hwæt (interjection): hwæt, lo!, listen!
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
swefna (strong neuter noun, genitive plural): swefn, dream
cyst (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): cyst, best, choicest
secgan (class 3 weak verb, infinitive): secgan, say, tell
wylle (anomalous verb, present 1st person singular): willan, wish, be willing, desire, intend, will
hwæt (interrogative pronoun): hwa, who, what, someone, something
me (personal pronoun, 1st person dative singular): ic, I, me, myself
gemætte (class 1 weak verb, impersonal with dative of person, past 3rd person singular): gemætan, dream
to (preposition, usually with dative): to, to, towards, into; against, for, from
midre (adjective, feminine dative singular): midd, middle, mid
nihte (feminine noun, dative singular): niht, night
syðþan (conjunction): siððan, after, since, when
reordberend (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative plural): reordberend, speech-bearer, man, person
reste (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): rest, rest, resting place, bed, couch
wunedon (class 2 verb, past 3rd person plural): wunian, inhabit, dwell, abide, exist, remain
þuhte (class 1 weak verb, impersonal verb with dative, past 3rd person singular): þyncan, seem, to appear
me (personal pronoun, 1st person dative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
gesawe (class 5 strong verb, past subjunctive 1st person singular): geseon, see, look, behold, observe, perceive, understand, know
syllicre (adjective, weak neuter accusative singular comparative, or superlative): syllic, marvelous, rare, wondrous, beautiful
treow (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): treow, tree, wood, grove, cross
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
lyft (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): lyft, air, sky, breeze, clouds, atmosphere
lædan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): lædan, lead, bring, lift, carry off, guide, take
leohte (strong neuter noun, dative singular): leoht, light, daylight, power of vision, luminous, bright, clear, resplendent
bewunden (class 3 strong verb, past participle): bewindan, wind around, envelope, wrap, surround, clasp
beama (strong masculine noun, genitive plural): beam, tree, log, beam, cross, gallows
beorhtost (adjective, masculine nominative singular superlative): beorht, bright, shining, brilliant, light, clear-sounding, loud, magnificent, noble
eall (adjective, neuter nominative singular): eall, all, each, every, entire, whole, universal
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, definite article, neuter nominative singular): se, þæt, seo, that, the, he, she, it; relative pronoun: who, which
beacen (strong neuter noun, nominative singular): beacen, beacon, sign, portent, symbol, monument, standard, banner
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
begotten (class 2 strong verb, past participle): begeotan, pour over, pour upon, anoint, infuse, flood (with), sprinkle
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
golde (strong neuter noun, dative singular): gold, gold
ġimmas (strong masculine, nominative plural): ġimm, gem, precious stone, jewel
stodon (class 6 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): gestandan, stand, occupy a place, remain, exist
fæġere (adjective, masculine nominative plural): fæger, fair, lovely, beautiful.
æt (preposition with dative or accusative): æt, at, from, by, near
foldan (weak feminine noun, genitive singular): folde, earth, ground, soil, world
sceatum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): sceat, region, surface, garment
swylce (adverb): swelce, also, likewise
þær (adverb): þær, there
fife (cardinal number, neuter nominative plural): fif, five
wæron (anomalous verb, past 3rd person plrual): beon, be, exist, happen, become
uppe (adverb): uppe, up, above
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þam (demonstrative pronoun, definite article, neuter dative singular): se, þæt, seo, that, the, he, she, it; relative pronoun: who, which.
eaxleġespanne (strong neuter noun, dative singular): eaxleġespann, crossbeam; shoulder-span
beheoldon (class 7 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): behealdan, behold, gaze at, watch over, observe
þær (adverb): þær, there
enġel (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): engel, angel
Dryhtnes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): Drihten, Lord, The Lord (God)
ealle (adjective, masculine nominative plural): eall, all, each, every, entire, whole, universal
fæġere (adjective, masculine nominative plural): fæger, fair, lovely, beautiful
þurh (preposition usually with accusative, occasionally with dative or genitive): þurh, through, by, by means of, because of
forðġesceaft (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): forðġesceaft, the future, eternity
ne (adverb, conjunction): ne, not, nor
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
ðær (adverb): þær, there
huru (adverb): huru, indeed, certainly, especially
fracodes (adjective, masculine genitive singular): fracod, vile, wicked
ġealga (weak masculine noun, nominative singular): ġealga, gallows, cross
ac (conjunction): ac, but, however, and, moreover
hine (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine accusative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
þær (adverb): þær, there
beheoldon (class 7 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): behealdan, behold, gaze at, watch over, observe
halige (adjective, masculine nominative plural): halig, holy, saintly
gastas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): gast, spirit, soul, angel
men (masculine athematic noun, nominative plural): mann, man, person
ofer (preposition usually with dative or accusative): ofer, over, beyond, after, against
moldan (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): molde, earth
ond (conjunction): and, and
eall (adjective, feminine nominative singular): eall, all, each, every, entire, whole, universal
þeos (demonstrative pronoun, feminine nominative singular): þes, this
mære (adjective, weak feminine nominative singular): mære, famous, glorious, notorious
gesceaft (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): gesceaft, creation, creature, destiny
syllic (adjective, masculine nominative singular): syllic, rare, wonderful
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
sigebeam (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): sigebeam, victory-tree
ond (conjunction): and, and
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
synnum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): syn, sin, wrongdoing
fah (adjective, masculine nominative singular): fah, hostile, guilty of something, outlawed
forwunded (Class 2 weak verb, past participle): forwundian, wound severely
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
wommum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): womm, stain, defilement, sin
geseah (class 5 strong verb, past 1st person singular): geseon, see, look, behold; observe, perceive, understand, know
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wuldres (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): wuldor, glory
treow (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): treow, tree
wædum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): wæd, clothing
geweorðode (class 2 weak verb, past participle): geweorðian, honour, worship, exalt, adorn
wynnum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): wynn, joy, pleasure
scinan (class 1 strong verb, infinitive): scinan, shine
gegyred (class 1 weak verb, past participle): gyrwan, adorn, prepare, dress
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
golde (strong neuter noun, dative singular): gold, gold
gimmas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): gimm, gem
hæfdon (class 3 weak verb, past plural) habban, have, hold, possess
bewrigene (class 1 strong verb, past participle): bewreon, cover, hide
weorðlice (adverb): weorðlice, worthily, splendidly
wealdendes (masculine noun, genitive singular): wealdend, ruler, the Lord
treow (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): treow, tree
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þurh (preposition usually with accusative, occasionally with dative or genitive): þurh, through, by, by means of, because of
þæt (conjunction and adverb): þæt, that, so that, in order that, after that, then, thence
gold (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): gold, gold
ongytan (class 5 strong verb, infinitive): ongietan, understand, perceive
meahte (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): magan, be able to, can, may
earmra (adjective, genitive plural): earm, poor, wretched, miserable
ærgewin (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): ærgewin, former strife
þæt (conjunction and adverb): þæt, that, so that, in order that, after that, then, thence
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
ærest (adverb, superlative): ær, before, early, earlier, formerly
ongan (class 3 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, begin, endeavour, undertake
swætan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): swætan, sweat, bleed
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þa (demonstrative pronoun, definite article, feminine accusative singular): seo, that, the, he, she, it; relative pronoun: who, which
swiðran (adjective, feminine accusative singular comparative): swið, strong
healfe (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): healf, half, side
eall (adjective): eall, all, each, every, entire, whole, universal
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
sorgum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): sorg, sorrow, pain
gedrefed (class 1 weak verb, past participle): gedrefan, agitate, figurative travel, afflict
forht (adjective, masculine nominative singular): forht, afraid fearful timid
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
þære. (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, feminine dative singular) seo, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
fægran (adjective, feminine dative singular): fæger, fair, beautiful, pleasant
gesyhðe (strong feminine noun, dative singular): gesihð, sight
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þæt (conjunction and adverb): þæt, that, so that, in order that, after that, then, thence
fuse (adjective, neuter accusative singular): fus, in a hurry, ready to go, eager, brave
beacen (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): beacen, sign; monument
wendan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gewendan, turn, go, return, change, translate
wædum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): wæd, clothing
ond (conjunction): and, and
bleom (strong neuter noun, dative plural): bleo, colour
hwilum (adverb): hwilum, sometimes, at times, formerly
hit (person pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
wætan (weak masculine noun, dative singular): wæta, moisture
bestemed (class 1 weak verb, past participle): besteman, drench
beswyled (class 1 weak verb, past participle): beswyllan, soak
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
swates (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): swat, sweat, blood
gange (strong masculine noun, dative singular): gang, going, passage, flow
hwilum (adverb): hwilum, sometimes, at times, formerly
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
since (strong neuter noun, dative singular): sinc, treasure
gegyrwed (class 1 weak verb, past participle): gegyrwan, prepare, clothe, adorn
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
þær (adverb): þær, there
licgende (class 5 strong verb, present participle): licgan, lie, be situated
lange (adjective, feminine accusative singular): lang, long, long-lasting, tall
hwile (strong feminine noun, accusative singular ): hwil, time, space of time
beheold (class 7 strong verb, past 1st person singular): behealdan, hold, keep, observe, behold
hreowcearig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): hreowcearig, sorrowful
Hælendes (masculine nd-stem noun, genitive singular): Hælend, Saviour
treow (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): treow, tree
oð ðæt (conjunction): oð ðæt, until
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
gehyrde (class 1 weak verb, past 1st person singular): gehyran, hear, listen to, hear of
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
hleoðrode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): hleoðrian, speak
ongan (class 3 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, begin, endeavour, undertake
þa (adverb): þa, then
word (strong neuter noun, accusative plural): word, word
sprecan (class 5 strong verb, infinitive): gesprecan, speak, converse
wudu (masculine u-stem noun, nominative singular): wudu, wood, forest
selesta (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular superlative): god, good
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, definite article, neuter nominative singular): se, þæt, seo. That, the, he, she, it; relative pronoun: who, which
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
geara (adverb): geara, formerly
iu (adverb): geo, long ago
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þæt (demonstrative pronoun, definite article, neuter accusative singular): se, þæt, seo. That, the, he, she, it; relative pronoun: who, which
gyta (adverb): git, still, yet.
