitchell and Robinson, p. 68, §168. We could describe this as a piece of ‘gnomic verse’. This phrase comes from the Greek word for ‘opinion’ or ‘judgement’, and refers to a short statement of truth or received wisdom. Old English has two longer poems made up entirely of such material known as Maxims I & II, but such statements are common throughout the corpus. Cavill (1998) notes that the poem contains five ‘maxims’ (defined by him as a generalisation, functioning ‘as a proverb’ p. 631). Two are spoken by Byrhtnoth, one by Dunnere, and two by Byrhtwold. He cites the following as his five (translations are by Cavill):
ll. 54b-55a ‘Feallan secolon // hæþena æt hilde’ (the heathen are destined to fall in battle)
ll. 93-95 ‘Nu eow is…wælstowe wealdan mote.’ (Now the way is opened for you, come quickly to us, men to battle, God alone knows who will control the battlefield).
ll. 258-59 ‘Ne mæg na…for feore murnan.’ (The man in the army who intends to avenge his lord can never flinch or care about his life)
ll. 315b-316 ‘A mæg gnornian…wigplegan wendan þence?’ (The man who now intends to turn away from this battle-play will always have reason to regret it.)
ll. 312-313 ‘Hige sceal þa…ure mægen lytla?’ (Resolve must be so much the firmer, heart so much the bolder, courage so much the greater, in proportion as our strength diminishes)
These lines uttered by Beorhtwold have been read as the ‘finest expression of the northern heroic spirit, Norse or English; the clearest statement of the doctrine of uttermost endurance in the service of indomitable will’ (Tolkien, pp. 13-14). Robinson also reads this speech in light of the ‘background of cosmic uncertainty’ in the poem, suggesting this statement of loyalty and ideals forms the crux of what must be read as a ‘supremely heroic poem’.
P. Cavill, 'Interpretation of The Battle of Maldon, lines 84-90 - A Review and Reassessment', Studia Neophilologica 67 (1995), 149-164.
J. R. R. Tolkien, ‘The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm’s Son’, Essays and Studies 6 (1953), 1-18.
Fred C. Robinson, ‘God, Death and Loyalty in the Battle of Maldon’ in Old English Literature, ed. by R. M. Liuzza (New Haven: Yale University Press, 202), 425-444.
þe ða guðe forbeah - The lines after this point are lost, though it is clear from other sources that the Vikings won the battle, and that tribute was paid to the invading army later in the same year. It is impossible to say whether the ending of the poem related the battle at Maldon to wider political events or to the fate of the survivors.