Geman (preterite-present verb, 1st person singular): gemunan, think of, remember
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
aheawen (class 7 strong verb, past participle): aheawan, cut
holtes (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): holt, forest
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
ende (strong masculine noun, dative singular): ende, end, edge, front edge
astyred (class 1 weak verb, past participle): astyrian, move, remove, stir, excite, anger
of (preposition with dative): of, from, of, out of
stefne (strong masculine noun, dative singular): stefn, root, branch, trunk
minum (possessive adjective, masculine dative singular): min, my, mine
genaman (class 4 strong verb, past plural): geniman, take, take from, seize,
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þær (adverb): þær, there
strange (adjective, masculine nominative plural): strang, strong
feondas (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative plural): feond, enemy, foe, the Devil
geworhton (class 1 weak verb, past plural): gewyrcan, make, create, build, form
him (pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): hie, they, themselves
þær (adverb): þær, there
to (preposition, usually with dative): to, to, towards, into; against, for, from
wæfersyne (strong feminine noun, dative singular): wæfersyn, spectacle
heton (class 7 strong verb, past plural): gehatan, command, order, call, name
me (personal pronoun, 1st person dative singular): ic, I, me, myself
heora (pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie, they, themselves
wergas (strong masculine noun, accusative plural): wearg, criminal, monster, evil spirit
hebban (class 6 strong verb, infinitive): hebban, lift
bæron (class 4 strong verb, past plural): geberan, bear, bring forth, give birth to
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þær (adverb): þær, there
beornas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): beorn, man, warrior
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
eaxlum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): eaxl, shoulder
oð ðæt (conjunction): oð ðæt, until.
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
beorg (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): beorg, mountain, hill, burial mound
asetton (class 1 weak verb, past plural): asettan, set, place, build, appoint
gefæstnodon (class 2 weak verb, past plural): gefæstnian, fasten, secure
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þær (adverb): þær, there
feondas (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative plural): feond, enemy, foe, the Devil
genoge (adjective, masculine nominative plural): genog, sufficient, enough, many, much
geseah (class 5 strong verb, past 1st person plural): geseon, see, look
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þa (adverb): þa, then
Frean (weak masculine noun, accusative singular): Frea, Lord; the Lord
mancynnes (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): mancynn, mankind
efstan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): efstan, hurry
elne (strong neuter noun, instrumental singular): ellen, strength, valour, power
mycle (adjective, neuter instrumental singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
wolde (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): willan, wish, be willing, desire, intend, will
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
gestigan (class 1 strong verb, infinitive): gestigan, ascend, climb
þær (adverb): þær, there
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þa (adverb): þa, then
ne (adverb): ne, not
dorste (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): durran, dare
ofer (preposition usually with dative or accusative): ofer, over, beyond, after,s against.
Dryhtnes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
word (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): word, word
bugan (class 2 strong verb, infinitive): gebugan, turn aside, bow, bend, submit
oððe (conjunction): oþþe, or
berstan (class 3 strong verb, infinitive): berstan, burst
þa (conjunction): þa, when
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
bifian (class 2 weak verb, infinitive): bifian, tremble, shake
geseah (class 5 strong verb, past 1st person singular): geseon, see, look
eorðan (weak feminine noun, genitive singular): eorðe, earth
sceatas (strong masculine noun, accusative plural): sceat, surface, region
ealle (adjective, masculine accusative plural): eall, all, each, every, entire, whole, universal
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
mihte (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): magan, be able, can, may
feondas (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative plural): feond, enemy, foe, the Devil
gefyllan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gefyllan, fell, kill
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
fæste (adverb): fæste, firmly, fast
stod (class 6 strong verb, past 1st person singular): gestandan, stand, remain
ongyrede (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): ongyrwan, undress
hine (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine accusative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
þa (adverb): þa, then
geong (adjective, masculine nominative singular): geong, young
hæleð (masculine dental stem noun, nominative singular): hæle, warrior, man
þæt (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter nominative singular): se, the, that he, she, it, who, which
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
God (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): God, God
Ælmihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
Strang (adjective, masculine nominative singular): strang, strong
ond (conjunction): and, and
stiðmod (adjective, masculine nominative singular): stiðmod, resolute, courageous
gestah (class 1 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): gestigan, ascend, climb,
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
gealgan (weak masculine noun, accusative singular): gealga, gallows
heanne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): heah, high, deep, great
modig (adjective, masculine nominative singular); modig, brave, bold, arrogant
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
manigra (adjective, genitive plural); manig, many, much
gesyhðe (strong feminine noun, dative singular): gesihð, sight
þa (conjunction): þa, when
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
wolde (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): willan, wish, be willing, desire, intend, will
mancyn (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): mancynn, mankind
lysan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): lysan, release, ransom, redeem
bifode (class 2 weak verb, past 1st person singular): bifian, tremble, quake
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þa (conjunction): þa, when
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
beorn (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): beorn, man, warrior
ymbclypte (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): ymbclyppan, embrace
ne (adverb): ne, not
dorste (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): durran, dare
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, ye
bugan (class 2 strong verb, infinitive): gebugan, turn aside, bow, bend, submit
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
eorðan (weak feminine noun, dative singular): eorðe, earth
feallan (class 7 strong verb): gefeallan, fall
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
foldan (weak feminine noun, genitive singular): folde, earth
sceatum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): sceat, surface, region
ac (conjunction): ac, but
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
sceolde (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): sculan, must, have to, ought to, will, shall
fæste (adverb): fæste, firmly, fast
standan (class 6 strong verb, infinitive): gestandan, stand, remain
rod (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): rod, cross, crucifix
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
aræred (class 1 weak verb, past participle): aræran, raise, build
ahof (class 6 strong verb, past 1st person singular): ahebban, raise, lift, exalt
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
ricne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): rice, powerful, noble, great
cyning (Strong masculine noun, accusative singular): cyning, king
heofona (strong masculine noun, genitive plural): heofon, heaven
Hlaford (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): Hlaford, Lord, the Lord
hyldan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): hyldan, bow, bend
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
ne (adverb): ne, not
dorste (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): durran, dare
þurhdrifan (class 1 strong verb, past plural): þurhdrifan, drive through
hi (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
deorcan (adjective, dative plural): deorc, dark
næglum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): nægl, nail
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
syndon (anomalous verb, present 3rd person plural): beon, be; exist, happen, become
þa (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, nominative plural): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
dolg (strong neuter noun, nominative plural): dolg, wound
gesiene, (adjective, neuter nominative plural): gesiene, visible, evident
opene (adjective, masculine nominative plural): open, open
inwidhlemmas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): inwidhlemm, malicious wound
ne (adverb): ne, not
dorste (preterite-present verb, past 1st person singular): durran, dare
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
hira (pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie, they, themselves
nænigum (indefinite pronoun, masculine dative singular) nænig, none, no one
sceððan (class 1 weak verb usually with dative object, infinitive): sceþþan, injure
bysmeredon (class 2 weak verb, past plural): bysmerian, revile, mock
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
unc (dual pronoun, 1st person accusative dual): wit, we two
butu (indefinite pronoun, masculine accusative plural): butu, both
ætgædere (adverb): ætgædere, together
eall (adverb): eall, all, entirely, completely
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
blode (strong neuter noun, dative singular): blod, blood
bestemed (class 1 weak verb, past participle): besteman, drench
begotten (class 2 strong verb, past participle): begeotan, pour over, infuse
of (preposition with dative): of, from, of
þæs (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine genitive singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
guman (weak masculine, genitive singular): guma, man
sidan (weak feminine noun, dative singular): side, side
siððan (conjunction): siððan, after
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
hæfde (class 3 weak verb, past 3rd person singular) habban, have, hold, possess
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
gast (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): gast, spirit, soul, angel
onsended (class 1 weak verb, past participle): onsendan, send, send forth
feala (adjective, indeclinable): fela, many
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
beorge (strong masculine noun, dative singular): beorg, mountain, hill, burial mound Here dative singular.
gebiden (class 1 strong verb with accusative or genitive object, past participle): gebidan, wait, experience, endure
hæbbe (class 3 weak verb, present 1st person singular) habban, have, hold, possess
wraðra (adjective, genitive plural): wraþ, angry, terrible, cruel
wyrda (strong feminine noun, genitive plural): wyrd, event, fate, fortune, destiny
geseah (class 5 strong verb, past 1st person singular): geseon, see, look
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
weruda (strong neuter noun, genitive plural): werod, army, host, company
God (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): God, God
þearle (adverb): þearle, severely, exceedingly, vigorously
þenian (class 2 weak verb, infinitive): þenian, stretch out
þystro (strong feminine noun, nominative plural): þystru, darkness
hæfdon (class 3 weak verb, past plural) habban, have, hold, possess
bewrigen (class 1 strong verb, past participle): bewreon, cover, hide
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
wolcnum (strong neuter noun, dative plural): wolcen, cloud, sky, heaven
Wealdendes (masculine nd-stem noun, genitive singular): Wealdend, ruler, the Lord
hræw (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): hræw, body
scirne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): scir, shining, resplendent
sciman (weak masculine noun, accusative singular): scima, brightness, splendour
sceadu (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): sceadu, shadow, shade, darkness
forðeode (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): forðgan, go forth
wann (adjective, feminine nominative singular): wann, dark, black
under (preposition with dative or accusative): under, under
wolcnum (strong neuter noun, dative plural): wolcen, cloud, sky, heaven
weop (class 7 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): wepan, weep
eal (adjective, feminine nominative singular): eall, all, each
gesceaft (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): gesceaft, creature, creation
cwiðdon (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person plural): cwiþan, lament, bewail
cyninges (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): cyning, King
fyll (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): fyll, fall, death
Crist (masculine proper noun, nominative singular): Crist, Christ
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
Rode (strong feminine noun, dative singular): rod, cross, crucifix
hwæðere (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
Þær (adverb): þær, there
fuse (adjective, masculine nominative plural): fus, ready to go, eager, brave
feorran (adverb): feorran, from afar
cwoman (class 4 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): cuman, come
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
æðelinge (strong masculine noun, dative singular): æðeling, prince, nobleman
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þæt (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter accusative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
eall (adjective, neuter accusative singular): eall, all, each
beheold (class 7 strong verb, past 1st person singular): behealdan, hold, keep, observe, behold
sare (adverb): sare, painfully, sorely
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
sorgum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): sorg, sorrow, pain
gedrefed (class 1 weak verb, past participle): gedrefan, agitate, figurative travel, afflict
hnag (class 1 strong verb, past 1st person singular): hnigan, bend, bow
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine dative plural): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
secgum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): secg, man
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
handa (feminine u-stem noun, dative singular): hand, hand
eaðmod (adjective, masculine nominative singular): eaðmod, humble, obedient
elne (strong neuter noun, instrumental singular): ellen, strength, valour, power
mycle (adjective, neuter instrumental singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
genamon (class 4 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): geniman, take, seize, accept
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
þær (adverb): þær, there
ælmihtigne. (adjective, masculine accusative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
God (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): God, God
ahofon (class 6 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): ahebban, raise, lift, exalt
hine (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine accusative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
of (preposition with dative): of, from, of
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
hefian (adjective, neuter dative singular): hefig, heavy, grievous
wite (strong neuter noun, dative singular): wite, punishment, torment
forleton )class 7 strong verb, past plural): forlætan, abandon, forsake, neglect, let go
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þa (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, nominative plural): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
hilderincas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): hilderincas, warrior
standan (class 6 strong verb, infinitive): gestandan, stand, remain
steame (strong masculine noun, dative singular): steam, steam, moisture, blood
bedrifenne (class 1 strong verb, past participle): bedrifan, drive, assail, cover
eall (adverb): eall, all, entirely, completely
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
strælum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): stræl, arrow
forwundod (class 2 weak verb, past participle): forwundian, wound severely
aledon (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person plural): alecgan, lay down, place
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
ðær
limwerigne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): limwerig, weary in limb
gestodon (class 6 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): gestandan, stand, remain
him (pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): hie, they, themselves
æt (preposition with dative): æt, at, from
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
lices (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): lic, body, corpse
heafdum (strong neuter noun, dative plural): heafod, head
beheoldon (class 7 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): behealdan, hold, keep, observe, behold
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
ðær (adverb): þær, there
heofenes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): heofon, heaven
Dryhten (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): Drihten, Lord, the Lord
ond (conjunction): and, and
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
hine (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine accusative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
ðær (adverb): þær, there
hwile (adverb): hwile, for a while
reste (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): restan, rest
meðe (adjective, masculine nominative singular): meðe, weary, dejected
æfter (preposition usually with dative, occasionally accusative) æfter, after, along, according to
ðam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
miclan (adjective, weak neuter dative singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
gewinne (strong neuter noun, dative singular): gewinn, strife, battle
ongunnon (class 3 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): onginnan, begin, endeavour, undertake
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine dative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
þa (adverb): þa, then
moldern (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): moldern, earth-house, sepulcher
wyrcan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gewyrcan, make, create, build, form
beornas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): beorn, man, warrior
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
banan (weak masculine noun, genitive singular): bana, slayer
gesyhðe (strong feminine noun, dative singular): gesihð, sight
curfon (class 3 strong verb, past plural): ceorfan, carve, hew out
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
ðæt (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter accusative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
of (preposition with dative): of, from, of
beorhtan (adjective, weak masculine dative singular): beorht, bright
stane (strong masculine noun, dative singular): stan, stone
gesetton (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person plural): gesettan, set down, put, compose
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
ðæron (adverb): ðæron, therein
sigora (strong masculine noun, genitive plural): sigor, victory
Wealdend (masculine nd-stem noun, accusative singular): Wealdend, ruler, the Lord
ongunnon (class 3 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): onginnan, begin, endeavour, undertake
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, et
þa (adverb): þa, then
sorhleoð (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): sorhleoð, sorrowful song, dirge
galan (class 6 strong verb, infinitive): galan, sing
earme (adjective, masculine nominative plural): earm, poor, wretched, miserable
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þa (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, feminine accusative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
æfentide (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): æfentid, time of evening
þa (adverb): þa, then
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
woldon (anomalous verb, past 3rd person plural): willan, wish, be willing, desire, intend, will
eft (adverb): eft, again, afterwards, then
siðian (class 2 weak verb, infinitive): siðian, travel, journey
meðe (adjective, masculine nominative plural): meðe, weary, dejected Here masculine nominative plural.
fram (preposition with dative): fram, from, by
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
mæran (adjective, weak masculine dative singular): mære, famous, glorious,
þeodne (strong masculine noun, dative singular): þeoden, ruler; king
reste (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): restan, rest
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, et
þær (adverb): þær, there
mæte (adjective, neuter instrumental singular): mæte, poor, inferior, small
weorode (strong neuter noun, instrumental singular): werod, army, host, company
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
we (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative plural): ic, I, me, myself
ðær (adverb): þær, there
greotende (class 2 strong verb, present participle): greotan, weep
gode (adjective, feminine accusative singular): Good. Here feminine accusative singular.
hwile (strong feminine noun, accusative singular ): hwil, time, space of time
stodon (class 6 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): gestandan, stand, remain
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
staðole (strong masculine noun, dative singular): staðol, foundation, place, condition
syððan (conjunction): siððan, after
stefn (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): stefn, voice
up (adverb): up, up
gewat (class 1 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): gewitan, depart
hilderinca (strong masculine noun, genitive plural): hilderinc, warrior
hræw (strong neuter noun, nominative singular): hræw, body
colode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): colian, cool
fæger (adjective, neuter nominative singular): fæger, fair, beautiful, pleasant
feorgbold (strong neuter noun, nominative singular): feorgbold, life-dwelling, body
þa (adverb): þa, then
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): ic, I, me, myself
man (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): man, one, someone
gefyllan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gefyllan, fell, kill
ongan (class 3 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): onginnan, begin, endeavour, undertake
ealle (adjective, masculine accusative plural): eall, eall, each
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
eorðan (weak feminine noun, dative singular): eorðe, earth
þæt (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
egeslic (adjective, feminine nominative singular): egeslic, terrible, awesome
wyrd (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): wyrd, event, fate, fortune, destiny
bedealf (class 3 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): bedelfan, bury
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): ic, I, me, myself
man (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): man, one, someone
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
deopan (adjective, masculine dative singular): deop, deep
seaþe (strong masculine noun, dative singular): seaþ, pit
hwæðre (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þær (adverb): þær, there
Dryhtnes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
þegnas (strong masculine noun, nominative plural): þegn, thane, retainer, nobleman, warrior
greondas (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative plural): freond, friend, loved one
gefrunon (class 3 strong verb, past plural): gefrignan, ask, find out
gyredon (class 1 weak verb, past plural): gegyrwan, prepare, equip, adorn
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
golde (strong neuter noun, dative singular): gold, gold
ond (conjunction): and, and
seolfre (strong neuter noun, dative singular): seolfor, silver
nu (adverb): nu, now
þu (pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): þu, you, yourself
miht (preterite-present verb, 2nd person singular): magan, be able, can, may
gehyran (class 1 weak verb): gehieran, hear, obey
hæleð (masculine dental stem noun, nominative singular): hæle, warrior, man
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): min, my, mine
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
leofa (adjective, masculine nominative singular): leof, beloved, dear, pleasant
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
bealuwara (strong feminine noun, genitive plural): bealuwaru, dweller in evil, evil one
weorc (strong neuter noun, accusative plural): weorc, work, labor, deed
gebiden (class 1 strong verb with accusative or genitive object, past participle): gebidan, wait, experience, endure
hæbbe (class 3 weak verb, present 1st person singular) habban, have, hold, possess
sarra (adjective, genitive plural): sar, sore, painful, grievous, sorrowful
sorga (strong feminine noun, genitive plural): sorg, sorrow, pain
is (anomalous verb, 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
nu (adverb): nu, now
sæl (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): sæl, time, occasion
cumen (class 4 strong verb, past participle): cuman, come
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, beacuse
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
weorðiað (class 2 weak verb, present plural): geweorðian, honour, worship, exalt, adorn
wide (adverb): wide, widely
ond (conjunction): and, and
side (adverb): side, amply, widely
menn (masculine athematic, nominative plural): mann, man, person
ofer (preposition usually with dative or accusative): ofer, over, beyond, afters against
moldan (strong feminine, accusative singular): molde, earth
ond (conjunction): and, and
eall (adjective, feminine nominative singular): eall, all, each
þeos (demonstrative pronoun, feminine nominative singular): þes, this
mære. (adjective, weak feminine nominative singular): mære, famous, glorious
gesceaft (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): gesceaft, creature, creation
gebiddaþ (class 5 strong verb, present 3rd person plural): gebiddan, ask, pray, entreat
him (pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie, they, themselves
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
þyssum (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): þes, this
beacne (strong neuter noun, dative singular): beacen, sign, monument
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic. I, me, myself
bearn (strong neuter noun, nominative singular): bearn, child
Godes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): God, God
Þrowode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): þrowian, suffer
hwile (adverb): hwile, for a while
for þan (adverb): for þam, therefore, and so
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
þrymfæst (adjective, masculine nominative singular): þrymfæst, glorious
nu (adverb): nu, now
hlifige (class 2 weak verb, present 1st person singular): hlifian, rise high, tower
under (preposition with dative or accusative): under, under
heofenum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): heofon, heaven
ond (conjunction): and, and
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
hælan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gehælan, heal
mæg (preterite-present verb, present 1st person singular): magan, be able, can, may
æghwylcne (indifinite pronoun, masculine accusative singular): æghwylc, every, each.
anra (indefinite pronoun, genitive plural): an, a, a certain, one
þara þe (relative pronoun, genitive plural): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
him (pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): hie, they, themselves
bið (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
egesa (weak masculine noun, nominative singular): egesa, awe, fear
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
iu (adverb): geo, long ago
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
geworden (class 3 strong verb, past participle): geweorðan, become, turn, convert
wita (strong neuter noun, genitive plural): wite, punishment, torment
heardost (adjective, neuter nominative singular superlative): heard, hard, resolute, fierce, brave
leodum (masculine i-stem noun, dative plural): leod, person, leader
laðost (adjective, neuter nominative singular superlative): lað, hateful, hostile
ær þan (conjunction): ær þam, before
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic. I, me, myself
him (pronoun, 3rd person dative plural): hie, they, themselves
lifes (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): lif, life
weg (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): weg, way, road, path
rihtne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): riht, correct, fitting
gerymde (class 1 weak verb, past 1st person singular): geryman, make room, clear a way
reordberendum (masculine nd-stem noun, dative plural): reordberend, speech-bearer, person
hwæt (interjection): hwæt, lo, behold
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þa (adverb): þa, then
geweorðode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): geweorðian, honour, worship, exalt, adorn
wuldres (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): wuldor, glory
ealdor (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): ealdor, leader, lord
ofer (preposition usually with dative or accusative): ofer, over, beyond, after, against
holtwudu (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): holtwudu, wood of the forest
heofonrices (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): heofonrice, kingdom of heaven
Weard (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): Weard, guard, guardian
swylce (adverb): swelce, likewise
swa (conjunction): swa, as, as if, so that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
modor (strong feminine noun, accusative singular):modor, mother
eac (adverb): eac, also
Marian (feminine proper noun, accusative singular): Marian, Marian
sylfe (pronoun, feminine accusative singular): self, self, himself, herself, etc
ælmihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
God (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): God, God
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
ealle (adjective, masculine accusative plural): eall, all, each
menn (masculine athematic, accusative plural): mann, man, person
geweorðode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): geweorðian, honour, worship, exalt, adorn
ofer (preposition usually with dative or accusative): ofer, over, beyond, after, against
eall (adjective, neuter accusative singular): eall, all, each
wifa (strong neuter noun, genitive plural): wif, woman, wife
cynn (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): cynn, kind, family, people
nu (adverb): nu, now
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þe (pronoun, 2nd person accusative singular): þu, you, yourself
hate (class 7 strong verb, present 1st person singular): gehatan, command, order, call, name
hæleð (masculine dental stem noun, nominative singular): hæle, warrior, man
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): min, my, mine
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
leofa (adjective, masculine nominative singular): leof, beloved, dear, pleasant
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
þu (pronoun, 2nd person nominative singular): þu, you, yourself
þas (demonstrative pronoun, feminine accusative singular): þes, this
gesyhðe (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): gesihð, sight
secge (class 3 weak verb, subjunctive singular): gesecgan, say, tell
mannum (masculine athematic, dative plural): mann, man, person
onwreoh (class 1 strong verb, imperative singular): onwreon, uncover, reveal
wordum (strong neuter noun, dative plural): word, word
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, becuase
hit (personal pronoun, 3rd person neuter nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, et
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
wuldres (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): wuldor, glory
beam (strong masculine, nominative singular): beam, tree, beam, piece of wood, cross
se ðe (relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
ælmihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
God (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): God, God
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þrowode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): þrowian, suffer
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
mancynnes (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): mancynn, mankind
manegum (adjective, dative plural); manig, many, much
synnum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): syn, sin, wrongdoing
ond (conjunction): and, and
Adomes (masculine proper noun, genitive singular): Adam, Adam
ealdgewyrhtum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): ealdgewyrht, ancient deed, former action
deað (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): deað, death
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
þær (adverb): þær, there
byrigde (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): byrgan, taste
hwæðere (adverb): hwæðre, however, nevertheless, yet
eft (adverb): eft, again, afterwards, then
Dryhten (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
aras (class 1 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): arisan, arise
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, et
miclan (adjective, weak feminine dative singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
mihte (feminine athematic, dative singular): miht, might
mannum (masculine athematic, dative plural): mann, man, person
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
helpe (strong feminine noun, dative singular): help, help
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
ða (adverb): ða, then
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
heofenas (strong masculine noun, accusative plural): heofon, heaven
astag (class 1 strong verb, past 3rd singular): astigan, climb, ascend
hider (adverb): hider, hither
eft (adverb): eft, again, afterwards, then
fundaþ (class 2 weak verb, 3rd person singular): fundian, come, hasten, wish, strive
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þysne (demonstrative pronoun, masculine accusative singular): þes, this
middangeard (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): middangeard, middle-earth, world
mancynn (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): mancynn, mankind
secan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gesecan, seek
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
domdæge (strong masculine noun, dative singular): domdæg, doomsday
Dryhten (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
sylfa (pronoun, masculine nominative singular): self, self, himself, herself, etc
ælmihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
God (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): God, God
ond (conjunction): and, and
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, et
englas (strong masculine, nominative plural): engel, angel
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
þonne (adverb): þonne, then
wile (anomalous verb, 3rd person singular): willan, wish, be willing, desire, intend, will
deman (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gedeman, judge, condemn
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
ah (preterite-present verb, 3rd person singular): agan, have, possess, own, rule
domes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): dom, judgment, glory
geweald (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): geweald, power
anra (indefinite pronoun, genitive plural): an, a, a certain, one
gehwylcum (indefinite pronoun, masculine dative singular): gehwelc, each, every
swa (conjunction): swa, as, as if, so that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine dative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
ærur (adverb, comparative): ær, before, previously, formerly
her (adverb): her, here
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þyssum (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): þes, this
lænum (adjective, neuter dative singular): læne, transitory, temporary
life (strong neuter noun, dative singular): lif, life
geearnaþ (class 2 weak verb, 3rd person singular): geearnian, earn, merit
ne (adverb): ne, not
mæg (preterite-present verb, present 3rd person singular): magan, be able, can, may
þær (adverb) þær, there
ænig (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): ænig, any
unforht (adjective, masculine nominative singular): unforht, unafraid
wesan (anomalous verb, infinitive): wesan, be
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
worde (strong neuter noun, dative singular): word, word
þe (indeclinable relative particle): þa, that, which, who
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
Wealdend (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative singular): Wealdend, ruler, the Lord
cwyð (class 5 strong verb, 3rd person singular): gecweðan, say, speak, call
frineð. (class 3 strong verb, 3rd person singular): gefrignan, ask, find out
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
þære (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, feminine dative singular) seo, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
mænige (strong feminine noun, dative singular): menigu, multitude
hwær (conjunction): hwær, where
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
man (masculine athematic, nominative singular): mann, man, person
sie (anomalous verb, subjunctive 3rd persong singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
se ðe (relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
Dryhtnes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
naman (weak masculine noun, dative singular): nama, name
deaðes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): deað, death
wolde (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): willan, wish, be willing, desire, intend, will
biteres (adjective, masculine genitive singular): biter, bitter, fierce, cruel
onbyrigan (class 1 weak verb with genitive or dative object, infinitive): onbyrigan, taste
swa (conjunction): swa, as, as if, so that
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
ær (adverb): ær, before, previously, formerly
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
beame (strong masculine, dative singular): beam, tree, beam, piece of wood, cross
dyde (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): gedon, do, make, cause
ac (conjunction): ac, but
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
þonne (adverb): þonne, then
forhtiað (class 2 weak verb, present 3rd person plural): forhtian, fear
ond (conjunction): and, and
fea (adverb): fea, little
þencaþ (class 1 weak verb, present 3rd person plural): þencean, think, ponder, consider
hwæt (pronoun, neuter accusative singular): hwa, who, what, someone, something
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
Criste (masculine proper noun, nominative singular): Crist, Christ
cweðan (class 5 strong verb, infinitive): gecweðan, say, speak, call
onginnen (class 3 strong verb, subjunctive 3rd person plural): onginnan, begin, endeavour, undertake
ne (adverb): ne, not
þearf (preterite-present verb, 3rd person singular): þurfan, have need, have occasion
ðær (adverb): ðær, there
þonne (adverb): þonne, then
ænig (indefinite pronoun, masculine nominative singular): ænig, any
anforht (adjective, masculine nominative singular): anforht, afraid
wesan (anomalous verb, infinitive): wesan, be
þe (indeclinable relative particle): þa, that, which, who
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine dative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
ær (adverb): ær, before, previously, formerly
in (preposition with dative or accusative): in, in, on, into
breostum (strong neuter noun, often plural with singular sense, dative plural): breost, breast
bereð (class 4 strong verb, 3rd person singular): geberan, bear, bring forth, give birth to
beacna (strong neuter noun, genitive plural): beacen, sign, monument
selest (adjective, neuter nominative singular superlative): god, good
ac (conjunction): ac, but
ðurh (preposition usually with accusative, occasionally with dative or genitive): þurh, through, by, by means of, because of
ða. (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, feminine accusative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
rode (strong feminine noun, accusative singular): rod, cross, crucifix
sceal (preterite-present verb, present 3rd person singular): sculan, must, have to, ought to, will, shall
rice (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): rice, kingdom, reign
gesecan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gesecan, seek
of (preposition with dative): of, from, of
eorðwege (strong masculine noun, dative singular): eorðweg, earthly way
æghwylc (indefinite pronoun, feminine nominative singular): æghwylc, every, each
sawl (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): sawol, soul
seo þe (relative pronoun, feminine nominative singular): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
Wealdende (masculine nd-stem noun, dative singular): Wealdend, ruler, the Lord
wunian (class 2 weak verb, infinitive): gewunian, dwell, live, occupy
þenceð (class 1 weak verb, present 3rd person singular): þencean, think, ponder, consider
gebæd (class 5 strong verb, past 1st person plural): gebiddan, ask, pray, entreat
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þa (adverb): þa, then
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
þan (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
beame (strong masculine, dative singular): beam, tree, beam, piece of wood, cross
bliðe (adjective, neuter instrumental singular): bliðe, happy, friendly, joyous
mode (strong neuter noun, instrumental singular): mod, heart, mind, spirit, courage
elne (strong neuter noun, instrumental singular): ellen, strength, valour, power
mycle (adjective, neuter instrumental singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
þær (conjunction): þær, where
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
ana (indefinite pronoun, weak masculine nominative singular): an, a, a certain, one
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
mæte (adjective, neuter instrumental singular): mæte, small, poor, inferior
werede (strong neuter noun, instrumental singular): werod, army, host, company
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
modsefa (weak masculine noun, nominative singular): modsefa, heart, spirit, soul, mind
afysed (class 1 weak verb, past participle): afysan, urge, impel, drive away
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
forðwege (strong masculine noun, dative singular): forðweg, the way forth, departure
feala (adjective, indeclinable): fela, many
ealra (adjective, genitive plural): eall, all, each
gebad (class 1 strong verb with accusative or genitive object, past 1st person singular): gebidan, wait, experience, endure
langunghwila (strong feminine noun, genitive plural): langunghwil, time of longing
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
nu (adverb): nu, now
lifes (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): lif, life
hyht (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): hyht, hope
þæt (conjunction): þæt, that, so that, because
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þone (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine accusative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
sigebeam (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): sigebeam, victory-tree
secan (class 1 weak verb, infinitive): gesecan, seek
mote (preterite-present verb, subjunctive singular): motan, may, can, must
ana (adjective, weak masculine nominative singular): an, one, a certain
oftor (adverb, comparative): oft, often
þonne (conjunction): þonne, when, whenever
ealle (adjective, masculine nominative plural): eall, all, each
men (masculine athematic, nominative plural): mann, man, person
well (adverb): wel, well, fully, indeed
weorþian (class 2 weak verb, infinitive): geweorðian, honour, worship, exalt, adorn
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
willa (weak masculine, nominative singular): willa, will; purpose; desire; 2 pleasure.
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
ðam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
mycel (adjective, masculine nominative singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
mode (strong neuter noun, dative singular): mod, heart, mind, spirit, courage
ond (conjunction): and, and
min (possessive adjective, masculine nominative singular): min, my, mine
mundbyrd (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): mundbyrd, protection
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
geriht (class 1 weak verb, past participle): gerihtan, guide, direct
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
þære (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, feminine dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
rode (strong feminine noun, dative singular): rod, cross, crucifix
nah (preterite-present verb, 1st person singular): agan, have, possess, own, rule
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
ricra (adjective, genitive singular): rice, powerful, noble, great
feala (adjective, indeclinable): fela, many
freonda (masculine nd-stem noun, genitive plural): freond, friend, loved one
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
foldan (weak feminine noun, dative singular): folde, earth
ac (conjunction): ac, but
hie (pronoun, 3rd person nominative plural): hie, they, themselves
forð (adverb): forð, forth
heonon (adverb): heonan, hence
gewiton (class 1 strong verb, past 3rd person plural): gewitan, depart
of (preposition with dative): of, from, of
worulde (strong feminine noun, genitive singular): woruld, world
dreamum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): dream, joy, delight
sohton (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person plural): gesecan, seek
him (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine dative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
wuldres (strong neuter noun, genitive singular): wuldor, glory
cyning (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): cyning, King
lifiaþ. libban. Class 3 weak verb. Live; remain. Here plural???
nu (adverb): nu, now
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
heofenum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): heofon, heaven
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
heahfædere (masculine r-stem noun, dative singular): heahfæder, high father, patriarch, God
wuniaþ (class 2 weak verb, present 3rd person plural): gewunian, dwell, live, occupy
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
wuldre (strong neuter noun, dative singular): wuldor, glory
ond (conjunction): and, and
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
wene (class 1 weak verb with genitive, 1st person singular) wenan, expect, suspect, believe, think
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
daga (strong masculine noun, genitive plural): dæg, day
gehwylce (indefinite pronoun, masculine instrumental singular): gehwelc, each, every
hwænne (adverb): hwonne, when
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
Dryhtnes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
rod (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): rod, cross, crucifix
þe (indeclinable relative particle): þa, that, which, who
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
her (adverb): her, here
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
eorðan (weak feminine noun, dative singular): eorðe, earth
ær (adverb): ær, before, previously, formerly
sceawode. sceawian. Class 2 weak verb. Look; see; examine. Here past 1st person singular.
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þysson (demonstrative pronoun, neuter dative singular): þes, this
lænan (adjective, weak neuter dative singular): læne, transitory, temporary
life (strong neuter noun, dative singular): lif, life
gefetige (class 2 weak verb, subjunctive singular): gefetian, fetch, seize
ond (conjunction): and, and
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þonne (adverb): þonne, then
gebringe (class 3 strong verb, subjunctive singular): gebringan, bring, offer
þær (conjunction): þær, where
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
blis (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): bliss, bliss, merriment
mycel (adjective, feminine nominative singular): micel, much, large, big, great, vast
dream (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): dream, joy, delight
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
heofonum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): heofon, heaven
þær (conjunction): þær, where
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
Dryhtnes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
Folc (strong neuter noun, nominative singular): folc, people, folk, nation
geseted (class 1 weak verb, past participle): gesettan, set down, put, compose
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
symle (strong neuter noun, dative singular): symbel, feast, banquet
þær (conjunction): þær, where
is (anomalous verb, present 3rd person singular): beon, be, exist, happen, become
singal (adjective, feminine nominative singular): singal, everlasting
blis (strong feminine noun, nominative singular): bliss, bliss, merriment
ond (conjunction): and, and
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
þonne (adverb): þonne, then
asette (class 1 weak verb, subjunctive singular): asettan, set, place, build, appoint
þær (conjunction): þær, where
ic (personal pronoun, 1st person nominative singular): ic, I, me, myself
syþþan (adverb): siððan, afterwards
mot (preterite-present verb, 1st person singular): motan, may, can, must
wunian (class 2 weak verb, infinitive): gewunian, dwell, live, occupy
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
wuldre (strong neuter noun, dative singular): wuldor, glory
well (adverb): wel, well, fully, indeed
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, dative plural): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
halgum (weak masculine noun, dative plural): halga, saint
dreames (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): dream, joy, delight
brucan (class 2 strong verb, usually with genitive object, infinitive): brucan, enjoy, use, benefit from, partake of, eat
si (anomalous verb, subjunctive singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
me (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative singular): ic, I, me, myself
Dryhten (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): Drihten, Lord; the Lord
freond (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative singular): freond, friend, loved one
se ðe (relative pronoun, masculine nominative singular): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
her (adverb): her, here
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
eorþan (weak feminine noun, dative singular): eorðe, earth
ær (adverb): ær, before, previously, formerly
þrowode (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person singular): þrowian, suffer
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, neuter dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
gealgtreowe (strong neuter noun, dative singular): gealgtreow, gallows tree
for (preposition): for, for, because of, with respect to
guman (weak masculine, genitive singular): guma, man
synnum (strong feminine noun, dative plural): syn, sin, wrongdoing
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
us (personal pronoun, 1st person accusative plural): ic, I, me, myself
onlysde (class 1 weak verb, past 3rd person singular); onlysan, release, redeem
ond (conjunction): and, and
us (personal pronoun, 1st person dative plural): ic, I, me, myself
lif (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): lif, life
forgeaf (class 5 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): forgiefan, give
heofonlicne (adjective, masculine accusative singular): heofonlic, heavenly
ham (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): ham, home
hiht (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): hyht, hope
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
geniwad (class 2 weak verb, past participle): niwian, renew, restore
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
bledum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): blæd, life, glory, prosperity
ond (conjunction): and, and
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
blisse (strong feminine noun, dative singular): bliss, bliss, merriment
þam þe (relative pronoun, dative plural): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
þær (adverb): þær, there
bryne (strong masculine noun, accusative singular): bryne, fire, burning
þolodan (class 2 weak verb, past plural); geþolian, suffer, endure, tolerate
se (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine nominative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
sunu (masculine u-stem, nominative singular): sunu, son
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
sigorfæst (adjective, masculine nominative singular): sigorfæst, secure in victory, victorious
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
þam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, masculine dative singular): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
siðfate (strong masculine noun, often with neuter ending in plural, dative singular): siðfæt, journey
mihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): mihtig, mighty
ond (conjunction): and, and
spedig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): spedig, successful
þa (conjunction): þa, when
he (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine nominative singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, etc
mid (preposition with dative, instrumental, and occasionally accusative): mid, with, together with, in company with, among
manigeo (strong feminine noun, dative singular): menigu, multitude
com (class 4 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): cuman, come
gasta (strong masculine noun, genitive plural): gast, spirit, soul, angel
weorode (strong neuter noun, dative singular): werod, army, host, company
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
godes (strong masculine noun, genitive singular): God, God
rice (strong neuter noun, accusative singular): rice, kingdom, reign
Anwealda (weak masculine noun, nominative singular): Anwealda, ruler
ælmihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
englum (strong masculine, dative plural): engel, angel
to (preposition usually with dative): to, to, towards, against
blisse (strong feminine noun, dative singular): bliss, bliss, merriment
ond (conjunction): and, and
eallum (adjective, dative plural): eall, all, each, every, entire, whole, universal
ðam (demonstrative and relative pronoun, or definite article, dative plural): se, the; that; he, she, it, who, which
halgum (weak masculine noun, dative plural): halga, saint
þam þe (relative pronoun, dative plural): se ðe, that, which, that which, who, whoever
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
heofonum (strong masculine noun, dative plural): heofon, heaven
ær (adverb): ær, before, previously, formerly
wunedon (class 2 weak verb, past 3rd person plural): gewunian, dwell, live, occupy
on (preposition with dative, instrumental, and accusative): on, on, in, upon; into, within; onto; (temporal) in, during, about, at the time of; for, in exchange for; from, because of
wuldre (strong neuter noun, dative singular): wuldor, glory
þa (conjunction): þa, when
heora (pronoun, 3rd person genitive plural): hie, they, themselves
wealdend (masculine nd-stem noun, nominative singular): Wealdend, ruler, the Lord
cwom (class 4 strong verb, past 3rd person singular): cuman, come
ælmihtig (adjective, masculine nominative singular): ælmihtig, almighty
god (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): God, God
þær (conjunction): þær, where
his (personal pronoun, 3rd person masculine genitive singular): he, he, she, it; or reflexive, himself, et
eðel (strong masculine noun, nominative singular): eðel, homeland
wæs (anomalous verb, past 3rd person singular): beon, be; exist, happen, become
hwæt: the manuscript reading of ‘hæt’, hat, makes no sense in context, and therefore ‘hwæt’ is the most generally accepted emendation. It forms the introduction to a clause forming a parallel object of ‘secgan’, (see Mitchell and Robinson p.159). Notice that several translations treat it anachronistically as if it were a relative pronoun, but Bradley translates it grammatically correctly. Though the emendation to þæt has been argued for by Scragg; this would be a relative construction with the neuter gender agreeing with swefn (see Scragg 1968).
reordberend: The word occurs also in Elene and Andreas (both found in the Vercelli MS) and several times in Christ (which offers a number of interesting parallels to this poem). In every case the context is Christian. The specific reference to humans as ‘voice-bearers’ has particular point in a poem that focuses on a speaking cross.
þuhte me þæt ic gesawe syllicre treow. This is similar to the vision of Constantine from the poem Elene. For a discussion of the symbolism of the vision see Raw, Barbara C., ‘The Dream of the Rood and its connections with Early Christian Art’, Medium Aevum 39 (1970), pp. 239-256, and also Raw, Barbara C., Anglo-Saxon crucifixion iconography and the art of the monastic revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
begoten: Notice the link suggested here between the symbolic gold and Christ's blood.
stodon: For the derived sense ‘shine’ see Bosworth and Toller's dictionary sense XII (of direction lit. & fig.). See also, Beowulf line 726, ‘Him of eagum stod leoht unfæger’, ‘a horrible light stood forth (i.e. shone) from his eyes’. A similar use of stonden with jewels is found in the medieval poem Pearl line 113, section 5.
æt foldan scēatum: If the phrase is taken to mean ‘the earth’s corners or quarters’, then the image is of the four arms of the cross, each ending in a jewel stretching from horizon to horizon.
fife: The symbolism of the five jewels is of the five wounds of Christ (his hands, feet, and side).
eaxleġespanne: A unique compound although eaxlclaþ, ‘shoulder-cloth’, occurs once and eaxlgestealla ‘shoulder-companion’, occurs four times in poetry. Gespan(n) can mean ‘a joining, yoke, clasp’. The precise sense of the compound remains uncertain. If eaxle can be used figuratively of the ‘shoulders’ (i.e. cross pieces) of the Cross, then the jewels are presumably positioned as in the Rupert Cross, but it is used elsewhere of human shoulders only.
The text keeps the MS reading un-emended. As this text stands the translation should read ‘all those beautiful through eternity gazed there on the angel of the Lord.’ Various emendations have been suggested for this line which is metrically difficult and also presents interpretative problems. Whether Christ (or the Cross) can be called an ‘angel’ has been disputed (see Bolton, 1968; Helder 1975; Pickford 1976; Boenig 1985).
fæġere þurh forðġesceaft: Lit. forth + creation. It can mean simply ‘the creation, world’, ‘the future’ and hence have the sense here ‘creatures endowed with beauty at their creation’ or ‘creatures beautiful throughout creation’. The reference is presumably to the angels, the halige gastas.
fracodes: the adjective is used here as a noun.
se sigebeam: The sense ‘tree of victory’ clearly refers to Christ's victory over sin, death and Satan. However, it also carries the sense of ‘tree which brings victory’ as it did for Constantine: ‘Mid þys beacne ðu
on þam frecnan fære feond oferswiðesð,
geletest lað werod.’
‘With this symbol you will overpower your enemies at the fearsome assault, you will halt the hostile army.’
Elene l.92b This compound is found also in Elene seven times. There is also the story in Bede of King Oswald's erection of a cross at ‘Heofonfeld’ before his battle against the pagans when, like Constantine, the smaller army was victorious. The wood of this cross was capable of performing miracles. A very large number of compounds formed with ‘sige’ exist, many of them used in religious contexts which refer to the victory over death/sin although they can also be used in the context of secular victory in battle.
wædum: The normal OE sense of this word is ‘clothing’, often coupled with wiste, ‘food’. The reference is puzzling. Earlier editors (see esp. Swanton's edition) have suggested it refers to either streamers or cords hung from the cross, the ‘labarum’ described by Eusebius which hung from military standards (see the Latin Hymn: Vexilla Regis where the Cross is adorned with royal purple), the covering which was put over the cross on Good Friday and removed on the Resurrection services of Easter Sunday, or that it is merely another way of describing the ‘dress’ of gold and jewels/water and blood. See Farina 1967, and Smith 1975 for further suggestions.
bewrigen: The form has been emended on the same basis as line 15 geweorðod. However, the inflection could be caused by an attraction to agreement with nominative plural masculine gimmas. The inflection does not cause a metrical problem.
Wealdendes: The MS has wealdes. Although this produces reasonable sense, “tree of the forest”, it leaves a verse of only three syllables and no comparable use of the genitive is found. Dickens and Ross suggested that the error could easily have arisen by haplography (omission of an identical letter sequence) if the word had previously been written with the nasal abbreviation i.e. wealdedes.
earmra ærgewin: ærgewin is a unique compound and, there is disagreement over whether the phrase refers to the agony of those who were crucified or the hostility of those wretches who crucified Christ. For the first interpretation see lines 30b-33a and 87-88a which treat the cross generically, and 50-51. All these leave open the possibility that others had been crucified on the Cross before Christ, and allow the sense ‘the agony once suffered by wretches’ (see Crossley-Holland). In favour of the second interpretation, although l. 65a speaks of the crucifixion as ‘ðam miclan gewinne’, the sense of ‘strife’, ‘hostility’ is well established for gewinn and earm would be an appropriate adjective for sinful and deluded mankind rejecting Christ and salvation and ær suggests the long history of human sinfulness.
swætan: This is the only context in which the verb is translated as ‘bleed’, although the cognate noun swæt can refer to blood or sweat/moisture. The ambiguity of the verb captures the symbolism of the blood which represents the ‘water of life’, and in ll.22b-23a one has ‘wætan… swates gange’.
þa swiðran healfe: Traditionally, for symbolic reasons, Christ was pierced by the Centurion's spear on the right side (see, l.49a).
sorgum: In the manuscript this is written as ‘surgum’, but this has been generally emended by editors, as
surgum is not recognized as an Old English word.
Sargum, otherwise un-evidenced but clearly related to
sargian has been suggested, but most editors currently select
sorgum. Parallelism is then created with l.59a where
sorgum is supplied from the reading of the Ruthwell Cross runes. Swanton compares the line with
Judith 88a, ‘swyðe mid sorgum gedrefed’ a similar hypermetric line in a context of prayer.
fuse: The meaning of this word is unclear in this context. The usual sense is ‘ready, eager, hastening’, especially towards death, but these do not make good sense when applied to the cross. Mitchell and Robinson gloss as ‘shining, or brilliant’ but offer no justification for this. It has been suggested that the use of fuse to describe the movement of the sun has caused the adjective to gain the sense of a different attribute of the sun, its brightness. Alternatively the strong connection between fuse and movement towards death may suggest some meaning of ‘symbol of eagerly desired death’. None of the translations make very good sense of this verse. The word is used in its normal sense in l.57b and the verb afysed at 1.25a. Given the extent to which this poems echoes words and phrases to indicate significant parallels, the adjective may have been deliberately chosen to create the parallel between the Cross, the disciples, and the dreamer.
mid wætan bestemed: In line 48b ‘mid blode bestemed’ and elsewhere similar phrases occur: e.g. Christ 1085b ‘blode bistemed’, also of the Cross; Andreas 1239b ‘swate bestemed’. This looks like a poetic formula system and the verb is usually in the non-W.S. form with -e-. However, Dream of the Rood seems unusual in using a preposition rather than a dative/instrumental.
gange: The word has an interesting range of meanings related to the sense of going, movement, or flowing. The idea of ‘path’ is strong and perhaps should be seen here as reflecting the sense of the Cross and crucifixion as creating a path for man through Christ’s blood; see l.88b ‘… ic him lifes weg/rihtne gerymde.’
behēold hrēowċeariġ Hǣlendes trēow: The speaking cross is one of the most striking features of the poem. It has been compared with the technique of riddles where the object speaks for itself.
wudu: This is the only place in the poem that the Cross is referred to as wudu, (though see note on line 91 for holmwudu). It is referred to as treow in the opening vision, and in line 146 gealgtreow; beam and beacen occur at the beginning and the end of the poem; rod occurs at line 44 for the first time and frequently from then on. Although legends of the origins of the Cross were probably known in Anglo-Saxon England, this poem treats the Cross as a natural tree.
genaman: ‘-an’ is a late spelling for –on’, the indicative past plural termination. The exact phonetic value of the stressed vowel is uncertain. Standard OE would suggest either ‘a’ (from the etymological singular) or ‘o’ (from the etymological plural). Swanton argues that the inverted positioning of the verb underlines the violence experienced by the tree. However, this appears to be the unstressed position for the verb in verse.
ðær: The adverb is repeated in line 31, 32 and 33. However the deictic force of the adverb is not quite clear since the place remains unspecified. Some translators have suggested that ‘then’ (i.e. there in time) is the sense intended.
feondas: Throughout the crucifixion those acting against Christ and the Cross remain unidentified, referred primarily by feond or beorn. This helps both to universalize the specific moment, prevent the sinful reader from distancing himself from Christ’s torturers, and throw the active emphasis onto Christ and the Cross who become the subjects of the active verbs rather than the objects of the actions.
ġefæstnodon mē þǣr fēondas ġenōge: The first appearance of Christ, actively embracing his crucifixion. Note the titles of power used of Christ. They are more commonly used of God the Father rather than the Son. At no point in the poem does Christ speak, nor are his words reported by the Cross.
elne mycle: For use of the instrumental see line 60a, ‘eaðmod elne mycle’, and line 123 ‘elne mycle’. This phrase is used first of Christ, then of the Cross, and finally of the Dreamer. Only in the first case is the normal sense of ellen, ‘courage, strength, or vigour’, appropriate. The parallelism of the three moments is clearly more important than the exact sense of the noun.
þær ic þa ne dorste ofer Dryhtnes word: The Cross’s repeated expression of its reluctant obedience to its Lord’s command is part of the characterization of the Cross as a retainer of a lord (Christ) who is being forced to go against its instincts and kill rather than protect its lord. Its ability to strike down the enemies but refusal to do so and prevent the crucifixion can be seen as a reflection of the agony in Gethsemane and is an element in the complex relationship of Christ and Cross.
þa ic bifian geseah / eorðan sceatas: The trembling of the earth can be compared not only with the reaction of the earth to the Crucifixion but also with The Day of Judgment, see Christ ll. 881-882 ‘beofað middangeard, / hruse under hæleþum.’
ealle: This is more probably an adjective agreeing with feondas than the adverb ‘entirely, wholly’. It carries the alliterating stress of the b-verse, but see line 6b, and line 20b, where the adjective does not seem to carry alliterating stress (and therefore probably is unstressed).
ongyrede hine þa geong hæleð: Compare the runic text. The compression of the verses into the single expression ‘Almighty God prepared, stripped himself’, although striking, loses the contrast of the human/divine in ‘geong hæleð - God ælmihtig’. Notice that Christ is the subject of the verb and actively prepares himself. The exact meaning of ‘ongier(w)an/ongyran’ is uncertain in this context and translations vary. The idea of stripping for combat, a form of heroic nudity, is classical rather than Germanic. The Gospel accounts do not indicate that Christ was naked and he is rarely represented as naked or near-naked in Anglo-Saxon depictions.
Bifode ic þa me se beorn ymbclypte. Ne dorste ic hwæðre bugan to eorðan: This line repeats the alliterative collocation of 36 and is part of the complex framing of the statement about the heroic Christ by 35-38 and 42-43.
rod: The first use of the term rod. As many commentators have pointed out, the line is chiastic, i.e. has an AB:BA pattern, and thus mirrors its nature as a cross.
on me syndon þa dolg gesiene: The shift into the present tense ties the image of the wounded cross intimately to the image of the risen Christ with the imprint of the nails on him. The vocabulary of this whole passage relates closely to that of Christ line 1107, and also to the torture of St Andrew, in Andreas, line 1394.
inwidhlemmas: The compound inwidhlemmas is unique to this poem. The concept of malice expressed by nið occurs in both the Christ and Andreas passages; hlemm and hlemman (and hlimman) occur elsewhere in OE, although infrequently, but seem to refer to noise - a crash, roar or the sound of a blow - rather than the result of the noise as noun appears to in this poem.
unc butu ætgædere: The use of dual pronoun, dual adjective and the adverb ætgædere puts enormous emphasis on the unity of Christ and Cross.
siððan he hæfde his gast onsended: Note the active way in which Christ’s death is expressed. This reflects the gospel account (see St. Matthew Ch.27) and is paralleled elsewhere in OE, e.g. Andreas 1327, ‘þæt he on gealgan his gast onsende’; Elene 480 ‘on galgan his gast onsende’. Juliana has a similar expression for St Andrew in line 308, ‘þæt he unsnytrum Andreas het / ahon haligne on heanne beam, / þæt he of galgan his gæst onsende / in wuldres wlite.’
feala: ‘fela/feala’ is indeclinable but takes a partitive genitive, i.e. ‘wræðra wyrda’, ‘many cruel experiences’. For possible connection with line 19b as indicating that the cross was used for earlier crucifixions see note to that line.
scirne: The syntax and punctuation of these lines varies depending on the interpretation of ‘forð eode’. There are three possibilities: a, assuming that eode is the past of the verb gan, gan with forð as an adverb; b, assuming that eode is the past of gan, forðgan as a prefixed verb; c, that this is the past of the verb ‘for + ðeon’, a contracted weak II verb, meaning ‘to oppress’. Either of the first two possibilities fits the MS, which writes forð, eode as two separate words, since division of compounds into their separate elements is common in OE MSS. However, the third possibility cannot be ruled out on these grounds since a scribe at some point in the poem’s copying history could have imposed this division on an earlier form which was not so divided. Of the first two possibilities the metre seems a little more regular if forð is treated as an unstressed prefix to the verb. Forþeon seems to be an otherwise un-evidenced compound of the verb but the base verb in various spellings, e.g. þeowan, and also with other prefixes is evidenced. The fact that it appears an unusual compound could be argued to account for an earlier scribal misinterpretation of it. The current punctuation has scarne scaman as a parallel object with Wealdendes hraw to bewrigen, ‘darkness had covered with clouds the corpse of the Ruler, the shining radiance. Shadow, black beneath the clouds, advanced’. If forðeon is preferred, scirne sciman becomes its object and the semi-colon should follow hraw giving ‘darkness had covered the Ruler's corpse with clouds; shadow overcame its bright radiance’. Parallels have been drawn by earlier editors with Andreas line 835, ‘oðþaet dryhten forlet dagcandelle/ scire scinan. Sceadu sweðerodon, /wonn under wolcnum.’
þam secgum to handa: This phrase, which may be translated as ‘to the men’s hands, shows possession expressed by the dative, which is characteristic of body parts.
ahofon hine of ðam hefian wite: This may be compared to Elene, line 481b, ‘þa siððan was / of rode ahæfen rodera wealdend.’ In fact this whole passage in Elene is worth comparing with the Dream of the Rood for the way in which Christ is characterized.
steame bedrifenne: The phrase presents some difficulty semantically. The glossary gives the meanings of the verb which are found elsewhere. Possibly Dickens and Ross are right to compare the Old Norse driffin bloði, ‘sprinkled with blood’ to explain the apparent semantic shift of the verb here, but steam normally seems to refer to hot vapour (like breath) so that contextually the reference might be to the hot blood which gives off a vapour. The sense of the phrase, then, is not so much that the Cross stands soaked in blood/moisture, as it stands surrounded by the vapour rising from the hot blood with which it is soaked. The treatment of the Cross as the retainer of Christ, and the lord of the dreamer whom it addresses as ‘hæleþ min se leofa,’ would seem to create a naturally male personality.
gewinne: The semantic range of this word covers battle, fight, agony, toil; fruit, or gain from one's labors or struggle. Battle, agony, or victory would all make sense here, and the ambiguity is probably deliberate.
mæte weorode: An instrumental phrase, mæte relates to the met- measure root, which normally means ‘small or moderate’. However, in both uses in this poem the literal sense of ‘with (a) small company’ has clearly become, in context, ‘alone’ and one has a typical Old English form of understatement or litotes. As with the use at 34a, 60a, and 124a of the instrumental phrase elne mycle, the double use of mæte weorode seems intended to create a parallel between Christ waiting in the tomb for resurrection and the dreamer waiting for death and the Cross to raise him to heaven.
wyrd: The word has a range of meanings in Old English from ‘Fate’, in the sense of a controlling supernatural power to ‘an event’, or merely ‘what happened’.
hwæðre me þær Dryhtnes þegnas: Although there is no lacuna or disruption in the MS, there does appear to be disruption in the text. It is impossible to produce metrical regularity from what is there although the sense of what is left is acceptable, if a little abrupt. Most editors assume that a half-line is missing to complete 76, freondas gefrunon, although some editors, like Swanton, argue that single verse lines of this type may be acceptable variants in Old English verse (see Elene l. 518 and Maldon). It is possible that the corruption of this passage is greater than merely a missing half-line verse. Line 75 itself is awkward, as it stands as a single hypermetric verse whereas elsewhere, with the possible exception of line133, hypermetric verses occur in blocks. The topic of the finding and elevation of the True Cross could well have merited a rather more extensive treatment.
bealuwara: This is a unique compound assumed to be from bealu, ‘evil’, and ware, ‘inhabitant’. There have been suggestions for emendation and the metre does raise queries. Bruce Mitchell in Old English Syntax argues that bealuwara weorc and sarra sorga are parallel objects of gebiden hæbbe and this is an indication of the weakening of the case patterning of Old English.
for ealle menn: It is arguable whether this means ‘in the sight of all men’ or whether the force of the accusative rather than the dative with for is to give the sense ‘on behalf of all men’, as Swanton suggests.
both lines: The gender agreements here are worth noting: hit is not made to agree with beam which is masculine but se þe does agree in gender with beam. In its own clause se þe keeps the nominative case of beam although it is actually governed by on, i.e. ‘that it is a tree of glory on which Almighty God suffered’. Possibly one should see hit as referring generally to the whole substance of the vision which shows that the Cross is a tree of glory.
ealdgewyrhtum: Swanton compares this word, which occurs elsewhere only in Beowulf 2657, with ærgewyrht, which occurs several times. However, only in Guthlac line 987 does it seem to refer to Adam’s original sin. It more commonly refers to previous deeds which will gain the doer heaven or hell at Judgment. The use of the plural here is generic. The reference is clearly to the eating of the apple.
byrigde: Not only does this verb turn the essential passivity of dying into activity but it makes the underlying meaning of the crucifixion as a reversal of the original sin of disobedience very clear. As Adam tasted the apple and, through sin, brought death into the world so Christ, the second Adam, the perfect, sinless man, ‘tasted death’ and brought life into the world as signified by his resurrection.
astag: There is a clear parallelism between Christ mounting the Cross and Christ ascending into heaven. Christ is said to ‘rule from the Cross’ and iconographically it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish at first sight between a crucifixion and a judgment.
on þyssum lænan life: The transitory nature of this world is a common theme of Old English poetry. Collocations such as læne lif, læne tid occur frequently in prose and poetry.
wolde: The emendation of the MS ‘þrowode’ is quite clear. ‘þro’ has been erased and ‘l’ inserted between ‘o’ and ‘d’ to give ‘wolde’.
anforht: The text has adopted the emendation ‘anforht’ for the MS ‘unforht’. It is clear that the sense of the line makes the meaning ‘unafraid’ of unforht in 110 impossible here. An intensive sense of forht is needed. Whether emendation is necessary is less certain and many editors have kept the MS reading arguing that the prefix ‘un-‘ occurs with this intensive sense elsewhere in OE (although the examples are few and tend to be unique examples of the words in question). ‘un-‘ can also have the sense of ‘bad’, or ‘worthless’.
ðurh ða rode: This phrase is true in two senses: only through Christ’s crucifixion is man redeemed and able to enter heaven and only to the extent that each Christian imitates Christ and ‘takes up the cross’ is he or she going to be acceptable to Christ at the Last Judgment and enter the Kingdom.
eorðwege: The word occurs twice in a number of other works of Old English. It means essentially ‘earth’ or ‘terra’, but it could be argued that the ‘path’ or way’ element relates to the idea of life on earth as a journey or pilgrimage of the soul.
on forðwege: As a locution for death this occurs in a number of OE poems including the Wanderer. Its use twice in Exodus, lines 32 and 129, and refers to the actual journey of the Israelites, but this journey, of course, on the anagogical level of biblical exegesis symbolises the journey of the soul to heaven.
langunghwila: A unique compound, and indeed the only compound listed in dictionaries with ‘langung’ as a first element, although the simplex noun occurs in both poetry and prose. The compound’s meaning ranges from longing, to desire, to weariness, to even grief. It is impossible to know whether 125b-126a is a reinforcement of 124b-125a or whether it is an explanation of the eagerness to depart.
ana oftor þonne ealle men: The sense of this line would seem to refer to this vision which has put the dreamer in a unique position to resort to and honour the cross. Ana may refer back to mæte werede and forward to his statement of his friendless state.
mundbyrd: This noun, as well as its associated forms mundbyrdnes, mundbora, is widely used in OE both in religious and secular writings, poetry and prose. ‘My protection is directed to the cross’, i.e. the cross is my protector/patron or is my hope of protection. This seems to define the relationship of client and patron between dreamer and cross, and aligns the cross with God or Christ who are elsewhere seen as protectors or affording protection: see Judith ll. 2-3, Andreas l. 724a, and Juliana l. 156.
mid Heahfædere: It is assumed that this is mid + dative singular, and that the reference must therefore be to God (the father). Ormulum uses ‘Godd heh-faderr’. However, the more frequent use in OE is as a translation of patriarcha. It would, of course, make sense to speak of living in heaven with the patriarchs but one would expect a dative plural in that case.
ond me þonne gebringe þær is blis mycel: As Swanton points out the repeated syntactic pattern here is typical of ‘Latin homiletic rhetoric’. In line 141a, ‘geseted to symle’, the idea of the feast of heaven probably derives from the parable of the wedding feast (see St Matthew 22: 2-14; St Luke 15:16-24). However, it would also seem an image which fits naturally the cultural pattern of OE and the image of God as the Lord of retainers.
se sunu: This is the only place in the poem where Christ is referred to in this way. At l.83 he is called bearn godes, but the absolute title of ‘the Son’ would seem to identify him precisely as the second person of the Trinity, as in the Latin in nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti. The other titles in this passage anwealda ælmihtig, wealdend, ælmihtig god are titles of power equally appropriate to God the Father. And the vocabulary sigorfæst, mihtig ond spedig and the conception of the siðfæt and Christ as leading an army of spirits gasta weorode harkens back to the concept of Christ on the cross as the heroic warrior. His battle with Satan is complete and he leads his army (now rescued) back to his and their true home, or eðel.
These lines have caused some problems. Who are ealle ða halgan who dwell in heaven before Christ’s redemption if they are not the angels? Two solutions have been proposed: a, that they are Enoch, Elijah and the Good Thief. This is based on the evidence of the Gospel of Nichodemus; b, that engel here is being used in the restricted sense of the first of the nine orders of the heavenly host and ealle ða halgan are the other eight orders of archangels, thrones, dominations, principalities, powers, virtues, cherubim and seraphim.
eðel: The use of eðel, the idea that heaven is the native land, homeland, of Christ perhaps carries a final echo of the theme of the Christian soul as peregrinus and alien in this world journeying towards heaven as his or her true native country. It makes a fitting end to the message of the poem which is essentially that of hope and encouragement to follow Christ and the Cross to this eðel.
hwæt: A characteristic opening for an Old English poem. Beowulf, Andreas, Fates of the Apostles, Juliana, and Vainglory, for example, all begin with this call to attention, which should probably be treated as outside the regular metre of the line. A suggested translation might be "Listen!" - an inheritance from an oral past?
me gemætte: The impersonal construction takes dative of the person affected i.e., I dreamed.
earmra: of wretched ones
him: himis said to be an ‘ethic dative’, so for themselves, with respect to themselves and me has to be understood as the object.
mihte: might have
manigra gesyhðe: the sight of many
gode hwile: for a good while
þara þe him bið egesa to me: of those in whom is fear of me
swylce swa: in the same way
mid: with him